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1 y, 38«, 6y, , 2005 Econ. Environ. Geol., 38(6), , 2005 y» (Thermal Ice Storage) k mw - l(integrated GEO/TES) ED. Lohrenz 1 Áw 2 *Áwx 3 Áw 4 Á½x 5 1 CGD, Ice Kube System Ltd, eù, 2 CGD, CGWP, Ph.D, P.E/( ), 3 CGD/( ), 4 gr, 5w œ A Study on An Integrated GEO/TES with Geothermal Heat Exchanger and Thermal Ice Storage ED. Lohrenz 1, Jeongsang Hahn 2 *, Hyuk Sang Han 3, Chan Hahn 4, Hyoung Soo Kim 5 1 CGD, Ice Kube System Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada 2 CGD, CGWP, Ph. D, P.E/CNE, Seoul , Korea 3 CGD/CNE, 4 Yoosin Corp., Ltd., Seoul , Korea 5 Director/Korea Water resources Corporation, Daejon , Korea Peak cooling load of large buildings is generally greater than their peak heating load. Internal and solar heat gains are used for selection of adquate equipment in large building in cold winter climate like Canada and even Korea. The cost of geothermal heat exchanger to meet the cooling loads can increase the initial cost of ground source heat pump system to the extend less costly conventional system often chosen. Thermal ice storage system has been used for many years in Korea to reduce chiller capacity and shift peak electrical time and demand. A distribution system designed to take advantage of heat extracted from the ice, and use of geothermal loop (geothermal heat exchanger) to heat as an alternate heat source and sink is well known to provide many benifits. The use of thermal energy storage (TES) reduces the heat pump capacity and peak cooling load needed in large building by as much as 40 to 60% with less mechanical equipment and less space for mechanical room. Additionally TES can reduce the size and cost of the geothermal loop by 1/3 to 1/4 compared to ground coupled heat pump system that is designed to meet the peak heating and cooling load and also can eliminate difficuties of geothermal loop installation such as space requirements and thermal conditions of soil and rock at the urban area. Key words : Geothermal heat exchanger, Thermal ice storage, Ground source heat pump system, TES, HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) ³ vj þ w ù w j. wþw w ³ þ ù ü k l z. þ w w w þù v ew»n ƒ m HVAC l w šƒ. (Thermal ice storage, TES) l HVAC þ» j ù w ã» w». ù w m ù wš ú þ w ƒ w j» w. w w» w l(distribution system) ( e, sink) y»( v) w. œ ù k œ w» w x w. œ ù k - y» ³ k HVAC l z ƒ k ƒ s k. w TES w ³ þù w rv 40Ê60% k» œ. vj þù w m w *Corresponding author:g geohans@chollian.net 717
