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1 ª Œª Œ 7ƒ 6A Á œ pp. 859 ~ 867 gj p ª gj p t q w : (1) p w w Simulation Parameters for Surface Wave Propagation on Concrete : (1) Analytical Approach to Simulation and Feature Extraction ½ yá z Kim, Jae HongÁKwak, Hyo-Gyoung Abstract Among a lot of ultrasonic nondestructive test, a nondestructive test based on elastic surface wave can be effectively used in determining material properties of concrete structures because of its relatively large energy, while it is also true that inhomogeneous concrete mixed up with some aggregates makes surface wave attenuated and dispersed. With dynamic finite element method, accordingly, the effect of inhomogeneity was analyzed into some simulating parameters. In advance, continuous wavelet transform for signal processing and principal wavelet-component analysis for feature extraction was applied into the result of analysis. Then, the database composed with 6 simulating parameters and 9 extracted features were constructed and could have all information related to the whole surface wave which can be developed on concrete. Keywords : surface waveform, finite element analysis, wavelet transform, principal wavelet-component analysis gj p k q w w q k», ƒ j t q w q ƒ ƒ w. gj p t q, ³ w p w x w. ³ w» w w w wwš, ƒ w t q w w. š w w t q qx w» w y y wš, mw p w. ew m w, gj p ƒ w t q w t q qx p l w. w : t q qx, w w, y, 1. k q(elastic wave) p k, k q d mw w q w ƒ w (Rose, 1999). wr, z» š gj p,, p w» wù, k w š w k q w q (nondestructive test, NDT) mw g j p k ww š (Malhotra, 004; ACI 8, 003). p, gj p zy(aging) w wƒ j w,» z» (infrastructure) w l w yƒ w x gj p w v (fib, 003), w y» gj p w k q w q ƒ z q. p, q x ƒ k q p q (wave velocity),», s, k w š p š w. gj p q q (longitudinal wave, P-wave), zq(transverse wave, S-wave) t q(surface wave) w, k q d w w w (Wu, 1995), k q ƒ z Áw w» y œw ( jhongkim@kaist.ac.kr) z Á Áw w» y œw ( khg@kaist.ac.kr) 7ƒ 6A œ 859

2 t q d ƒ w t q w z (Popovics, 1998). ù t q gj p t xw,, k, s, ƒƒ w w ƒ w., t q d w q t q qx(waveform) w ew w gj p w w (inverse analysis) xwš w. w w w k q w w w», w w (simulation) x w d yw (Santamarina, 1998)., y v kw w., Stolzenburg (003) Ma (00) v (simplex) š w (robust)wù z k (direct search method) ww, Kinra (1995) w z l(quasi-newton) w. š y y (accuracy) y w w, y w v w z (efficiency) w w. w, q t w w(theoretical solution) wš (Stolzenburg, 003; Ma, 00; Kinra, 1995). ù gj p ³ w(inhomogeneous) j (attenuation), w yw dw w ƒ (Zerwer, 00). p, k q š q j (attenuation) x wš, (phase velocity)ƒ q yw (dispersion) p w (Philippidis, 005). p, ~4 cm k q q j»ƒ ³ š w, j»(aggregate size) x w (Jacobs, 000). x w gj p ƒ m w w w ƒ. x š w yw ww» w (Rayleigh damping) w w w (finite element analysis, FEA) w (Cook, 00). gj p t q qx w w» w w w ƒ w w š v w., gj p ƒ (impact load) k t q f w v., w w w d x l w t q p (feature extraction) ww w y (signal