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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 9-13, April 2015 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn , eissn ) All right reserved. 접지시스템에사용되는접속요소의열화특성분석 길형준 송길목 김영석 김종민 전기안전연구원 ( 접수 / 수정 / 채택 ) Analysis of Deterioration Characteristics for Connection Factor used in Grounding System Hyoung-Jun Gil Kil-Mok Shong Young-Seok Kim Chong-Min Kim Electrical Safety Research Institute (Received December 30, 2014 / Revised February 2, 2015 / Accepted March 12, 2015) Abstract : This paper describes the analysis of deterioration characteristics for connection factor used in grounding system. The connection method of grounding system is specified in IEC standard. In order to analyze the deterioration characteristics for connection factor, deterioration test was carried out when the connection factor was buried in salt water and underground. The test connection factors were C-type sleeve, clamp, and exothermic welding. As a consequence, most of the connection factor was corroded, and the electrical resistance decreased after deterioration. The analytical results can be used to establish the safety of grounding system. Key Words : deterioration characteristics, connection factor, grounding system, electrical resistance 1. 서론 접지기술은첨단의전자장비및사회시스템의발전과더불어지속적으로변천하여왔으며, 접지공학은전기공학, 전자공학, 정보 통신공학과대등한수준의학문분야로발전되었다. 따라서현대사회시스템의근간을이루는전자장비의이용이일반화되면서접지기술이매우중요하며시스템적으로받아들여야한다는인식이전기 전자 정보 통신기술자들에게확산되고있다. 접지란전기에너지의안전한사용을위해서전기설비를비롯하여전자장비를전기적으로대지에접속하는것을말하며, 대지와의접속단자를접지전극이라고한다. 전기설비의접지전극에지락고장전류나뇌서지전류가유입하면전위상승이발생하며, 이로인하여인체의감전, 기기의파손, 노이즈의발생이나오동작등여러가지장해를일으키게된다. 특별한경우를제외하고는전기에너지의효율적이고안전한사용을위해서전기설비및기기는반드시접지를시공할것을전기설비기술기준으로규제하여왔다. 최근분산형전원계통연계설비, 전기자동차전원공급설비, 저압옥내직류전기설비등새로운전기설비들의구축으로안전성측면에서접지의중요성이더커지고있는추세이다. 또한관련기관의국제표준부합화로인해 IEC 표준이한국산업표준으로채택되면서건축물의고층대형화에따라합리적인뇌보호설비용접지에대해서도구조체접지라고하는새로운개념의접지방식이검토되었으며, 건물내의모든접지를공용화하는구조체접지를적극적으로추진하고있다 1-6). 따라서본논문에서는접지시스템자체및접지시스템과건축물구조체와의접속방법에있어건설현장에서가장많이사용되는접속요소에대한부식열화특성분석이수행되었다. 접속요소는 C형슬리브, 클램프, 자융용접등의접속방식이실험에사용되었으며, 바닷물과유사한소금물과지중에매설하여 6개월간열화시켜부식의정도확인, 전기저항측정등이이루어졌다. 본논문에서의분석결과는접지시스템의안전성을확립하는데활용될수있을것이다. Corresponding Author : Hyoung-Jun Gil, Tel : , fa523@kesco.or.kr Electrical Safety Research Institute, 12, Ogong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do , Korea 9