2 718 ED. LohrenzÁw Áwx Áw Á½x rv l(ground source heat pump system) v 1/4Ê1/3¾ v ew v eœ p w w. y», (Thermal Ice storage), rv l, TES, HVAC (Heating, ventilation and airconditioning) 1. x 1 ù 100 w 36, 69, v ƒ ù OECD ƒ s³e 79 { (, 2005). 1 GDPƒ ù 2~3 w 1 š. ü 1,000 ($) w n w 0.107toe, 0.285toe w ù 0.362toe z (, 2005). y w ù x z š x. ƒ l (WTI)ƒ» w 6 x 60 zw š ù 70% w x ƒ 38 x 54 ¾ w.» 1970 j w r q j» w» ƒ 100» x š ƒ ƒ dwš. 4, 97% ù ƒƒ 10 w ü 0.72%s p yw, ƒ w w œ. 40, ƒ 60, k 150~200 y š š w. w w w ù x d xw ƒ w y š Kyoto»z y x y ³ y w» w x yw w w y ey x š ƒ w j e w w x 7%(v ) 23%(v ) šz x w ( ³, 2004; y, 2005). ù ù ù 20 k» š 2.3%.x ü þù 19.2%. ü ƒ w ƒ ü ù w ƒ w ƒ yw wš x, ey w ƒ w tw 2~400 m ü ü wš w 37.5 m 3 (, 2005) s³ w 14~16 o C (w, 2005). w ƒ w» w ƒ wš ƒ 4~5 C w o þ ù y w z w x. ƒ w 2.5Ê3 kw w w. w w þù l y 80%» 11 ƒ x ƒ - ƒ wš y w z. l w w w w yw w ƒ y ³ w œ w w. w, z, œ j š sx š. w 1 5Ê6 w» ³ w z
3 y» (Thermal Ice Storage) k mw - l(integrated GEO/TES) 719 z w.» ƒ w 20~30 C w w o ƒ w ù ü ƒ»»( fu l ) ù l ƒ w w œw. ü ƒ» w ƒ wš ü p þ w w. zù z w sx w þ þ p ¼. Fig. 1,, ƒ (Shoulder )» x sx ùkü wþw»z 5 ù w ³x ùk ü. { ú ú (m, ) ƒ ù»» w» ü z vj þ w û. vj þ w» x vj ù w j. w, ƒ w (24 ) þù w w. Pierre z vj ù w 158 kw w þ w 360 kw ( 1). 2. þù w š rv»ƒ ƒ þ w. œ w rv w w» z þù l. r v w, þƒ j üš w, ƒ j þ Fig. 1. Daily energy balance of an office building and school occupied 5 days/week in a moderate to cold climate area (St. Pierre Church, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada). Table 1. Heating and cooling capacity and COP under various operating conditions. Heating Output (kw) COP h Cooling Output(kW) COP c System CO PISO (heating) ISO (cooling) Simultaneous Heating & Cooling Building Ice & Heating Building Ice EWT Condenser: 40 o C, EWT Evaporator: 0 o C 2 EWT Condenser: 25 o C, EWT Evaporator: 12 o C 3 EWT Condenser: 40 o C, EWT Evaporator: 7 o C 4 EWT Condenser: 40 o C, EWT Evaporator: -6 o C 5 EWT Condenser: 25 o C, EWT Evaporator: -6 o C
4 720 ED. LohrenzÁw Áwx Áw Á½x ü. w v w ù wƒ v w þ w rv ƒ j» w v( y») ƒ ew. ÿw þ v w rv š ù v w rv». rv l z y lz rv z w rvƒ þ (chiller fluid) (warm fluid) w w ƒ š l z j w. rv (COP) þù ( ) n w ( ) ù. rv l ù (COPh) þ (COPc) txw. COP h = ù (Heat output) k (energy input) þ (cooling output) COP c = k (power input) rvƒ 4kW» w 14 kw ù w rv COPh 3.5 (14/4). w rvƒ 4kW n w 18 kw þ wþ rv COPC 4.5(18/4). 4 (four pipe system) w þ w l z þù w l ( ) n w ù. Table 1 ƒ w þù COP l COP ùkü t. rv þ w, l COP COPh COPc w y» wù rvƒ w þ w w rv l z j w. ù þù v w f p, w k, p w wš. l(thermal Energy storage System, TES) v w þ w ú ù z v w w» w w l. (Ice storage) l y w w ù w, w. l g ƒ w þ w w w ƒ. w eƒ v w. lü ƒ w ù œ w z, œ w eƒ y» l( v l). y» s w w. y» w ù w w ƒ ƒ v w ù ƒ x w v w w w w» w e. y»» ƒ w w w. Fig. 5 w ƒ w rv z ù ƒ j. rv y» ƒ w z š w (Thermal Energy Storage, TES) ù y w w ƒ w œ» yù þ š þ w ù ( ) w (Fig. 2 ). 20» ú (off peak) v w œ w» w þ» w kj w» w. ³ vj þù w TES w z. TES w 1 (» ) þù w v w z, œz, z t. ³ k w ù» eƒ