processing)» w v w. gj p w t q p w, w (finite element method) ù (boundary element method) ew w w (Rose, 1999). ³ w gj p p w» w (material damping) š w w w ww., w, x w» w w ƒ w x (Cook, 00)., w ƒ w x t q mw y y w ƒ w w x w. w, ew w œ (artificial intelligence)» z j» w, p (feature extraction) mw l v ƒ (Duda, 001). (face recognition) l w p (principal component analysis, PCA) ù v xq (Fisher s linear discriminant, FLD), l (database) m s w š, w w w k (Duda, 001; Zhao, 003). ù t q w w l w, m yy p w z., y(wavelet transform) w p» w, (principal wavelet-component analysis, PWCA) w w.. t q ew.1 w k w q (1) w tx, w ({f(t)) w ({u(t)) w (mass matrix, [M]), w (damping matrix, [C]), w (stiffness matrix, [K]) w yw., w tx ƒ w ƒ»(sensor) e ƒ t q w w ww w., w e (central difference method) w (explicit) ww (ABAQUS, 004). { ( ) + [ C] { u ( t) + [ K] { ut ( ) { ft ( ) [ M] u t w (half-sphere) w t q xw» w, e (axisymmetric element, CAX4R in ABAQUS) w q(reflection wave) w j w w. 1 w k qƒ t x w ƒ š w.» w 60,000 š, ƒ (1) 860 ª Œª Œ

3 려하여 발생되는 표면파의 최고 주파수를 500 khz, 최소 파장을 0 mm로 가정하면, 식 ()와 (3)에 의해 콘크리트 표면파 전달 해석을 위한 시간간격 0.1 µsec와 요소크기 1 mm가 결정된다. 1 ti fmax () λ minle (3) 0 충격가진 하중에 대한 고찰 콘크리트 표면파를 발생시키는 충격가진 하중은 콘크리트 표면파를 발생시키는 직접적인 요인으로, 발사체(projectile) 와 콘크리트 표면의 충돌 접촉으로 발생한다. 유한요소 해석 시 충격가진 하중은 점하중(point load)으로 모델링할 수 있 으며, 일반적으로 시간에 따른 점하중의 하중곡선은 반주기 삼각함수의 형태로 표현할 수 있다(Sansalone 등, 1997). 하 중곡선의 형상을 삼각함수로 가정하면, 발사체의 접촉시간과 하중곡선의 진폭이 충격가진 하중에 영향을 주어, 결과적으 로 두 변수가 콘크리트 표면파에 영향을 주는 인자라 할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 하중곡선을 사인함수의 상수( ) 제곱으로 표현하면 식 (4)와 같고, 여기서 는 하중곡선의 진폭이고, 는 발사체의 접촉시간을 의미한다.. 그림 표면파 전달 해석을 위한 유한요소 모델 1. 위치를 중심축으로 우측 끝단을 고정단으로 경계조건을 설 정하였다. 유한요소법을 이용한 파전달 문제의 동적 해석 시, 가장 주의할 점은 동적인 모드(mode)를 정확히 표현하기 위한 요소크기(element size)와 수치적분을 위한 시간간격(time increment)을 결정하는 데 있다. 여러 신호처리기법과 마찬 가지로, 임의의 주기를 갖는 탄성파의 표현을 위해서는 기 본적으로 나이키스트 주파수(Nyquist frequency)보다 큰 표 본추출 주파수(sampling frequency)가 필요하다(Newland, 1993). 즉, 탄성파의 주기(period)가 수치적분의 시간간격 (time interval)의 두 배 이상이 되도록 시간적 분해능 (temporal resolution)을 결정해야 한다. 또한, 공간적 분해 능(special resolution) 역시 탄성파의 파장(wavelength)이 요소크기보다 크도록 설정하여 그림 와 같이 적절한 분해 능을 확보해야 한다. 파전달 해석을 위한 유한요소 모델의 적절한 분해능 결정 을 위해서 여러 경험식이 제안되어 사용되고 있다. Ihlenburg(1998)의 경험식은 탄성파의 한 파장이 5~10 개 의 요소로 모사할 수 있도록 하였고, Zerwer 등(00)이 사용한 경험식은 4 개의 요소로 모사하였다. 제안된 여러 경험식 중, 가장 보수적으로 파전달을 모사하는 Moser 등 (1999)의 제안식은 0 개의 요소로 한 파장을 표현하도록 추천하고 있으며, 이 논문에서도 Moser 등의 제안식을 토 대로 해석모델을 구성하였다. 즉, 식 ()와 같이 탄성파의 최저 주기를 0 개의 시간간격( )으로 적분하고, 식 (3)과 같이 최소 파장이 0 개의 요소크기( )에 해당하도록 유한 요소 모델을 결정하였다. 여기서 max와 λmin은 발생된 탄성 파의 최대 주파수와 최소 파장을 의미한다. 따라서, 이 논 문에서 사용한 일반적인 충격가진과 콘크리트의 특성을 고 ti le f n a tc π t F( t) a sinn --tc (4) 이 때, 발사체와 콘크리트의 접촉시간( )은 충격가진 하중 을 결정하는 가장 중요한 인자로 탄성파에 큰 영향을 미친 다(Sansalone 등, 1997). 그러나 하중곡선의 최고값( )은, 탄성 거동을 보이는 표면파에 대해서 단순히, 선형조합으로 보정이 가능하다. 마지막으로, 사인함수의 차수( )로 결정되 는 하중곡선 형상의 영향을 확인하기 위해서는 차수에 따른 이론해석 결과와 유한요소 해석 결과를 비교 분석할 필요가 있다. 