Sling & McKenzie Exercise for acute cervical WAD JKPT 같은근육변화를나타내어목위에있는머리가교통사고로인해전상방에위치하게된다면기능장애를초래하게되어경부의불안정성이나타난다. 7 이러한불안정성에대한안정화를위해서슬링운동치료는흔들리는줄과보조
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1 JKPT pissn Vol. 28, No. 5, October 216 J Kor Phys Ther 216:28(5): eissn X Original Article Comparison of the Effectiveness of Sling Exercise and McKenzie Exercise in Patients with Acute Cervical Whiplash Associated Disorder Following Rear-end Collision Mo-Beom Jeong 1, Jae-Yun Kim 2, Dong-Woo Lee 3 1 Chung Yeon Oriental Medicine Clinic, Gwangju; 2 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju; 3 Department of Physical Therapy, Honam University, Gwangju, Korea Purpose: This study compared the effectiveness of sling exercise and McKenzie exercise in patients with acute cervical whiplash associated disorder (WAD) caused by rear-end collision. Methods: Thirty WAD patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups; a sling exercise (SE) group, a McKenzie exercise (McE) group, and a control group. Members of the SE and McE exercised three times a week for four weeks under the researcher s guidance. Three groups performed TENS treatment three times a week for four weeks. Diagnostic radiological equipment was used to measure whiplash injury. Visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and range of motion (ROM) were used in this study. Results: The three groups showed a significant pre-post treatment difference in measures of VAS and NDI (p<.5). The SE group showed a significant pre-post treatment difference in measures of flexion and extension changes compared to the McE and control group (p<.5). The SE group also showed significantly greater improvement in the VAS, NDI, and ROM changes than the control group (p<.5). Conclusion: These findings indicate that sling exercise is a stronger and more aggressive intervention for treatment of acute WAD patients. Keywords: Whiplash injuries, Sling, McKenzie, Neck 서론 213년경찰청통계에따르면교통사고는사고 215,354 건의교통사고에서사망 5,92명, 부상 328,711명으로교통사고로인한사망자보다부상자가차지하는비율이매우높아후유관리가중요시되고있다. 특히, 급성편타성손상 (whiplash associated disorder, WAD) 환자는만성화가능성이높고이중 44% 환자에서 2년이상경부통을호소하는것으로나타났으며 6% 환자들은 1년간업무에복귀하지못했던것으로나타났다. 1 그러나증상이나타나는시기에차이가있어서어떤증상은사고즉시나타나기도하고어떤증상은수시간에서수일에걸쳐지연되어나타나기도한다. 2 이러한이유로편타성손상은신경증또는소송에서의유리한입장을노린위병등으로무시되어왔으나급성경부통환자인편타성손상환자들은경부의근지구력, 고유수용성감각, 관절가동범위에변화를보인다. 3 이로인해인건비를 비롯하여의료비, 장애, 업무생산능력의손실등이차적으로소요되는비용이상당히많다. 