2 길형준 송길목 김영석 김종민 2. 현장조사 및 실험방법 2.1. 접속방식의 현장조사 국제표준의 도입에 따라 국내 건축물의 접지시스템 은 구조체 접지를 대부분 채용하고 있다. 접지시스템 에서 기계, 도체, 접지전극, 접지선과 건축물의 철골 및 철근 사이의 접속은 죔쇠접속의 일종인 압착슬리브 및 클램프, 화학용융 접속인 자융용접접합 등이 사용되고 있다. IEC 표준에서는 죔쇠접속 또는 용접으로 건축물 구조체의 전기적 연속성 및 등전위본딩이 확보되도록 하고 있으며 이질금속간 접촉의 영향으로 부식이 일어 7-9) 나지 않도록 시설할 것을 권고하고 있다. 전국 45개소의 건설현장에 대한 실태조사 결과 접지 요소간의 접속방법에 있어 죔쇠접속이 31%, 자융용접 이 69%로 나타나 대부분의 건축물에서는 자융용접 접 합방식을 사용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. Fig. 1에 접 지시스템의 접속방식 사용실태 현황을 나타내었다. Fig. 1. Connection method of grounding system. Fig. 2. Example of welding between steel frame and ground wire. 10 건축물의 구조체를 접지전극으로 이용하는 방식은 일반적으로 건축물 내에 시설되는 전기, 전자, 통신 기 기의 접지를 구조체에 접속하여 공통접지로 사용하며, 특히 도심지나 산간 지역에서 접지전극을 시공할 수 있는 면적이 제한되어 있는 장소에서는 구조체를 접지 전극으로 활용하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한, 구조체 접 지전극 만으로 원하는 접지저항 값을 얻지 못하는 경 우, 구조체 접지전극에 메시 형태 등의 인공접지 전극 을 별도로 시설하여 접속함으로써, 접지시스템의 안정 화에 기여할 수 있다. 건물 기초접지전극인 철골에 접 지선을 용접으로 접속한 예를 Fig. 2에 나타내었다. 건축물의 구조체는 피뢰설비시스템의 인하도선으로 사용할 수 있으며, 이 경우 철근 구조체는 실드효과와 함께 낙뢰전류를 흐르게 하는 도체로서의 역할도 가능 하기 때문에 IEC 62305에서는 철근 구조체를 인하도선 으로 사용할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 또한 철근 구조 체를 인하도선으로 사용할 경우 철근 구조체의 전기적 특성에 의해 수평환도체의 설치 및 이격거리 확보가 필요 없게 된다. 그러나, 철근 구조체를 인하도선으로 사용하기 위해서는 철근구조체의 전기적 연속성이 확 보되어야 한다 실험방법 바닷물의 평균염분은 해수 1 kg에 녹아 있는 용존 물질의 g 질량의 비(psu)로 염분을 나타내므로 이를 참 고하여 전자저울로 바닷물과 유사한 소금물을 평균염 분 34.82[psu]로 제조하여 실험에 사용된 재료와 함께 수조에 넣고 6개월간 열화시켰다. C형 슬리브, 클램프, 자융용접 방식에 대해 +형, T형으로 제작하였으며 사 2 용된 접지선 굵기는 70 mm, 철근 굵기는 16 mm이다. 각 방식에 대해 동일한 굵기와 길이의 재료가 사용되 었으며 Fig. 3에 이에 대한 실험방법을 나타내었다. 접 속요소의 재질에 대해 살펴보면, C형 슬리브는 구리, 클램프는 황동(구리 65%+아연 35%), 자융용접은 구리 Fig. 3. Deterioration method in sodium chloride solution. Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2015

3 접지시스템에사용되는접속요소의열화특성분석 (a) C type sleeve connection Fig. 4. Deterioration method in underground. 82.6%+ 알루미늄 11.5%+ 칼슘 4.4%+ 기타로구성되어있었다. Fig. 4 는지중에접속요소를매설하여열화시킨방법을나타낸다. 전기설비기술기준의판단기준에따라대지표면에서 0.75 m 의깊이에접속요소를매설하였으며염수에서의열화방법과마찬가지로 6 개월간열화시켰고, 열화전 후의전기저항변화, 부식정도를분석하였다. 측정장비는초저항측정기 (C.A 6250, France) 를사용하였고 4~24 V 의무부하전원과 0.2 A 이상의전류를인가하여측정하였으며이는 KS C IEC 의보호도체연속성측정방법을참고한것이다. (b) Clamp connection (c) Exothermic welding connection(copper wire) 3. 결과및고찰 3.1. 염수에서의열화특성분석 KS C IEC 62305( 피뢰시스템 ) 에서는피뢰시스템의재료와사용조건을명기하고있다. 상기표준에서는특별한환경에서는부식의면역성에대하여보다주의깊은고려를요망하고있고, 연선은단선보다부식에약하며, 또한연선의부식성은대지에서콘크리트로의인입또는인출위치에서취약하므로아연도금강연선을지중에시설하는것은바람직하지않은것으로나타내고있다. 아연도금강은점토질또는습지의토양에서부식되고콘크리트내부의아연도금강은콘크리트외측의강철을부식시킬수있으므로지중으로확장시키지말아야한다. 특정한환경에서는콘크리트내부의철근과아연도금강의접촉은콘크리트를손상시키고, 지중에납의사용은금지되거나제한된다 10). Fig. 5 에염수에서의열화된결과를나타내었다. 열화후외형분석결과동선으로이루어진접속에서는금속표면에서녹색으로부식이되었으며철근이포함된접속에서는황색으로부식되었다. Table 1 에열화전 후의전기저항측정결과를나타내었으며측정장비는초저항측정기 (C.A 6250, France) 를사용하였고 4~24 V 의무부하전원과 0.2 A 이상의전류를인가하여측정하였다. 모든시험재료에서열화전보다열화후에전기저항이낮아진것을알수있었고 (d) Exothermic welding connection(copper wire+rebar) Fig. 5. Deterioration in sodium chloride solution. Table 1. Change of electrical resistance in sodium chloride solution Connection method Exothermic welding Item Electrical resistance[mω] Before deterioration After deterioration C type sleeve Clamp copper wire copper wire+ rebar 자융용접접속이열화전 후에서가장낮은저항값을나타내었다. 이는금속재료에염수의부착으로저항이감소한것으로판단되며, 자융용접접속이접속부분의공극을가장감소시키기때문에저항이낮게측정된것으로사료된다 지중에서의열화특성분석 지중에접지시스템의접속요소를매설하고 6 개월후열화특성을분석한결과를 Fig. 6 에나타내었다. 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 2 호, 2015 년 11