5 지중열 교환기와 빙축열조(Thermal Ice Storage)를 연계시킨 통합 지중열-빙축열조 시스템(Integrated GEO/TES) Fig Ice harvesting from frozen Han river and storing for refrigeration in the next summer. 대규모로 필요하며 학교나 사무용 빌딩등은 빙축조 (Thermal ice storage)를 효율적으로 적용할 수 있는 다른 예라 할 수 있다. 이와 유사하게 난방 플랜트는 피크난방 부하를 효율 적으로 감소시키기 위해서 온수조(warm storage)를 사 용하기도 한다. 그 대표적인 예가 대용량의 고온수나 피 크 열부하를 감소시키기 위해 구조물내로 열을 흡수시 키는 고열체 빌딩(high thermal mass building)등이 필 요로 하는 고온수 저장조(hot water storage) 등이다. 물이 얼음으로 상변화 할때에는 다른 물체가 상변화 할때와 마찬가지로 다량의 열에너지를 방열 한다. 따 라서 열에너지 저장조가 설치되어 있으면 단전이 되더 라도 최소한의 전력을 이용하여 필요한 만큼의 냉온수 를 건물에 공급할 수 있다. 빙축조가 설치되어 있으면 순환펌프가 얼음을 이용 하여 컴퓨터 가동실, 사용중인 실내나 공기조화가 필 요한 곳에 비상냉방을 할 수 있다. 냉동기를 운전할 때에는 필요한 양에 비해 적은 용량의 발전기를 이용 해서 backup냉방을 할 수 있다 지중열교환기와 TES를 이용한 통합 HVAC 기존의 HVAC시스템은 냉난방 시스템을 서로 분리 된 시스템으로 생각되어 왔다. 즉 보일러는 건물을 난 방시키는데 이용하고, 냉동기는 공기조화에 필요한 냉 수를 만들어 냉방을 시키는데 사용하며 환기 시스템은 신선한 공기를 공급하는데 사용하였다. 그런데 지원열 펌프시스템은 지중매체를 하나의 효율적인 열원과 열 배출원으로 이용한다. 따라서 지원열펌프시스템은 하나 의 시스템으로 냉난방을 동시에 실시할 수 있다. 물리 학적인 특성으로 볼 때 물대물 열펌프는 냉수와 온수 를 동시에 생산 가능하며 냉수를 만들기 위해서는 순 환수로부터 열을 흡수한다. 지원열펌프가 효율적으로 작동될 수 있는 이유는 안정적인 지중온도를 이용하기 때문이다. 이와 같이 통합시스템에 사용되는 열펌프시 스템은 냉방과 난방을 동시에 수행할 수 있다. 건물이 난방을 할 때에는 열에너지를 추출 이용하고, 빙축이 이루어진 다음에는 지중열 교환기를 열원으로 이용한다. 반대로 건물 냉방시에는 열펌프나 빙축 얼 음이 휀코일(fan coil) 유니트를 통해 순환유체를 냉각 시킨다. 이때 열펌프나 빙축 얼음 중 어느 하나만을 이용할 수도 있고 둘다 이용할 수도 있다. 이 경우에 는 빙축조(Ice storage tank)내에 냉방용량에 해당하는 열에너지가 충분히 저장되어 있어야 하며 압축기를 사 용하지 않고서도 적절한 온도로 필요한 냉방용량(부하) 을 공급할 수 있어야 한다. 통합시스템에서 열펌프의 압축기는 빙축조에 제빙을 할 때에만(건물을 난방시킬때)사용하고 빙축조의 얼음 을 해동시킬 때(건물을 냉방시킬때)에는 사용하지 않는 다. 그러나 일반 지원열펌프시스템은 건물을 난방시킬 때나 냉방시킬 때 모두 열펌프의 압축기를 사용한다. 따라서 통합시스템에 비해 열펌프 압축기의 사용시간 이 2배가 된다. 즉 통합시스템의 COP는 지원열펌프시 스템의 2배가 된다. 난방위주 건물에서는 필요한 열에너지의 대부분을 열펌프의 압축기가 제공하므로 에너지 소비율이 높다. 냉방위주 건물에서는 열펌프의 압축기를 작동하는 동 안 사용한 모든 에너지는 지중열 교환기를 통해 지중 에 방열해야 하므로 필요한 지중루프의 길이는 길어지 고 지중루프의 온도는 상승하며 이로 인해 결국 열펌 프의 냉방성적계수는 감소한다. 근본적으로 통합시스템은 난방시 열펌프의 반대편에 서 냉방을 시킬 수 있으며 하나의 열펌프를 이용해서 냉방과 난방을 동시에 실시할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 따라서 통합시스템에서는 순환수가 건물내에서 적당한
6 722 ED. LohrenzÁw Áwx Áw Á½x ù þ œ w v w œw w rv j w e (Fig. 5). ù û, þ w l w š w w w. þù w ww w w. þù ³ w j w k Ÿ l z,» w ü w. wƒ sx, y», v ¼ w k. þù w e»» y w. j»ƒ w LCD j f ul» CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) j ful w 1 80~100 W (Lorenz, 2005). 300 w 300 ful LCD j ful w þ w 24 kw (80 300=24,000 W) w. ù w w z 24 kw û.» y w þù w j w e. LED (Light Emitting Diode) xÿ w 50Ê60%, w 90% ü. 5,000 m 2 w LED w ü 50 kw( )¾ k. x ¾ mw l š. t eù Manitoba, Winnipeg w Pierre z 3.1 m 3 w kj 42 kw/h(12 RT/h) þ ƒ 2 rv e wš. ƒ 45~52 kw(12~15 RT) þ w œ w, zƒ» 2 rv ƒ w 94 kw(26 RT) þ w œ w. þ w ¾ vj 6.5 œ w. kj z( z þ w z) 1 Fig. 3. Schematic diagram showing integrated system incorporated with thermal ice storage tanks, ground loop, and low temperature water to water heat pumps. w rv w kjü k (» w kj j 9 ). s z ù w ù ù v e y» k. s z ù v w rv w y» w w. Fig. 3 š 4 {g l 2 rv š y» -TESmw þù l. rv þƒ g w. rvù ƒ þƒ {g p w þ k. þ ù w y» w. ù w {g unit g ù wš ù w y» k (Fig. 3). TES ƒ w w œ» ( f p, wj, j),, w k, z w w þ wƒ vj ù w { j x.» w w 6~8 o C w ƒ. j w» ù, ww y ƒw»» w w
