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298 O M, N:. :. :. :,,. :. O:. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :,. (= ):. M an has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favour, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens. Even a beggar does not depend upon it entirely. _ With the money which one man gives him he purchases food. The old clothes which another bestows upon him he exchanges for other old clothes which suit him better, or for lodging, or for food, or for money, with which he can buy either food, clothes, or lodging, as he has occasion. (Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776, Chapter 2.) 298

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301 the violation exposes to resentment, and consequently to punishment. This virtue is justice. _ Beneficence, therefore, is less essential to the existence of society than justice. Society may subsist, though not in the most comfortable state, without beneficence; but the prevalence of injustice must utterly destroy it. _ Beneficence is the ornament which embellishes, not the foundation which supports the building, and which it was, therefore, sufficient to recommend, but by no means necessary to impose. Justice, on the contrary, is the main pillar that upholds the whole edifice. If it is removed, the great, the immense fabric of human society... must in a moment crumble into atoms. (Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, Part 2 Section 2 Chapters 1 and 3.) a _ a:. :. :. :,,,,,. :. :, :,. :. :. :. :. :. :,. :,. 301

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310 1 {political economy}. {economy} {oikos( )} {nemein( )} { }, {political} {polis}, {political economy}.. 2 D:. 3 Paul Krugman, {The myth of Asia]s miracle,} Foreign Affairs v73 n6 (November 1994). 4 Joan Robinson, {Korea, 1964:economic miracle,} Collected Economic Papers v3, Dani Rodrik, {Getting interventions right:how South Korea and Taiwan grew rich,} Economic Policy (April 1995). 6 Alwyn Young, {The tyranny of numbers:confronting the statistical realities of the East Asian growth experience,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v110 n3 (August 1995)., 1994 { { }, KDI / , { }, KDI 1999 I, ,, }, KDI 1998 I@II. 310

311 10 Douglas C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p Mancur Olson, {Big bills left on the sidewalk:why some nations are rich, and others poor,} Journal of Economic Perspectives v10 n2 (Spring 1996), p Stephen Knack, and Philip Keefer, {Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures,} Economics and Politics v7 n3 (November 1995). 13 Dani Rodrik, {TFPG controversies, institutions, and economic performance in East Asia,} NBER Working Paper n5914 (February 1997). 14 Joseph Stiglitz, {Whither reform:ten years of the transition,} Paper presented to 1999 World Bank]s annual bank conference on development economics, Jonathan Isham, and Daniel Kaufmann, {The forgotten rationale for policy reform:the productivity of investment projects,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v114 n1 (February 1999). 1. 2,.. 3,.,,,, 1999 ( 1961), 3 @. 4,.,.,. 5,,.,, 1 { }. 311

312 6,, b,,. 7,,, 1994, , {,},,, 1999, { },, :,, , { },,,, 1999, ,, ( ),, 1997( 1967), :. 14 :..,. 15 n,. 16 F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, University of Chicago, 1960, p :. :. 18 :.. 19 :. :,. :. 20 :. :. 21 :. : :. :. : [ ],. :. :. 26 :. :. :. 27 :. :. :. 312

313 28 :. 29 :,. :. 30., {,. } 31,. 32 :. :. 33 :. :,. 34 :. : ,. 2 :. :. 3 :. :. :. :. :. 4 :. :. 5 :. 6 :~. :. :. 7 World Bank, World Development Report, 1998, p.1. 8 :. :. :. { }, KDI 1998, I@II. 1 I:. 2 :. 3 Pranab Bardhan, {Corruption and development:a review of issues,} Journal of Economic Literature v35 n3 (September 1997). 313

314 4 Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, {Corruption,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v108 n3 (August 1993). 5 cost-reducing corruption surplusshifting corruption. Christopher Bliss, and Rafael Di Tella, {Does competition kill corruption?} Journal of Political Economy v105 n5 (1997). Bardhan collusive corruption..,,. 6 Shang-Jin Wei, {Why is corruption so much more taxing than tax? Arbitrariness kills.} NBER Working Paper n6255 (November 1997). 7 OECD,,. Shang-Jin Wei, {How taxing is corruption on international investors?} NBER Working Paper n6030 (May 1997). 8 Paolo Mauro, {Corruption and growth,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v110 n3 (August 1995). 9 Lui { }. Francis T. Lui, {Three aspects of corruption,} Contemporary Economic Policy v14 n3 (July 1996).. 10 Kevin M. Murphy, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, {The allocation of talent:implication for growth,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v106 n2 (May 1991). 11 Christopher Bliss, and Rafael Di Tella, {Does competition kill corruption?} Journal of Political Economy v105 n5 (1997). 12,. Daniel Kaufmann, and Shang-Jin Wei, {Does [grease money] speed up the wheels of commerce?} NBER Working Paper n7093 (April 1999) Cheryl W. Gray, and Daniel Kaufmann, {Corruption and development,} Finance and Development (March 1998). 314

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316 8 :. :. K:. :. 9 William Easterly, and Ross Levine, {Africa]s growth tragedy:policies and ethnic divisions,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v112 n4 (November 1997). 10 Kevin M. Murphy, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, {Why is rent-seeking so costly to growth?} American Economic Review v83 n2 (May 1993). 11.,.,,.,,.,,. Douglas C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p { }.,. 13 North,, p , { , { , {[ ] },,,, , (, 1998),. 5,,, Amartya Sen, Inequality Reexamined, Harvard University Press,

317 8 1, { }, (.), 1999, 297, { }( ). 9 5,246 2,931 1,236 1,696, 2,314 1, (.) Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press,

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<B9DABCBCC1A45FBCB1B9CCBCF6C1A42E687770> 연구논문 공공정책과 국정관리 제4권 제1호: 3- 지방자치단체장에 의한 부패의 통제 방안: 지배구조를 중심으로 한 시론적 연구 박세정 * 우리나라 지방자치단체장에 의한 비리는 선진사회에 비해 매우 심각한 수준이다. 단체장의 10%가 임기 중 비리와 연루되어 자리를 물러나는 경우는 세계적으로 매 우 이례적인 현상이고, 국가의 품격을 심각하게 저해하는