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1 농업생명과학연구 47(1) pp Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 47(1) pp 제주지역 헤이워드 참다래과원토양의화학적성질과잎의양분조성 김천환 * 문두경성기철다니엘김성철송은영임찬규 국립원예특작과학원온난화대응농업연구센터접수일 (2012 년 04 월 30 일 ), 수정일 (2013 년 02 월 12 일 ), 게재확정일 (2013 년 02 월 21 일 ) Soil Chemical Properties and Leaf Nutrition Composition of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward ) Tree in Jeju Chun Hwan Kim * ㆍ Doo Kyong Moon ㆍ Ki Cheol Seong ㆍ Daniel Son ㆍ Seong Cheol Kim Eun Young Song ㆍ Chan Kyu Lim Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change, NIHHS, RDA, Jeju , Korea Received: APR , Revised: FEB , Accepted: FEB 초록제주지역참다래과원의영양진단을통해참다래수체내영양상태를파악하여시비기준을설정하기위해제주지역의참다래과원 110 곳의토양과참다래잎을조사하였다. 참다래수체의영양진단을위한엽채취시기는엽내성분함량이가장안정된시기인 7 월중순 ~8 월초가가장적당하였다. 참다래엽내무기성분평균함량은질소 2.74, 인산 0.20, 칼륨 1.91, 칼슘 1.91, 마그네슘 0.51%, 철 147.0, 망간 160.1, 아연 54.0mg/kg 이었다. 엽내무기성분함량의예상임계치를설정하여정상범위를구한결과, 질소는 2.5~3.0, 인산은 0.16~ 0.24, 칼륨은 1.80~2.44, 칼슘은 1.95~2.63, 마그네슘은 0.39~0.63% 였다. 제주지역참다래원토양의이화학성은 ph 5.46, 유기물 9.69%, 유효인산 mg/kg, 치환성칼륨 1.1, 칼슘 4.1, 마그네슘 1.48 c mol /kg, 양이온치환용량 c mol c/kg 이었다. 검색어 - 참다래, 헤이워드, 엽분석, 임계치 ABSTRACT For the diagnosis of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward ) in Jeju, 110 orchards were selected and leaves of kiwifruit were analyzed for investigating their nutritional statement. The results obtained are summarized as follows ;1) The most suitable time for sampling of leaves of kiwifruits were from the middle of July to the early August when the concentration of macro-nutrient elements was less variable. 2) The average contents of leaf elements in 'Hayward' kiwifruit were ;N 2.74, P 0.20, K 1.91, Ca 1.91, Mg 0.51%, and Fe 147.0, Mn 160.1, Zn 54.0mg/kg, respectively. 3) The estimated critical levels of 'Hayward' kiwifruit leaf for macro-nutrients were ; N 2.5~3.0, P 0.16~0.24, K 1.80~2.44, Ca 1.95 ~2.63, and Mg 0.39~0.63%, respectively. 5) The soil chemical properties of kiwifruit 'Hayward' orchards were ; ph5.46, OM 9.69%, available P 2 O mg/kg, K 1.1, Ca 4.91, Mg 1.48 cmol /kg, CEC cmolc/kg, respectively. Key words - Kiwifruit, Hayward, Leaf analysis, Critical level *Corresponding author: Chun-Hwan Kim Tel: Fax: kimchw@korea.kr