7 y» (Thermal Ice Storage) k mw - l(integrated GEO/TES) 723 Fig. 4. Schematic diagram showing low temperature heat pumps in an integrated geothermal ice rink system. ¼ g w. w» ù v w ù k v w rv» y g ù w ù y» ü œ w. w ù v w wƒ ew w y (thermal storage buffer,m w gj p þ l w ) l w. w y eù, w pxƒ». w y m 3~4 o C û. w y þ g ú vj v w k w» w. w y þ š ƒ w ƒ y» w. ù w y þ z w þ y» w. w mw þù l e ù 50 wj f (Curling)» œ e š m HVAC l þ w 35~65%. rv w e y ù y» j w. ù v w x ù l ù y» g ù w (Fig. 4). 3. l 3.1. l l z e w rv z ( T) w. Tƒ ƒw rv z w. yrv w w w 40 o C rv x v w l w. COP w. ù yrv w lü y y j» w ƒ v w ù 41 o C ƒ v w l w ƒ ƒ v w COP d ƒ w. l ƒ f j ³ yrv w w
8 724 ED. LohrenzÁw Áwx Áw Á½x Fig. 5. The effect of the T (temperature difference) between the heat source and the heat sink on capacity and efficiency of a heat pump. ƒ n w w ƒ š w COP w. rv l w l (distribution system) w w w. 4 l {g l, þ {g pƒ v w ƒ w w û wš ù {g pƒ v w ƒ w w w w. ù l,, ü w rv l z w e. ü TESmw l w» ƒ ww. - f p, wj ü». - ùk(w k) ù, k þ : þù rv w w l(hydrid system)x ù k w ù k z» k. rv þ y z d þ w þ v w þ k þ œ w z y k. -4 þù w yl. -w 3.2. y» ³ y» TES k HVAC/R l w m rv l w rv ³ k. TES w vj þ j» w w w 40~60% k» v w v ¼ k. ü w 5Ê6,» ü w ful k l z w w vj þ w wš k þ w. w w l w» w. ƒ z vj w w z ù n l vj w w. y» ³ v ƒ w w 7~8 vj þ w w w. þ wƒ lü w œ w 24» š w j v j w. Table 2, ful l ü z x vj þù w w þù w TES g j ù z ùk ü t. - ù -1: vj þ ù w w rv ³ w þù l(tes j )
9 y» (Thermal Ice Storage) k mw - l(integrated GEO/TES) 725 Table 2. Typical cooling and heating for an office building with high internal gains from occupants, lights, and computers (for the calculation of ground loop length)u Time Peak B/D loads Without TES With TES Remarks Cooling kw Heating kw Heat gain(kw) Heat loss(kw) Heat gain(kw) Heat loss(kw) 8am-Noon 1, Noon-4pm 1, pm-8pm pm-8am 720 1, Equivalent fall(h) 1,400 1,200 3,800 1,000 Daily loads(kw) 3,960 1,980 Annual loads(10 3 kwh) 5,544 2,376 Table 3. Input parameters to calculate ground loop length using GchpCalc program and calculated results. Input parameters Heat pump flow rate per RT : 11.34l pm(3 gpm) EWT min : -4 o C EWT max : 30 o C Undisturbed ground temperature (t g ): 10 o C Thermal conductivity of formation: 2.25 W/m. o C(1.3 Btu/h ft o F) Diffusivity of formation: 0.07 m 2 /day(0.75 ft2/day) Grout conductivity : SDR11 25 mm Bore hole dia.: 100 mm Bore hole configuration: Bore hole spacing: 6.1 m(20 ft) Remarks EWTmin=10-(8.5Û2.5)=-1~4 o C(used -4 o C) EWTmax=10+(14Û3)=21~27 o C(used 30 o C) Loop length(m) Scenario-1. (Without TES) Bore hole length based on heat pump sized for peak cooling loads without ice storage: 82 m Scenario-2. (With TES) Heat pumps sized for peak heating load and average cooling load over 24 hours during design cooling day: 57 m = 30% 82 - ù -2: vjù w vj þ s³ þ w w rv ³ w þù l(tes k ) Table 2 TES þù w e w ùkü t Table 3 v w v ¼ e w ùkü t. Table 3 vj þù w w rv l ³ TES l k z þ 24» s³ þ w vj ù w w l v w œ ³ w» w w GchpCalcv (Kavanaugh and Rafferty.1997). vjþù w w w l w k mw l v w v ¼ 30%. 4. mw l z Table 2 Table 3 w HVAC/R l ( rv l) TES g w,,»n life cycle š, y z ƒ y z» e HVAC l þ» TES ù y» g mw l w. - GEO/TES l m þ»ù rv l l rv l w þ vj w 40~60% k. - x l v w ew. -þ ù w rv l z j w k. - y» w ù TES g w w»z ƒ.
10 ED. Lohrenz 한정상 한혁상 한 찬 김형수 726 The mass(kg) of CO2 emission per kwh in various electrical generation. Kilograms Co2/kWh Hydro-electric or nuclear Mix of generation Heavily coal & oil gen. Remarks CO2 gas emission 0.01~ ~ ~1.00 (Dirrect CO2 emissions only. Hidden resource extraction and life cycle emissions are often not taken into account in these estimation.) Table 4. 환경 개선효과로는 다음과 같이 온실가스 방출량을 감소시킬 수 있고,설비의 유지보수비를 대폭 절감시킬 수 있다 온실가스 방출량의 감소 빙축조와 지중열에너지를 연계시킨 통합시스템을 적 용하면 빌딩으로부터 온실가스 발생량을 대폭 감축시킬 수 있음은 물론 냉방과 난방을 통시에 수행할 수 있는 기회가 많아지므로 에너지 소모량을 감소시킬 수 있다. ① Table 4는 1 kw의 전력을 생산할 때 생성되는 CO 가스 방출량을 kg으로 나타낸 표이다(Lorenz, 2005). Table 4에 나타난 바와 같이 적은 양의 전력을 사용 하면 발전소에서 방출되는 온실 가스량도 감소한다. 직 접적인 시간당 전력 감소에 부가해서 대다수의 발전설 비들은 기본부하에 도달할 때 까지는 가장 깨끗한 발 전 설비를 사용하는 경향이 있다. 즉 피크 전력 부하 에 가까워질 수록 발전설비의 운영비는 상승하고 저질 의 에너지를 사용하게 된다. 피크 전력시 사용한 kwh 는 일반적으로 CO 가스를 더 많이 배출한다. 일부 발전소들은 송전선이 약간만 손실되어도 원거리 까지 전력을 보낼 수가 없다. 따라서 피크 시간대에 필 요한 전력량을 피크시간대가 아닌 일반시간대로 분산시 2 2 킬 수 있는 시스템을 최대한 활용하도록 해야 한다 설비 유지 보수 보일러, 순환펌프, 열펌프, 냉동기 및 복잡한 제어장 치와 같은 설비는 사용하는 대수가 적을수록 유지 보 수비는 적게 든다. 즉 보일러를 사용하지 않거나, 정비 를 해야 할 보일러가 없거나, 추후 교체할 보일러가 없거나, 펌프를 사용하지 않아도 되거나, 교체할 공간 의 개수가 소량이거나, 다시 감아야 할 모터의 숫자가 적거나, 문제가 되는 압축기의 개수가 적은 열펌프들 은 통상적인 경우보다 유지보수가 적게 든다. 수리해야할 설비가 적을수록, 수리를 위한 전화비, 수리공의 출장비 및 교체부품비가 적게들 뿐만 아니라 궁극적으로 환경에 미치는 영향 또한 최소화시킬 수 있다. 냉방과 난방용으로 동일한 설비를 사용하는 시스템 은 (특히 가정용 급탕의 경우처럼) 대체적으로 장비 대 수가 적다. 냉난방을 동시에 실시하는 통합시스템은 전 통적인 냉난방시스템에 비해 필요로 하는 기계실 면적 이 적게 들기 때문에 남는 공간은 사무실이나 다른 용 도로 이용할 수 있다. 빙축조도 설치 공간이 있어야 한 다. 그러나 설치지점은 다른 기계장치들이 필요로 하는 공간에 비해 상당히 융통성이 있어 빌딩외곽의 지표면 The effect of off peak electrical rates compared to standard electrical rates on conventional boiler/chiller system with and without TES and geothermal system with and without TES in a typical 5,000 m2 office building. Fig. 6.