이론해는 Lamb의 문제라 불리는 연직방향 점하중을 받는 반무한체의 거동을 Pekeris의 해법을 이용하여 구할 수 있다 (Achenbach, 1975). 만약, 반무한의 탄성체가 헤비사이드 계 단함수(Heaviside step function, ( ))의 상수배로 표현되는 점하중( ( ))을 받으면, 발생되는 과도탄성파(transient elastic wave)는 적분식의 형태로 식 (5)와 같이 구할 수 있 다(Achenbach, 1975). 식 (5.1)은 점하중으로부터 만큼 떨 어진 위치에서 시간에서 변위를 나타내는 식으로, 식 (5.) 와 식 (5.3)의 적분식으로 구성되며 는 특이적분(Cauchy integral)의 주된값(principal value)을 의미한다. 여기서 [(λ+µ)/ρ]1/와 [µ/ρ]1/은 각각 탄성체의 압축파와 전 단파 속도이므로, 탄성체의 재료상수 밀도(ρ), 탄성계수( ), 포아송비( )로부터 전단탄성계수(µ /(1+ ))와 Lamb 상수 (λµ /(1- ))를 계산하여 구할 수 있다. tc a n H t Q H t r t P cl ct E v v. 007年 11月 861 v v 0 Q t wh(r, t) π µc F1 r T 1 - F F -t Q π µc 1 ct 1 r T 그림 파전달 해석을 위한 분해능 第7卷 第6A號 E t ----rcl ----r- t ----rcl ----r- t ct ct (5.1)

4 t - r F 1 t - r F P t r 1 c L t r xx 1 ( 1 c L ) ( 1 ct x 1 ) ( t x r ) dx ( 1 c T + x 4 ) 16x 4 x + ( 1 c L )( 1 c T x ) 1 c L (5.) xx ( 1 c L ) ( t x r ) dx ( 1 c T x ) 4x x 1 ( 1 c L ) ( 1 c T x 1 ) (5.3) (4) ƒ w w w k q (superposition) w w (Wu, 1995). y (ti t) w š ƒ (q i F i -F i-1 ) w, (6) x w w š tx w. w k q x w w w k (7) w. Fi ( t) q j Hi t j t j ( ) wri (, t) q j w H ri, t j t j ( ) 1 1 (6) (7) ƒ w š w (n) t q, w ew w. w s t c 0 ìsec w k gj p w, ρ300 kg/m 3, k E34 GPa, s v0.5 w ƒ l r10 cm w. w, ƒ w w. w y w (5) k ( 3~5 Lamb) w š w xk, w ƒ w ùkù. w š» w ƒw w ¾ ƒ w, (4)» xk ƒ n1 w š (t0 or tt c ) ƒ w 0 C w ƒ. (», C N w ƒ w N w.), n w š n 1 C w š, t q n 1 C tx. w, k ƒ w w ƒƒ n n 3 C C w ƒ. 3. w š ƒ 1 (n1) 4. w š ƒ (n) 86 ª Œª Œ

5 ew w w w wš, w š ƒ n1 p w (spurious oscillation) x wš ( 3 ). w x ù j» w» x (Gibbs phenomenon), w x w w C 0 w tx y k w e (Canuto, 1988). w j» y(h-refinement) w w y w w, j» w (infinitesimal) w w (Karniadakis, 005). w» w e (numerical damping or artificial viscosity) w š, x w š y(p-refinement) mw e w (Cook, 00; Karniadakis, 005). ù e w š, x w š y w w y v w w ƒ., w š ƒ mw vwš w. p, gj p t q ƒ d w,» x w e» w ƒ š C 1 w tx w, 5 r ƒ w n4 ƒ w v ƒ., eù ƒ w š ƒ ƒw w xk. ù Sansalone (1997) w q ƒ j w w, ƒ w ƒ w ƒ w wš w ( (4) )., ƒ w gj p t (t c ) w..3 w k (ρ), k (E), s (v), q w gj p (density), k (dynamic modulus of elasticity), s (dynamic Poison s ratio) (ACI Committee 8, 003). ù (D) w w q yw w ƒ š ƒ v w (Cook, 00). w w w w w([c]η 1 [M]+ η [K]) txw (Rayleigh damping) w, (Dη 1 /ω+η ω/) (η 1, η ) ƒ q (ω) w w., ƒ w k q q w, Zerwer (00) q w s³ ƒ w ww. ù q w, (η 1 ) (η ) w g j p txw, ª w 5. w š ƒ 4 (n4) 6. t q y wš w., gj p ³ w ƒ j w, (5) w k q txw w ƒ. 6 ƒ ƒw t q y, ƒ w w š gj p w w w z w w (case A: η & η 6.3e-8, case B: η & η 1.6e-8). 7ƒ 6A œ 863