2 22 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 47(1) Ⅰ. 서론우리나라에서참다래 (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) 의재배는 1977년뉴질랜드로부터처음도입되어제주도, 전라남도및경상남도남해안일대에주로재배되고있다. 국립원예특작과학원에따르면, 2008년현재재배면적은 1,055 ha( 제주 240ha), 생산량은 17,412M/T( 제주 4,056M/T) 으로보고되어있고재배품종은병해충의발생이적으면서재배관리가쉽고저장성이강하며독특한맛이있는 Hayward 품종이가장많이재배되고있다 (Warrington, 1990). 지금까지과수원의시비방법은과수의생육과영양상태가가장정확한진단이된다는전제하에나무에손상을주지않고가장손쉽게채취분석이가능한잎을분석하는방법이연구발전되어왔다 (Ishihara, 1982). 엽의양분함량을지표로한영양진단방법으로서 Emmert(1955) 는적정, 부족, 과다범위에표준편차를가감하여임계치를정하였고, Kenworthy(1961) 는각성분별표준치를 정상보다부족, 정상, 정상보다과다 등으로 3등분하여과수영양진단자료를제안하였다. 과실나무의양분의불균형은생리장해를발생시켜생육을저해하는원인이되고있으며과수는일단생리장해가나타나면치유가어렵고수량과품질에많은영향을미친다. Buwalda & Smith(1990) 는참다래재배시질소부족에의한과실품질저하, 마그네슘결핍에의한수량저하등영양의불균형이참다래의생육과수량에미치는영향에대하여보고하였다. 참다래의품질과생산성을높이기위해서는수체생장에가장알맞은양분상태를유지해야한다. 따라서과수의생육에적합한적정시비량구명은고품질다수확생산의기본이되므로제주지역에서재배되고있는참다래잎의무기물함량분석과토양분석을통하여수체의영양진단기준을마련하여시비량결정및시비방법의기초 를마련하고자 1994년부터 1996년까지 3년간제주지역의참다래과원 110개소에서 Hayward 품종의잎과토양을채취하여분석하여얻은결과를보고하고자한다. Ⅱ. 재료및방법 2.1 시료채취참다래의수량과품질을향상시킬수있는참다래엽내적정질소함량을구명하기위하여제주지역의참다래과원 110 개소를무작위로선정하여 Hayward 품종의잎과재배지토양을채취하여분석하였다. 엽분석을위한시료채취는 6월 14일에서 10월 15일사이에수령이 6~15 년생의수세가비슷한 10주를선정하여착과지마지막착과부위에서 5~7마디의건전한잎을주당 10매씩, 각과원에서 100매씩채취하였다. 채집한잎은빙초산 0.2% 액에씻은후 70~75 로 24시간건조시킨다음 20 mesh로분쇄하여분석시료로사용하였으며, 토양시료는뿌리의분포가가장많은부위의토양을채취하기위하여시험수주위반경 1m 내의토심 20~30cm 흙을채취하여분석에사용하여풍건한후 20mesh 체를통과시켜분석시료로사용하였다. 2.2 잎및토양분석참다래엽내질소함량은시료 0.5 g을유리 flask 에평량하여습식분해법으로분해한후 Automatic Nitrogen Analyzer(Vapodest-5 No.6550, Gerhardt, Germany) 를이용하여측정하였으며인산, 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 철, 망간등은 ICP(Spectro EOP, Germany) 를사용하여분석하였다. 토양 ph는토양과증류수의비율을 1:5로하여현탁액을 ph meter(ph/millivolt meter, Orion 811 U.S.A.) 로측정하였고토양유기불분석은 Tyurin 법, 유효인산은 Lancaster 법, 치환성칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘은 1M-Ammonium acetate 로추출하여 ICP(Spectro EOP, Germany) 측정하였다. 양