11 y» (Thermal Ice Storage) k mw - l(integrated GEO/TES) 727 ù ü ù œ w z ù (vj, ) w. ƒ w w rv þ d w v w z ƒ. Fig. 6 1,510s(5,000 m )³ 2 TES w w l TES e x /þ l w t vj w. (, t» :0.06 $/kwh, vj :0.1 $/kwh, :0.04 $/kwh», Canada) vj / þ» þù w ƒ ƒ. l TES w ( vj ) 25%. rv l m /þ» w 29.2% w. ù rv l TES g w rv l w 41%, m /þ» w 58.3% w ù w w û w ƒ. vj kw/h ù ƒ ¼wù 3~5. m ƒ w wš ú vj þ w. þ» þ {g w» w yrv w þ w þ w s. ü w þ» ù ful»k»»» ew wù rvƒ þ œ w, l COP x ƒw. kw/h w œ œ» y k w. w z l w w v w œ œ w l COP ƒwš. Fig.7 x ùkü. Fig. 7a m ƒ /þ»(ƒ /»þ») w þù w s ùkü š Fig. 7b þù w w w m l s Fig. 7c k mw l(geo/tes) s w. w w Fig. 7-a Fig. 7-c x w w Fig. 7-b Fig. 7-c ù w w. p y w m ƒ /þ» ù w w mw l w x û. ù w s ù y» w w v w ƒ. mw l œ þù ù k y w y. 4.3.»n z þù l w ƒ ƒ l e v w»n y» e ƒ ƒ. TES w v w rv l 40~60%¾ k š, p œ d 20cm(, 2005). mw l rv e ƒ» œ k.» mw - (Integrated GEO/TES)þù l þù w m w w rv l w v ³ ù 35Ê65% k. y» ¼ TES k rv l š, l k». mw - þù l
12 728 ED. LohrenzÁw Áwx Áw Á½x Fig. 7. The peak energy load profile of a building with large gas boiler and chiller,a conventional geothermal system designed to meet peak heating and cooling load, and a geothermal system integrated with an ice storage system.
13 y» (Thermal Ice Storage) k mw - l(integrated GEO/TES) 729 y» w rv l œ ƒ w w».» þù l þù wƒ z w œ w z š l. TES k mw GEO/TES l TESkj e ƒ ƒ. TES y»» HVAC/R l g w»n m rv l»n { w. GEO/TES l»n m /þ» l w l. 5. ü z y þ w w š þù w v q ƒ š. l þ» š y» rv l w w l z ƒ w. p þ,»z œw š g w þ ù w l z k. š þù» z šw» w l j w y» w» w l k. mw - (GEO/TES) l»n, w jš w y w y k x y ey þù l. w œ k w ( d w ) y» y rv l k mw þù l w ü. p v w œw eù Ice Kube Incorporation w ( ) (CNE) w w w Ì w. š x w, wx, w (2005) rv þù l( q). q w, 9-3-4, p Lorenz, E. (2005)G Integrated Geothermal Ice Storage System.G Ice Cube System, Canada, p m (2005) w. w œ, p ³ ( ) wz w(10» m z. zy s, p Kavanaugh, S.P. and Rafferty, K. (1997) Ground Source Heat Pumps: Design of Geothermal Systems for Commercial and Institutional Buildings. American Society of Heating, Referigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., p ( ) š ƒ š. œ,. y ( ) 20. w. ( ) w rv l x p.» l, p š,
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