6 ƒ ƒw, t q ƒ y w. ù ƒ t q, t q qx w yw., gj p ƒ j q w w z š ƒ ƒ v w. 3. p 3.1 y ƒ w gj p t q (time history) š l w w» w w y» w (Newland, 1993; Santamarina, 1998). y w ƒ» š t y(fast Fourier transform, FFT), y q w q (frequency domain) w ww. q» q p w q (stationary wave) w w, q q(transient wave) w w ƒ. k q w w t q (undamped media) q w q (Rose, 1999), d y y (cross-correlation) (time domain) w mw t q (group velocity) ƒ w (Wu, 1995). ù gj p w p w, w» w - q (time-frequency domain) w v w. - q w mw t q w, q w (phase velocity), š (dispersion curve) ƒ w. ù - q w» t y y k t y(short time Fourier transform, STFT) y w w ƒ, w y(wavelet transform) š (Mallat, 1999; Newland, 1993). ù y q (frequency) f (scale) q txw yw š w ƒ., ¾ ƒ w š ¾ w w (Kramer, 1996), yw š w» w t y w ù(hong, 005) y y(harmonic wavelet transform) w (Park, 001) t q w w., ¾ w k ƒ w y(continuous wavelet transform, CWT) q z - q ƒ w (Kim, 001)., ¾ w w w - q š v w. w, y y w y ww. q t q w, ¾ gj p ƒ w š š w y - q w ww. y(cwt)» w (mother wavelet) w j» (scaling, s) y(shifting, u) ww y (wavelet coefficient) y k (The MathWorks, 000). ƒ w l ƒ r e y(t) f (s) (u) c(s, u) y j (8). (t) y g, w (8.) w y w w.», y w ƒ w ψ s, u (t) y p q w z tx z, š w w w. csu, dt yt ( ) yt ( ) ψ su, ( t) c k cs ( k ) ψ s k ( ) { ( ) T { y 1 t u -----ψ dt s s (8.1) (8.) t q k 3 y w, w w w x g 1 1 xk ùkù. ƒ w, 1, ƒ ƒ y. ƒƒ p txw, w w w w w w v w. ƒ y w» w š q»w w xk š tx(explicit expression) ƒ 7. t q ƒ w y 864 ª Œª Œ

7 w w w yw w. ù, y w w q ƒ 0 š, s³ 0 w (Mallat, 1999). ù ³ s(gaussian distribution) w xk s³ 0, (9) w xk ³ s w ( gaus1 in MATLAB, The MathWorks, 000) w w. ψ( t) π ( t)e t 7 y ww, t q ƒ y 7(b) y. ³ s w w y, t q ƒ 4 - f 3 vj(peak) t xw. ƒ š (c k ) ƒ (u k ) f (s k ) w w. 3. y(cwt) y p z w w» w, y (t) f (s) ƒw - q w ww. ù œ, ƒ ù e. w w» w, (PCA) w y l l p w w» š (Liu, 003; Tian, 005). y l p w w w ww w (PWCA) w. (PCA), l p» l w tx (reconstruction error) y g» (Jolliffe, 00). (PWCA) w., d n l l {y d'» l {b k w k w (10).», l { ŷ s³ l» l w({y 0 +Σa k {b k ) tx. n Ja ( ik,, ) { y { ŷ i i a ik { y i { y 0, (9) (10), w (a i,k ) w y j» w, (10) w. J i a ik a { ik, b k (11)» l(unit basis) w, ƒ» w y ( J i / a i,k 0) w, (1) w. n i 1, T ({ y i { y 0 ) + { y i { y 0 a ik, T ({ y i { y 0 ) (1), y j w({b k ) w» w (11) (1) w» l w w. J i T [ ({ y i { y 0 )] { y i { y 0 (13) (13) l Σ[{b k T ({y i {y 0 )] y j {b k kw, y j w w y w. (PCA), l w š w sw (scatter matrix, Σ({y i {y 0 )({y i {y 0 ) T ) š l(eigenvector) š e ƒ j d'» l w (Jolliffe, 00). l w sw w y p w w, j (Zhao, 003). l p š py w ww (PWCA), sw š l p w» l w z w., y w - q y l (wavelet component) w (ψ(s k )) wš,» l y j š., k q l s³({y 0 ) l(zero vector)ƒ, (1) y (14) y w ( (8.) ). J i, { ψ( s k ) T y i a ik { c k w, (13) w. [ { ] { ψ( s k ) T y i + { y i { y 0 + c k + (14) { y i { y 0 (15) (15) l (c k ) y j w w ({ψ(s k ) maximizing c k ), y k y w., (orthogonality) w w y ww t q l (d) y - f p (d ) (16) w. { ỹ a k c k ψ s k, u k { ( ) (16) ³ s w w w (16) x w ƒ w., ƒ wù» l (17) - f p (d ) j ƒ w. { ỹ a k c k ψ s k { ( ) (17), 1 µsec 100 µsec¾ 7ƒ 6A œ 865