3 Kim et al. : Soil Chemical Properties and Leaf Nutrition Composition of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward ) Tree in Jeju 23 이온치환용량 (CEC, cation exchange capacity) 은 1M-Ammonium acetate 로토양교질시료에 NH + 4 를흡착시켜이를바로증류시키는암모니아태질소법으로정량하였다 양분임계치산출영양원소의임계치산출은 Kim et al.(1993) 의방법으로표본치에표준치를뺀값을표준편차로나눈값 ( 평균지수 =I) 이 -1~1범위를정상 (normal), +1~+3 을많음 (above normal), +3 이상을과다 (excess), -1~-3 을부족 (below normal), -3 이하가되는잎을결핍 (deficiency) 으로분류하였다. Ⅲ. 결과및고찰 3.1 참다래과원토양분석제주지역참다래원토양의 ph는 5.5로산성을나타내고있는반면유기물과칼륨함량은각각 9.7% 와 1.10 cmol /kg으로과다하게축적되어있고, 인산과석회및마그네슘함량은우리나라밭토양개량목표수준을유지하고있었다. ph는 4.18~7.91로참다래생육의적정산도인 ph 6.5~7(Kim et al., 1990) 범위보다넓으며, 전반적으로는낮았다. 그러나뉴질랜드의참다래원역시 ph 5.8 내외정도로낮은편이며 (Buwalda et al., 1988), 이태리의경우 ph 6.1~7.1(Lalatta et al., 1990) 로참다래생육에적당한산도를유지하고있다. 제주지역의토양유기물함량은평균 9.69% 이며 1.3~25.2% 범위를보이고있는데이는 Lee et al.(1983) 의자료와유사하며, 우리나라토양의평균유기물함량 2.6% 에비하면상당히많은것이다. 유효인산함량평균은 mg/kg이나범위는 9~ mg/kg로그변이가아주심하게나타났다. 치환성양이온역시변이가비교적크게나타났으며인산의경우제주지역의토양특성상인산흡착력이강하기때문에그함량이많더 라도식물이이용가능한함량은많지않다 (Park et al., 1985). 이는 allophane의등전점이매우높아서중성가까이에있기때문에약한산성토양에서도양성 colloid가되어인산을다량으로흡착할뿐만아니라 allophane으로부터유리된다량의활성 Al과인산이결합하여불용화되기때문이다 (Yoo et al., 1984). 그러나인산화합물이식물생육에이용도가낮은결정성또는비결정성광물로전환된다하더라도어느시기에는토양용액중에방출되어식물이흡수이용될수있기때문에인산흡착을불용화를뜻하는고정 (fixation) 보다는보유, 보전 (retention) 개념으로보는경향이있어 (Shin et al., 1980) 화산회토양의유효인산함량이낮아도식물체내의함량은부족하지않은부분을설명하고있다. 치환성칼륨역시전국평균 0.5 cmol /kg 보다높은 1.1 c mol /kg 이었고, 최고 3.16 cmol /kg으로아주높았다. 치환성칼슘은전국평균 5.0 cmol /kg와비슷한 4.9 cmol /kg이였다. 치환성마그네슘은전국평균 0.48 cmol /kg에비해현저히높은 1.48 cmol /kg이였고 CEC는평균 16.2 cmolc/kg이였다. 제주도경지재배면적의 62% 가화산회토양으로알려져있으며이토양은모재인화산회의영향을지배적으로받고있는간대성토양으로그형태나성질에있어일반토양과는특이한점이많다 (Kim, 1974). 즉제주지역화산회토양은일반토양에비하여 CEC는높으나침투성이과다하여염기특히 NH + 4와 K + 가용탈, 유리되기쉬운반면인산을흡착하는능력은대단히크고 (Yoo et al., 1984), 난분해성유기물집적을유발시킨다 (Song et al., 1991). 또한제주지역토양은유기물함량은높지만모재인화산회는 allopane을함유한점토광물에의해부식산의부식화도가최대로안정되어있고 Si 2O 3, Al 2O 3, Fe 2O 3 등은무정형유기물과견고히결합되어있어미생물에의한유기물분해가극히어려워 (Lee et al., 1983) 식물생육에잘이용되기어려운문제점이있다.