그래서 Carroll 등 4 은증상을정확하게평가하고치료를적용하는것이만성화를방지하는데매우중요하다고보고하였다. 급성편타성손상환자에대한정확한평가를위해교통사고추돌이후자세에대한기전을살펴보면 Lee 등 2 의연구결과에서후방추돌시 3.3% 로전상방변위가다수를차지하였다고보고하였으며, Cailliet은인간의평균머리무게는 1-12파운드이지만 3인치앞으로머리가위치하게되면무게는 3파운드로증가한다고하였다. 경추는두개골과체간을연결해주는 7개의뼈와디스크로구성되어있는데머리를지지하고안정성을유지하는기능을수행하며척추중에서운동성이가장큰관절을이루고있고일상생활을수행하는데있어머리의안정화는전신균형과협응의조절이기본이다. 5,6 이러한골격정렬의변화는근육의신장과단축, 길항근과주동근의불균형 Received Sep 2, 216 Revised Oct 19, 216 Accepted Nov 2, 216 Corresponding author Dong-Woo Lee Lee781@honam.ac.kr Copylight 216 The Korea Society of Physical Therapy This is an Open Access article distribute under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License ( creativecommons.org/license/by-nc/4..) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution,and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
2 Sling & McKenzie Exercise for acute cervical WAD JKPT 같은근육변화를나타내어목위에있는머리가교통사고로인해전상방에위치하게된다면기능장애를초래하게되어경부의불안정성이나타난다. 7 이러한불안정성에대한안정화를위해서슬링운동치료는흔들리는줄과보조도구를이용하여환자가능동적으로치료에참여할수있고체중에작용하는중력을감소시켜조기에치료와운동을시작할수있는운동치료의한접근법으로제시되고있다. 8,9 대근육은다분절성근육이라할수있고, 몸에가해지는중력이나무거운물건을들어올리는등외적부하에대해균형을유지하는근육이며소근육은단분절성근육들로척추만곡을유지하며척추의전 후방, 측방의안정성을유지하는중요한역할을하는긴장성근육이다. 1 슬링운동치료는손상되어약화된두경부의심부굴곡근인긴장성근육을평가및재교육을통하여경부안정화를시킬수있다. 그렇기에급성기, 아급성기에서의심부굴곡신전근의안정을위해서는미세한움직임을조절할수있는슬링운동치료를통한안정화운동이필요하다고사료된다. 또한경부안정화를위해서멕켄지운동은경부의자세교정에효과가있고운동이포함된치료프로그램이환자의기능을향상시키고직장으로의복귀율증가및재발감소에영향을미친다고보고하였다. 11 멕켄지의치료전략은반복적인운동을이용한환자의자조적인치료, 운동, 가동운동, 도수교정, 환자교육이있고, 경부통의운동방법은 7가지중에 4가지의신전방법과 2가지의측방굴곡과회전, 1 가지굴곡방법이있다. 그중급성기에는 4가지운동법이사용된다. 12 지금까지급성기에는휴식을권하였으나최근에는초기손상후부드러운목운동의시작은휴식과진통제또는교육자료및칼라에비해더효과적이라고보고되었다. 13 현재경부통에관절가동술 3 과테이핑 7 등의효과, 기능적인자세의변화를통한연구 14 들은많은반면, 두경부의심부굴곡근에대한운동으로슬링을이용한운동을두경부무게를조절하여부드럽게적용시킬수있음에도불구하고관련된연구가아직미흡한수준이다. 따라서본연구의목적은급성편타성손상환자들에게슬링과멕켄지운동을적용하여통증, 기능장애수준, 관절가동범위에미치는영향을비교하고자한다. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구의대상자는 215년 8월부터사고일로부터일주일이내에경부단순방사선촬영검사를실시하여의사로부터편타성손상진단을받고광주광역시 C 한방병원에내원한환자들을대상으로모집하였다. 본연구에서는대상자들을모집공고문을통해모집하여슬링운동군, 멕켄지운동군, 대조군세군에나누어무작위로각각 1 Table 1. General characteristics of subjects 명씩배정하였다. 후방추돌로인한교통사고환자중본연구의목적 과방법을충분히이해하고연구에참여하기로동의한 3 명을대상 으로하였다. 영상진단시뼈에이상이없고연부조직병변이있는 자, 중추신경또는말초신경성병변을가진자, 과거전정기관의병원 진단을받은자, 당뇨병등기저질환이있는자, 고관절이나무릎발 목관절의병변이있는자, 경추에골절이나변형이있는자, 임신한여 성, 정신장애나본연구에서실시하는실험동작을이해하지못하는 자는본연구에서제외하였다 (Table 1). 2. 실험방법 1) 실험설계 ⑴ 운동프로그램 본연구에서는경부에슬링을적용한운동법을참고하여본연구의 목적에맞게굴곡과신전에관련된부분을수정하여이완운동, 감각 신경훈련, 안정화운동법을사용하였다. 8 멕켄지운동은경부의 7 가 지운동중급성기통증에관련된앉은자세에서머리뒤로당기기, 앉은자세에서머리뒤로젖히기, 바로누운자세에서턱을안으로끌 어당기기, 바로누운자세에서머리뒤로젖히기네가지운동법을정 적최대근력에서 7 초간지속하여 15-2 회반복실시를순차적으로 진행하였다. 