8 8. w p 7(a) l 100 (y 1, y, Ã, y 100 ) w w. y(cwt) k 7(b) l j»» 100 (u) 80 f (s) ƒw, 8000 ƒ., (c k ) w 7(b) w s., s w, vj w. vj y y (optimal point) w,» l w (d'3)., w t q ƒ l w p ww, vj w 9 (u 1, s 1, c 1, u, s, c, u 3, s 3, c 3 ). 8 vj w p y (17) w w, ƒ vj t xwš. 100 tx y 3 l tx, l w w. p, k qƒ w j 8(a) vj l j ƒ w y w. l p v(entropy)ƒ ƒw, z vj w ƒ j ùkù. p š k w w üsw, y j w k l w l p w w w., w x w z ww. 4. k q p w, ƒ w w gj p t q w ƒ w. w w w w w (FEA) y(wt) w w, t q w l y w (PWCA) w w. ù ƒ w mw g j p t q ew w w. 1. w w» x w w» w w 1 C w tx w, t q ƒ w» w ƒ w ƒ 4 w ƒ w z.. gj p t q w ƒ,, k, s,, w w. 3. x p w» w, y j w kw p w y k. 4., gj p t q ƒ ³ s w w w yw, vj p l w. p l w l x. m w» (05 w C19) w w. š x ABAQUS, Inc. (004) ABAQUS 6.5 Analysis User s Manual. 866 ª Œª Œ

9 Achenbach, J.D. (1975) Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids, North- Holland Publishing Company. ACI Committee 8 (003) In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength, ACI 8.1R-03, American Concrete Institute. Canuto, C., Hussaini, M.Y., Quarteroni, A., and Zang, T.A. (1988) Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics, Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Cook, R.D., Malkus, D.S., and Plesha, M.E. (00) Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis, 4 th ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc.. Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., and Stork, D.G. (001) Pattern Classification, nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. fib Task Group 5.1 (003) Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures, fib Bulletin, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib). Hong, J.-C., Sun, K.H., and Kim, Y.Y. (005) Dispersion-based short-time fourier transform applied to dispersive wave analysis, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 117, No. 5, pp Ihlenburg, F. (1998) Finite Element Analysis of Acoustic Scattering, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.. Jacobs, L.J. and Owino, J.O. (000) Effect of aggregate size on attenuation of rayleigh surface waves in cement-based materials, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 16, No. 11, pp Jolliffe, I.T. (00) Principal Component Analysis, nd ed., Springer-Verlag New Yourk Inc. Karniadakis, G.E. and Sherwin, S.J. (005) Spectral/hp Element Methods for Computational Fulid Dynamics, nd ed., Oxford University Press. Kim, Y.Y. and Kim, E.-H. (001) Effectiveness of the continuous wavelet transform in the analysis of some dispersive elastic waves, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp Kinra, V.K. and Iyer, V.R. (1995) Ultrasonic measurement of the thickness, phase velocity, density or attenuation of a thin-viscoelastic plate. Part I: the Forward Problem, Ultrasonics, Vol. 33, No., pp Kinra, V.K. and Iyer, V.R. (1995) Ultrasonic measurement of the thickness, phase velocity, density or attenuation of a thin-viscoelastic plate. Part I: the Inverse Problem, Ultrasonics, Vol. 33, No., pp Kramer, S.L. (1996) Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall Inc. Liu, C. and Wechsler, H. (003) Independent component analysis of gabor features for face recognition, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp Ma, C.