4 24 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 47(1) 3.2. 엽내다량원소함량의시간별변화참다래는비화산회토에서재배되는면적이많으므로일반밭토양 ( 사질양토 ) 에서재배되고있는참다래의생육시기별엽내양분함량변화양상을구명하기위하여잎의발육이정지되는만개 15 일후부터잎의양분이과실로이동되기시작하는시기인 10월 15일까지매월 1~2회잎을채취하여분석한결과엽내양분함량은 Fig. 1과같이 Ca > N > K> Mg > P의순으로많았다. 시기별양분함량변화를보면 Ca함량은생육이진전됨에따라엽내함량도증가하였으며 N는참다래수체생육이정지되는시기인 7월 17일까지는엽내양분함량이증가하였으나그이후에는경미하게감소하였고 K는 7월 17일까지는현저하게감소한반면그이후에는엽내양분함량의변화가완만히변화하였으나 Mg과 P는생육기간전반에걸쳐비교적일정한수준을유지하였다. Lalatta et al.(1990) 과 Fukui et al.(1985) 은참다래의엽내양분함량을분석한결과질소, 칼륨, 칼슘의순으로많다고보고하여본시험과일치하는경향을나타내었으나 Buwalda et al.(1990) 과 Smith et al.(1988) 은참다래의생육이진전될수록 P의함량이낮아진다고보고하여본시험의결과와다른경향을나타내었는데이는 Buwalda et al. (1990) 과 Smith et al.(1988) 은유효태인산의함량이적은화산회토양에서재배되는참다래의엽내양분함량을조사한반면본시험에서는화산회토양의과원과일반비화산회토양의과원모두혼재하는제주지역전역의참다래의잎을분석하여, 토양중인산함량의차이에의하여엽내인산함량이차이가있는것으로판단된다. 엽성분의시기별변화는영양생리적으로많은연구가이루어졌다. 질소와칼륨은식물체내에서이동이용이하여생육이진전될수록그함량이낮아지고, 칼슘의경우는주로식물의잎에존재하며세포벽물질의구성성분으로식물체내에서의이동이매우어려워노엽에서그함량이높다. 마그네슘은칼륨, 칼슘보다적게흡수되므로보통건물중의약 0.5% 정도를함유하나흡수와수체내함량은칼륨과망간등에의해많은영향을받는것으로알려져있으며칼슘과비슷하게자유로운이동이어렵다고하였다 (Park et al., 1991; Lim et al., 1994). 이러한연구결과를종합하여볼때엽분석을위한적당한엽채취시기는신초의신장이정지되고엽성분함량변동이비교적적은시기여야함을알수있다. 신초의신장기나전엽기는엽성분함량변이도크고, 늦가을이되면수체내의양분전이때문에엽성분함량도크게변화되므로엽채취시기로는부적당하다 (Ishihara, 1982). 참다래는 7월중순에서 8월초순까지가엽내성분함량이가장안정된시기라고알려져있으며, 본조사결과질소, 칼륨, 칼슘의시기별변화가 Lalatta et al.(1990), Ishihara et al.(1982) 의보고와일치하여적정엽채취시기는 7월중순 ~8월초순으로판정되었다 (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Seasonal changes in macro nutrient concentrations in 'Hayward' kiwifruit leaf.
5 Kim et al. : Soil Chemical Properties and Leaf Nutrition Composition of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward ) Tree in Jeju 주요원소엽내함량의임계치 'Hayward' 품종의엽내양분함량은표 1과같다. 각성분별양분함량의범위및평균함량을살펴보면질소는 2.07~3.67, 2.74%, 인산은 0.12~0.38, 0.20%, 칼륨은 1.11~3.2, 1.91% 이였으며칼슘은 1.09~3.05, 1.91% 이였다. 참다래엽내양분함량을여러학자들이보고하였는데질소는 Lalatta et al.(1990) 은 2.34%, Buwalda et al.(1988) 은 2.3%, 인은 Warrigton et al.(1990) 은 0.16%, Lalatta et al.(1990) 은 0.23%, 칼륨은 Lalatta et al.(1990) 은 1.95%, Warrigton et al.(1990) 은 1.55%, 칼슘은 Buwalda et al.(1988) 은 3.4~4.4% 라고보고하였는데, 이들이보고한함량과본시험에서조사한함량과비교하여보면질소와칼륨의함량은본시험에서조사한함량이높았으며인과칼슘함량은낮았는데이는지역적으로다른기후에서생육한결과로판단된다. 철, 망간및아연의평균함량은각각 147.0, 160.1, 54.0 mg/kg 이였는데이들미량원소의엽내함량의 경우철과망간함량은 Warrigton et al.(1990) 이보고한함량에비해낮은경향이었고아연은높았다. 표 2는 Kim et al.(1993) 의방법을기준으로하여참다래엽내적정양분함량임계치를설정한결과를나타낸것이다. 각성분별적정함량범위는 N: 2.5~3.0%, P: 0.16~0.24%, K: 1.8~2.4%, Ca: 1.95~2.63%, Mg: 0.39~0.63% 였다. Strik et al.(1997) 은뉴질랜드와캘리포니아의재배되고있는참다래엽내적정무기성분함량은 N: 소 2.0~2.8%, P: 0.13~0.3.0%, K: 1.5~2.5%, Ca: 2.0~4.0%, Mg: 50~200mg/kg 의범위이라고보고하였고 Lalatta et al.(1990) 은이태리에서재배되고있는참다래엽내적정함량은 N: 2.1~2.5%, P: 0.21~0.26%, K: 1.6~2.0%, Ca: 2.3~2.8%, Mg: 0.31~0.7% 로보고하였다. 