12 운동시발생되는통증에대해통증변화와대처방법 에대하여설명하고적용하였다. 운동적용기간은주 3 회, 4 주간시 행하였다. ⑵ 일반치료 본연구에서는참여자들에대한일정한도덕적책임을져야하고그 들의권리를보호해야할의무가있다는연구윤리에의해모든군에 기본적으로일반치료를시행하기로하였다. 일반치료는환자를모집 한 C 한방병원에서기본적으로시행되는 TENS (GP-4P, 굿플, 한 국 ) 를 15 분씩주 3 회, 4 주간시행하였다. 2) 측정방법및도구 Sling group (n=1) Mean±SD McKenzie group (n=1) Mean±SD control group (n=1) Mean±SD Age (year) 4.3± ±12. 4.±8.1 Height (cm) 162.3± ± ±8.6 Weight (kg) 57.4± ± ±12.5 선정조건에부합한대상자에게구체적인계획및방법을알려준후 동의한자에한하여무작위로세그룹으로나눈뒤사전검사를통해 테이터를획득한다. 그후 4 주간주 3 회중재를실시한다. 4 주간의중 315
3 JKPT The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Mo-Beom Jeong, et al. Figure 1. The picture of ROM test posture. 재를마친후중재전과중재후의변화를확인하기위하여사후검사를실시한다. 단연구의일반화를확보하고측정자간오류와측정시연구자의의도를배제하기위해모든측정은담당자한명을지정하여측정하고그담당자는측정대상자가어느그룹인지모른채측정하였다. 통증의수준을평가하기위해시각적상사척도 (visual analog scale, VAS) 를사용하였다. 시각적상사척도는통증의정도측정에가장일반적으로사용되며타당성이있고신뢰할만한평가도구이다. 자신이인식하는통증정도를통증이전혀없는상태인 cm에서참을수없을정도로매우극심한통증인 1 cm까지표현하였다. 통증강도평가는 1 cm의눈금선을 1 cm 간격으로표기한평가지에대상자가자신의통증강도또는불쾌감에해당된다고생각하는위치에표시하도록하였다. 경부장애지수 (neck disability index, NDI) 설문지는경추부이상을측정하는가장흔히사용되는설문약식으로처음에는심한경부의통증, 특히편타성손상환자에서일상생활의제한점을평가하기위하여개발되었다. 경부의통증을가진환자에게스스로장애를평가하기위해가장널리사용하며가장유효한수단으로입증된 NDI를이용하여측정하였다. 같은영어권국가일지라도원본이개발된국가와적용되는국가가다른문화를가지고있다면문화적차이를고려해단어의재선택이필요하여한국어로번역된 NDI의항목 15 은통증의강도, 개인관리, 물건들기, 책읽기, 두통, 집중력, 일하기, 운전하기, 수면, 여가활동등에관한 1개의항목으로구성되어있으며각각의항목에는 6개의응답안이있고 점에서 5점까지측정된다. 점수를분석함에있어서 -4점은장애없음, 5-14점은경도장애, 25-34점은중증장애, 35점이상은완전장애로분류하였다. 경부관절가동범위수준을측정하기위해경추의가동범위를측정할수있는프로토콜이내장되어있고본체키패드를이용한빠른계산및척추의관절가동범위결과를신뢰도높은측정값을제공하는디지털경사계 (MicroFET5 TM Intelligent Inclinometer, Hoggan, 미국 ) 를사용하였다. 대상자에게측정을위해편안하게의자에앉은채로 정면으로시선을응시하게하고총 3회씩반복하여차이값을측정한후평균값을이용하여통계분석을시행하였다. 이평가방법은급간내상관계수 (ICC) 가.96으로서높은측정자내신뢰도 (intrarater reliability) 를나타내었다 (Figure 1). 3. 자료분석각항목에대한정규성검정을위해샤피로윌크검정 (Shapiro-wilk test) 을이용하였고측정항목에대한각그룹내중재전 후를비교분석하기위해대응표본 T 검정 (paired sample t-test) 을실시하였다. 각그룹간비교분석을위하여일원배치분산분석 (one-way ANO- VA) 을실시하였고사후검정은터키검정 (Tukey Honestly significant difference test) 을실시하였다. 통계처리는 window version SPSS program 21. 을이용하였으며모든통계학적유의수준은 α=.5로설정하였다. 결과 1. 통증수준평가 (visual analog scale, VAS) 중재전후에따른슬링운동군, 멕켄지운동군, 대조군의통증수준평가는세그룹모두중재전에비해중재후에통계학적으로유의하게감소하였고 (p <.5), 세그룹의중재전후통증수준평가의변화량차이는통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5) (Table 2). 사후검정을실시한결과, 슬링운동군과대조군사이에서만통증수준평가의변화량에통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5)(Figure 2). 2. 경부장애지수 (neck disability index, NDI) 설문지중재전후에따른슬링운동군, 멕켄지운동군, 대조군의 NDI 설문지점수평가는세그룹모두중재전에비해중재후에통계학적으로유의하게감소하였고 (p <.5), 세그룹의중재전후 NDI 설문지점수평가의변화량차이는통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5) (Table 2). 사후검정을실시한결과, 슬링운동군과대조군사이에서만 316