-C., Liu, S.-W., and Chang, C.-M. (00) Inverse calculation of material parameters for a thin-layer system using transient elastic waves, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp Malohtra, V. M. and Carino, N. J. (004) Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete, nd ed., CRC Press. Mallat, S.G. (1999) A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, nd ed., Academic Press. Moser, F., Jacobs, L.J., and Qu, J. (1999) Modeling Elastic Wave Propagation in Waveguides with the Finite Element Method, NDT&E international, Vol. 3, pp Newland, D.E. (1993) An Introduction to Random Vibrations, Spectral and Wavelet Analysis, 3 rd ed., Addison Wesley Longman Limited. Park, H.C. and Kim D.-S. (001) Evaluation of the dispersive phase and group velocities using harmonic wavelet transform, NDT&E International, Vol. 34, pp Philippidis, T.P. and Aggelis, D.G. (005) Experimental study of wave dispersion and attenuation in concrete, Ultrasonics, Vol. 43, pp Popovics, J.S., Song, W., Achenbach, J.D., Lee, J.H. and Andre, R.F. (1998) One-sided stress wave velocity measurement in concrete, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp Rose, J.L. (1999) Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media, Cambridge University Press. Sansalone, M.J. and Streett, W.B. (1997) Impact-echo: Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete, Bullbrier press. Santamarina, J.C. and Fratta, D. (1998) Introduction to Discrete Signals and Inverse Problems in Civil Engineering, ASCE Press. Stolzenburg, J.C., Doane, J.W., Jarzynski, J., and Jacobs, L.J. (003) Near field inversion method to measure the material properties of a layer, NDT&E International, Vol. 36, pp The MathG Works, Inc. (000) Wavelet Toolbox User s Guide, For Use with MATLAB, Version 3. Tian, G.Y., Sophian, A., Taylor, D., and Rudlin, J. (005) Waveletbased pca defect classification and quantification for pulsed eddy current NDT, IEE Proceedings. A, Science, Measurement and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp Wu, T.-T., Fang, J.-S., Liu, G.-Y., and Kuo, M.-K. (1995) Determination of elastic constants of a concrete specimen using transient elastic waves, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 98, No. 4, pp Zerwer, A., Cascante, G., and Hutchinson, J. (00) Parameter estimation in finite element simulations of rayleigh waves, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp Zhao, W., Chellappa, R., Phillips, P.J., and Rosenfeld, A. (003) face recognition: a literature survey, ACM computing surveys, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp ( : / : / : ) 7ƒ 6A œ 867

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