재배지역의토양및기후적특성의차이가있어이들이보고한내용과직접비교하기는어렵지만본시험에서설정한적정함량과비교하여보면 N함량은높았고 Ca함량은비교적낮았다. Table 1. The mean value, maximum and minimum value, standard deviation, coefficient value of chemical properties of 'Hayward' kiwifruit orchards soil sampled at 110 orchards in Jeju island Element ph OM P 2 O 5 K Ca Mg CEC (1:5) (%) (mg/kg) (c mol /kg) (c mol c/kg) Mean Max Min Standard deviation CV(%) OM : organic mater ; CEC : cation exchange capacity 다량원소인 N, P, K, Ca, Mg 등은변이계수가 10.9~24.1 범위로낮아임계치설정이용이하였으나철, 망간, 아연등의미량원소는변이계수가 35.5~50.6로높아임계치를설정할수없었다. Fig. 2는참다래엽내무기성분함량별농가포 장분포비율을나타내었는데본시험에서설정한임계치와비교할때 N는적정 54.7%, 과다 24.4%, 부족20.9%, P는적정 65.0%, 과다 12.3%, 부족 22.7%, K는적정 52.9%, 과다는 12.0%, 부족 31.5%, Ca는적정 38.8%, 과다
6 26 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 47(1) 6.5%, 부족 54.7%, Mg는적정 76.2%, 과다 7.0%, 부족 16.8% 의분포비율을나타내어제주지역참다래엽내양분함량은적정범위에속하는포장비율이 Ca를제외한기타성분은 50% 이상을상회하고있어대체적으로안정되어있음을알수있다. 성분별분포비율을보면 N, P, K 성분은적정비율이범위에속하나 Ca는적정이 38.8% 인반면부족한농가의포장비율이 54.7% 를차지하고있어제주지역에서칼슘부족이문제 가되는것으로나타났으나 Mg는적정이 76.2% 이고, 과다가 7.0% 로마그네슘은다량원소중가장안정적인시비가되고있음을알수있었다. Buwalda et al.(1990) 과 Smith et al.(1988) 은뉴질랜드의참다래과원의양분함량을조사한결과질소함량과다 50%, 칼륨함량과다 80%, 인함량부족이 25% 이라고보고하여양분의불균형이심화되어있음을알수있었는데뉴질랜드참다래과원에비하면제주지역참다래과원의양분의균형은비교적안정적이었다. Table 2. The mean value, maximum and minimum value, standard deviation, coefficient value of chemical properties of 'Hayward' kiwifruit leaf at 110 orchards in Jeju island Element N P K Ca Mg Fe Mn Zn (%) ( mg / kg ) Mean Max Min Standard deviation CV (%) Table 3. The standard estimated critical of each nutrient elements in 'Hayward' kiwifruit leaf at 110 orchards in Jeju island Element Standard value Standard deviation Estimated critical lebels Deficiency Below normal Normal Above normal Excess N(%) < ~ ~ ~3.55 >3.55 P(%) < ~ ~ ~0.32 >0.32 K(%) < ~ ~ ~3.05 >3.05 Ca(%) < ~ ~ ~3.31 >3.31 Mg(%) < ~ ~ ~0.87 >0.87
7 Kim et al. : Soil Chemical Properties and Leaf Nutrition Composition of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward ) Tree in Jeju 27 Frequency (%) Belo % 10 Fig. 2. Frequency distribution of macro element content in leaf of 110 'Hayward' kiwifruit orchards. Ⅳ. 적요제주지역참다래과원의영양진단을통해참다래수체내영양상태를파악하여시비기준을설정하기위해연구한결과는다음과같았다. 1) 제주지역참다래원토양의이화학성은 ph 5.46, 유기물 9.69%, 유효인산 mg/kg, 치환성칼륨 1.1, 칼슘 4.1, 마그네슘 1.48, 양이온치환용량 cmolc/kg이었다. 2) 참다래의엽분석시기결정을위해시기별엽내성분변화를조사한결과, 엽내성분함량이가장안정된시기인 7월중순 ~8월초가엽채취에알맞은기간이었다. 3) 제주지역참다래엽내무기성분평균함량은질소 2.74, 인산 0.20, 칼륨 1.91, 칼슘 1.91, 마그네슘 0.51%, 철 147.0, 망간 160.1, 아연 54.0 mg/kg 이었다. 4) 제주지역참다래엽내무기성분함량의예상임계치를설정하여정상범위를구한결과, 질소는 2.5~3.0, 인산은 0.16~0.24, 칼륨은 1.80~2.44, 칼슘은 1.95~2.63, 마그네슘은 0.39~0.63% 이었다. Ⅴ. 