4 Sling & McKenzie Exercise for acute cervical WAD JKPT Table 2. Comparison of outcome measures among groups at pre-post intervention p VAS (cm) Pre-test (Mean±SD) 4.9±.87 5.± ± Post-test (Mean±SD) 1.8± ± ± t p NDI (point) Pre-test (Mean±SD) 13.9± ± ± Post-test (Mean±SD) 4.6± ± ±1.9.2 t p... Flexion ( ) Pre-test (Mean±SD) 42.5± ± ± Post-test (Mean±SD) 46.4± ± ± t p Extension ( ) Pre-test (Mean±SD) 62.2± ± ± Post-test (Mean±SD) 67.8± ± ± t p SE: sling exercise, McE: McKenzie exercise, VAS: visual analog scale, NDI: neck disability index. p<.5, p<.1 p< VAS 6 5 NDI Figure 2. VAS & NDI. SE group: sling exercise + TENS treatment, McE group: McKenzie exercise + TENS treatment, Control group: TENS treatment. p<.5; p<.1; p<.1. NDI 설문지점수평가의변화량에통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p<.5) (Figure 2). 3. 관절가동범위 (range of motion, ROM) 1) 굴곡가동범위평가비교중재전후에따른슬링운동군, 멕켄지운동군, 대조군의굴곡가동범위평가는슬링운동군에서만통계학적으로유의한차이가있었고 (p <.5), 세그룹의중재전후굴곡가동범위평가의변화량차이는통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5) (Table 2). 사후검정을실시한결과, 슬링운동군과대조군사이에서만굴곡가동범위평가의변화량에통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p<.5) (Figure 3). 2) 신전가동범위평가비교중재전후에따른슬링운동군, 멕켄지운동군, 대조군의신전가동범위평가는슬링운동군에서만통계학적으로유의한차이가있었고 (p <.5), 세그룹의중재전후신전가동범위평가의변화량차이는통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5) (Table 2). 사후검정을실시한결과, 슬링운동군과대조군사이에서만신전가동범위평가의변화량에통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p<.5) (Figure 3). 고찰교통사고손상에의한급성편타성손상발생후운동을포함한능 317
5 JKPT The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Mo-Beom Jeong, et al. Flexion ROM Extension ROM Figure 3. Flexion & extension ROM. SE group: sling exercise + TENS treatment, McE group: McKenzie exercise + TENS treatment, Control group: TENS treatment. p<.5; p<.1; p<.1. 동적인중재는휴식, 부드러운보호대와같은수동적인치료보다더효과적이라고하였다. 급성경부통환자의부적절한관리는통증의만성화를가져오며심리적불안및생산성결여로이어져사회적인문제로발전하게된다. 16 Carroll 등 4 은급성편타성손상발생직후에수동적인치료가회복속도를느리게하고만성화시키는데연관되어있음을보고하였다. 또한교통사고후정신적인고통에도수치료와특수운동치료등의물리치료프로그램이도움이되며통증과기능장애를완화시키는효과가있다고알려져있다. 17 경추부의안정성을유지하는것은손상예방과치료적완성도를높이는데있어매우중요한것이며, 최근에는근육과신경의통합적인관점이더욱강조되어, 유연성, 협응성, 지구력, 근력을향상시켜척추안정근육들을재조건화하는총체적운동의필요성이강조되고있다. 관절운동제한은한관절뿐만아니라특정관절의기능장애가원인적문제를제공하며이와상대적길항관계에있는관절도대상작용을하여관절면운동의장애의초래를야기한다. 이에다양한재활프로그램을적용하여관절가동범위의제한을해소시키는것이무엇보다중요하다. 