4 길형준 송길목 김영석 김종민 (a) C type sleeve connection 나타내었다. 건축물이구조체접지를채택할경우구조체의전기저항을감소시키도록접속부위를확실히접속시켜야한다. 또한결속선을사용하여철근들을접속할경우낙뢰전류와같은큰전류가흐를때물리적파손이발생할수있으므로이를고려하여대전류에대한기계적강도를갖는압착슬리브, 클램프, 자융용접접합등의방식으로접속하도록한다. 4. 결론 (b) Clamp connection (c) Exothermic welding connection(copper wire) (d) Exothermic welding connection(copper wire+rebar) Fig. 6. Deterioration in underground. Table 2. Change of electrical resistance in underground Connection method Exothermic welding Item Electrical resistance[mω] Before deterioration After deterioration C type sleeve Clamp copper wire copper wire+ rebar Fig. 6 에서알수있는바와같이대부분의접속요소에서금속재료표면의부식흔적은거의없는것으로나타났다. 이는염수에비해금속재료를부식시키기에 6 개월이라는기간은매우짧은시간이며지중에서의부식정도를파악하기위해서는상당히긴시간이소요되어야할것으로판단된다. 접속요소의전기저항변화는 Table 2 에나타내었으며, 열화전보다열화후전기저항이감소한것을알수있었다. 이는토양에함유된수분과유기질성분의부착에기인한것으로판단된다. 염수에서의열화와마찬가지로자융용접접속이가장낮은전기저항값을 본연구에서는접지시스템의접속방식에사용되는 C 형슬리브, 클램프, 자용용접등에대해염수및지중에서의열화특성을분석하였으며다음과같은결론을얻었다. 최근국제표준의도입으로접지시스템의시설요건에많은변화가예상되며, 국제표준을충족시키고위험전압저감에의한설비안전성을확보하기위해서는확실한등전위본딩과구조체접지를이용한통합접지시스템의구축이요구된다. 따라서, 상기실험에사용된 C 형슬리브, 클램프, 자용용접등의방식이접지시스템접속에사용되고있다. 접지시스템접속방식에대한염수에서의열화특성은금속재료에서부식이발생하였으며, 동선으로이루어진접속과동선과철근으로이루어진접속의경우재료에따른색의차이가발생되었다. 전기저항은모든접속방식에서열화후감소하는특성을나타내었다. 지중에서의열화특성은짧은기간으로부식이거의발생되지않았으며전기저항값의변화는염수열화와마찬가지로열화후낮아지는특성을나타내었다. 특히자융용접접속방식에서열화전 후모두가장낮은전기저항값을나타내었다. 이는접속부위의공극의감소로접촉저항값이감소하는것으로판단된다. 구조체접지를채택할경우등전위본딩은필수적요소이며이를확보하여구조체의전기저항을감소시켜인체의접촉및보폭전압을저감시키도록하여야한다. 또한확실한구조체접지를확립하기위해서는현장에서사용되고있는결속선방식보다는 C 형슬리브, 클램프, 자용용접등도체를확실히접속할수있는방식을선정하여수십 ~ 수백 ka 의뇌격전류가흐르더라도접속부위의손상이발생되지않도록하여야할것이다. 부식으로인한접지선의굵기감소와연결부위의단선등으로접지저항이증가할우려가있으나, 부식초기에나타나는본연구의결과는접지시스템의안전성을확보하는데이용될수있을것으로기대된다. 12 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2015

5 접지시스템에사용되는접속요소의열화특성분석 References 1) B. H. Lee et al., Protection of Information and Communication Facilities against Lightning, Inha University, pp , ) B. H. Lee et al., Development of Guidance for Human Body Safety and Protection Measures in TN-C-S System, Korea Electric Association, pp.8-45, ) H. J. Gil, D. O. Kim and C. S. Choi, Research on Assessment of Potential Interference between Individual Grounding Electrodes Using an Electrolytic Tank Modeling Method, The Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers, Vol.22, No.3, pp.27-33, ) IEEE Std , IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding, pp.8-29, ) IEEE Std , IEEE Guide for Measurement of Impedance and Safety Characteristics of Large, Extended or Interconnected Grounding Systems, pp.20-64, ) IEC 61140, Protection against Electric Shock - Common Aspects for Installation and Equipment, pp , ) S. Visacro and A. Soares, HEM : A Model for Simulation of Lightning-Related Engineering Problems, pp , ) H. J. Gil, D. W. Kim, D. O. Kim and H. K. Kim, Investigation on the Spot for Grounding Systems in Buildings, Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers, Vol.24, No.3 pp.39-45, ) Korean Standards Association, KS C IEC 60364, ) Korean Standards Association, KS C IEC , 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 2 호, 2015 년 13

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