사사본연구는농촌진흥청연구사업 ( 과제번호 : PJ009393) 의지원에의해이루어진것임. Literature cited Buwalda, J. G. and G. S. Smith Acquisition and utilization of carbon, mineral nutrient, and water by the kiwifruit vine. Horticultural Reviews 12: Buwalda, J. G. and G. S. Smith A mathe matical model for predicting annual fertilizer requirements of kiwifruit vines. Scientia Horticulturae 37: Emmert, F.H Foliar analysis result from forty connecticut apple orchards. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul Fukui, M The complete book of fruit tree: Kiwifruit. pp Rural Culture Association Japan. Ishihara, M Nutritional physiology of fruit tree. pp Rural Culture Association Japan. Kenworthy, A.L Interpreting the balance of nutrientelement in leaves of fruit trees, pp In: W. Reuther (ed.). Plant analysis and fertilizer problem. Amer. Ins. of Bio. Sci. Washington. Kim, H. O A Study on the fixed forms and adsorption of phosphorus in citrus orchard soil derived from volcanic ash. Korean Soc. of Agri. Chem. and Biotech. 17: Kim, J. H Growing technique of new profitable fruits. (1). pp Agricultural development association. Kim, M. S., H. C. Lee, S. B. Kim, J. H. Kim, N. H. Song, M. J. Kim and K. C. Shin Study of nutritional diagnosis on sweet persimmon orchard.
8 28 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 47(1) Res. Rpt. RDA. 2: Lalatta, F., C. Visai and O. Failla Application of leaf analysis on kiwifruit orchards in northern italy. Acta Horticulturae 282: Lee, S. K., K. S. Cha and I. T. Kim Studies on the physico-chemical properties and characterization of soil organic matter in jeju volcanic ash soil. J. Korean Soil Sci. Fert. 16: Lim, S. O Plant nutrition and fertilizers pp Ilshinsa. Park, C. S., L. Y. Kim and S. J. Cho Classification of volcanic ash soils and contribution of organic matter and clay to cation exchange capacity. J. Korean Soil Sci. Fert. 18: Shin, J. S. and K. T. Eum Phosphorus retention value of volcanic ash soil. Res. Rpt. RDA. 22: Smith, G. S., J. G. Buwalda and C. J. Clark Nutrient dynamics of kiwifruit ecosystem. Scientia Horticulturae 37: Song, K. C. and S. H. Yoo Andic properties of major soils in jeju island: 2. Electric charge characteristics. J. Korean Soil Sci. Fert. 24: Strik, B. C Fertilization of established kiwifruit vines. Growing kiwifruit. Oregon state University Extension Publication. (In) Internet site. Warrington, I. J. and G. C. Weston Kiwifruit: Science and management pp Yoo, S. H. and K. C. Song Chemical characteristics of soil in jeju island. J. Korean Soil Sci. Fert. 17: 1-6.
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