선행된여러연구에서도경부통이있는사람들에서경부굴곡과신전의가동범위가유의하게증가된것을보고하고있다. 14,18-2 시각적상사척도인 VAS는기존연구에서통증을측정하는데있어신뢰도와정확도가높은도구로알려져있으며만성통증에비해변이성이높은급성통증도측정하는데비율척도로서높은신뢰도를보여왔다. 이를이용하여본연구에서시행한슬링운동과멕켄지운동이통증에미치는효과를검증한결과중재전후에따른슬링운동군, 멕켄지운동군, 대조군의통증수준평가는세그룹모두중재전에비해중재후에통계학적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p <.5). 사후검정을실시한결과슬링운동군과대조군사이에서만통증수준평가의변화량에통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5). 본 연구에서도슬링운동과멕켄지운동이능동적인중재로써경부주위의근섬유의길이변화, 근육수축지연과근활동성의억제와같은근육의생리학적개선을촉진시켜경부의통증감소에긍정적영향을미치는것으로보인다. 특히슬링운동군에서의운동이 Park과 Lee 21 의연구결과에서경부주위의근력을강화하는운동을하였을때통증이감소된다고하였으며, Choi 2 에의하면 8주간의경부주변근육의근력강화운동을실시하였을때남자는 5.43 cm에서 3.36 cm 로, 여자는 5.44 cm에서 4.25 cm로감소하여각각 2.7 cm과 1.19 cm정도통증이감소되어근력강화운동이통증감소에효과가있었음을증명한점에서위의선행연구들의결과와일치한다. 또한멕켄지운동의효과역시 Kjellman과 Oberg 22 의연구에서 77명의경부통증환자를멕켄지방법에의한자세교정운동을실시하고 12개월후에재조사한결과병원을방문하는비율이멕켄지방법을이용한자세교정운동군이유의하게적었다는결과처럼효과가유의한차이를보였다. 대조군에서의유의한통증감소는 Park 등 23 이지연성근육통을보인환자를대상으로 TENS를적용하여실험연구한결과각각의집단내에서통증의변화가통계학적으로유의한차이가있었고, 본연구에서 TENS를시행한대조군에서통증과기능장애수준에서의유의성이선행연구결과와일치함을보였다. 경부장애지수설문지인 NDI 설문지는경부통증장애를측정하기위해여러집단에서널리사용되어왔으며원래편타성손상과관련된경부통증으로제한되는일상생활의활동정도를평가할목적으로개발되었다. 이에본연구에서시행한슬링운동과멕켄지운동이기능장애에미치는효과를검증한결과그에관련된 NDI 설문지점수평가는세그룹모두중재전에비해중재후에통계학적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p <.5). 사후검정을실시한결과슬링운동군과대조군사이에서만 NDI 설문지점수평가의변화량에통계학적으로 318
6 Sling & McKenzie Exercise for acute cervical WAD JKPT 유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5). Choi와 Kim 14 의선행연구에서체간의기능적자세를통한중력부하상태에서심부굴곡근에대한운동을실시하였을때 NDI 설문지점수평가는중재전 9.35 ± 2.1에서중재후 2.74 ± 1.84로유의한감소를보였다. 본연구도중재의형태나종류는다른슬링운동과멕켄지운동을움직임을통한근육의수축과척추의가동성을주는운동으로보았을때심부굴곡근을자극할수있다는점에서선행연구의결과와일치함을보여준다. 대조군에서의군내비교결과도유의한차이를보여시간이지남에따라환자가인지하는 NDI 설문지평가점수가낮아짐을가동범위의결과로조심스럽게유추해볼수있다. 본연구에서시행한슬링운동과멕켄지운동이굴곡과신전관절가동범위에미치는효과를검증한결과슬링운동군에서만통계학적으로유의한차이가있었고 (p<.5), 사후검정을실시한결과슬링운동군과대조군사이에서만굴곡과신전가동범위평가의변화량에통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p <.5). 이와같은결과로실제경부의관절가동범위가증진된것은아니지만환자가느끼는 NDI 설문지평가점수는시간의차이에따라차이가있음을짐작해볼수있다. Kim 23 의선행연구에서치료기간에따른경추가동범위에있어서멕켄지운동군의치료전은 6.84 였으며, 치료후는 로통계적으로유의하게증가하였다. 하지만본연구에서시행한멕켄지운동이관절가동범위에미치는효과를검증한결과중재전후에따른멕켄지운동군의굴곡과신전가동범위평가는중재전후통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다. 이와같이선행연구와상반된결과를보여 Kim 등 24 의연구인경부안정화운동군과자세교정운동군인멕켄지운동과의비교연구를확인해본결과멕켄지운동군은굴곡 56.2 ± 8.81 에서 55.1 ± 8.53 였고신전 62.4 ± 11.9 에서 62.2 ± 12.2 로굴곡과신전모두유의성이없었다는또다른선행연구가있었다. 이렇듯선행연구마다결과의차이가있어멕켄지운동군의관절가동범위의효과에대해서는더많은연구결과와논의가필요할것으로보인다. 군간차이에서슬링운동군과대조군사이에서의유의한관절가동범위증가는고유수용성감각운동이두경부굴곡운동과비교해관절위치감각능력을향상시키는데더효과적이라고알려져있으므로멕켄지운동군에비해더효과적이라고볼수있을것같다. 실제임상에서근골격계환자들의근력강화훈련시통증으로인한근위축및근신경계시스템의운동조절능력및근육동원능력이저하되어정확한동작을수행하기어렵기에멕켄지운동은자가운동으로시각적지시와구두적지시가없이수행된운동으로써 Bump 등 25 의연구에서도정확한동작수행에있어시각적지시와구두적지시의영향이확인되어한계점을보였으며 Schega 등 26 의연구에서도구두적지시가동작수행및근육동원에긍정적인효과가있다고보고된것에의하여효과의차이가있었음을추측해볼수있었다. 본연구의제한점은한지역의병원에내원한환자들을대상으로 하였기때문에연구결과를일반화하기에한계가있고환자에게동 일한시간을적용하였으나운동용량의정확한정량화가어려웠다 는점이다. 또한목통증으로상지의장애가올수있으므로치료계획 시상지운동을포함시켜야한다고하였으나 27 급성기임을감안하여 경부에운동을국한시킨설계적제한점도있다. 이런여러가지제한 점에도본연구에서는급성기에적용한대조군과유의한차이를보 인슬링운동치료의통증, 기능장애수준, 관절가동범위에미치는 영향은휴식과칼라만을사용하기보다또는멕켄지운동의자가운 동보다능동적인중재를적용시켜볼수있는하나의접근방법으로 써제안하였고후방추돌로인한급성편타성손상환자의통증과기 능을개선시키고만성이되지않게예방하는여러방법중의하나로 써임상에서사용되길바란다. 앞으로연구는제한점이보완되고급 성편타성손상환자에대한좀더다양한운동접근법의연구들이필 요할것으로보인다. 참고문헌 1. Brison, RJ, Hartling L, Pickett W. A prospective study of acceleration-extension injuries following rear-end motor vehicle collisions. J. Musculoskelat. Pain. 2;8(1-2): Lee KY, Park MJ, Cho WY et al. Analysis about deviation of upper cervical of patients with whiplash injuries. The Acupuncture. 23;2(6): Lee MH, Park RJ. The effect of MFR and taping on the pain level in whiplash injury. J Kor Phys Ther. 24;16(3): Carroll, LJ, Cassidy JD, Cote P. The role of pain coping strategies in prognosis after whiplash injury: passive coping predicts slowed recovery. Pain. 26;124(1): Chang JS, Lee JH. Comparison of cervical flexor muscles thickness during cranial-cervical flexor exercise according to pressure levels and eye directions in healthy subjects. J Kor Phys Ther. 215;27(1): Seo HJ, Kim JW, Son KK. The effect of different head positions with whole body vibration on muscle activation related to postural stability in standing. J Kor Phys Ther. 214;26(3): Park YN, Bae YS. Change of pain and breathing function following kinesio taping of myofascial pain in sternocleidomastoid muscle. J Kor Phys Ther. 214;26(5): Kim SY, Kim TY. Theoretical basis and application of the neurac technique which uses the sling exercise therapy. Korean J Orthop Manu Ther. 26;12(2): Yeom JN, Lim CG. Change of static and dynamic foot pressure after trunk stabilization exercises in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. J Kor Phys Ther. 214;26(4): Lee WJ, Park S, Park JW. Influence of trunk stabilization exercise upon the lumbar stabilization and foot pressure in patients with back pain. J Kor Phys Ther. 214;26(1): Jung YW. Effects of McKenzie exercise on the functional recovery and 319
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