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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 18,. 3 pp , ISSN / eissn ECU 응답특성분석을통한 T-50 계열항공기보조동력장치자동꺼짐개선에관한연구 박성제 1*, 유인제 1, 최수진 1, 이동기 2 1 국방기술품질원, 2 한국항공우주산업 A study on the improvement of Auxiliary Power Unit auto-shutdown of T-50 series aircraft based on analysis of ECU response characteristics Sung-Jae Park 1*, In-Je Yoo 1, Su-Jin Choi 1, Dong-Ki, Lee 2 1 Defence Agency for Technology and Quality, 2 Korea Aerospace Industries, LTD. 요약 T-50 계열항공기는비행전지상에서비상동력계통작동점검을위해보조동력장치 GEN TEST 를수행하게된다. 만일 GEN TEST 수행중비상동력계통에전원이정상적으로공급되지않을경우 ECU의응답신호를통해보조동력장치가자동으로꺼지는현상이발생하게되며, 지상에서비상동력계통작동점검이정상적으로이루어지지않을경우더이상비행을할수없기때문에해당결함은항공기가동률저하에큰원인이된다. ECU에서식별된결함코드는인버터결함으로판별되었으나인버터교체이후에도동일한결함이지속적으로반복되었다. 본논문은인버터가특정시간안에전압을생성시키지못할경우 ECU 에서는결함으로식별되는것이확인되었으며, 보조 / 비상동력계통의, BSG, ESC, 및 ECU의응답특성을분석하여개선된방법을제시한다. 또한, 개선된방법에대한검증을통해비상동력계통출력요구시간범위안에인버터출력이정상적으로생성되는것을확인하였으며, 이를통해비행전지상에서 GEN TEST 수행시보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상을효과적으로예방할수있음을확인하였다. Abstract A GEN TEST of the auxiliary power unit of a T-50 series aircraft is performed as part of the operational test of its emergency power system on the ground before flight. At this time, the auxiliary power unit should be automatically turned off via the response signal of the ECU when power is not normally supplied to the emergency power system. If the correct operation of the emergency power system cannot be confirmed on the ground, it is not possible to proceed with the flight. This kind of defect is a major factor causing the operation rate of the aircraft to be decreased. The defect code identified by the ECU was confirmed as a defect in the inverter. However, the same defect was found after replacing the inverter. This report presents an improved method of identifying the cause of the defect by analyzing the response characteristics of the ECU and emergency power system and allows the ECU to be recognized as the cause of the defect if the inverter does not generate a voltage within a certain time. Also, the application of the improved method confirmed that it can satisfy the output request time of the emergency power system and effectively prevent the auto-shutdown of the auxiliary power unit. Keywords : Auxiliary Power System, Auxiliary Power Unit, Auto-Shutdown, Electronic Control Unit, Emergency Power System, Inverter 1. 서론 키거나, 지상대기시전원이나공압과같은에너지를공급한다.[1-3] 보조동력장치는지상에서주엔진시동전 T-50 계열항공기보조동력장치는주엔진을작동시작동하며, 비행중비상상황발생시전원공급이원활하 * Corresponding Author : Sung-Jae Park(DTaQ) Tel: sjpark@dtaq.re..kr Received February 9, 2017 Revised (1st February 27, 2017, 2nd March 7, 2017) Accepted March 10, 2017 Published March 31,
2 ECU 응답특성분석을통한 T-50 계열항공기보조동력장치자동꺼짐개선에관한연구 게공급될수있는지확인하기위해지상에서 Gen-Test 를수행하게된다. Gen-Test의주목적은항공기비상유압생성을위한전기모터펌프작동여부확인과, 인버터출력전원이정상적으로공급되는지확인하기위해수행된다.[4] 그러나지상에서 Gen-Test가비정상적으로수행될경우시험도중보조동력장치가자동으로꺼지는현상이발생하게되며, 더이상전원공급을할수없는상태가된다. 또한, 지상에서비상동력계통작동점검이정상적으로이루어지지않을경우비행을할수없기때문에해당결함은가동률저하를가져오게되며, 운용비용을상승시키는요인이된다.[5] 따라서, 항공기신뢰성과효율적인관리는운영측면에서매우중요하다.[6-7] 본논문은항공기보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상에대한문제점을해결하기위해보조 / 비상동력계통의전자제어장치인 ECU(Electronic Control Unit, 이하 ECU) 의응답특성을분석하여, 보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상에대한원인분석과이에대한개선사항을제시하였으며, 검증을통해개선사항을확인하였다. 2. 본론 2.1. 보조 / 비상동력계통보조동력계통은엔진시동과모터링기능을수행하며엔진시동후에는환경제어계통작동에필요한압축공기를제공한다. 또한, 항공기지상정비수행이가능하도록자체동력으로전기, 유압및환경제어계통을구동한다. 비상동력계통은발전기, 유압계통의주펌프가고장나거나엔진동력손실이발생했을경우항공기비상제어유지를위한전기, 공압, 유압동력을동시에공급하여항공기가최소한의비행상태를유지할수있도록하는자체내장형에너지계통이다.[8,9] 보조 / 비상동력계통은각각독립된계통이지만상호인터페이스를통해작동하기때문에시스템분석및해석시단일계통으로보는것이일반적이다. 2.2 현상및문제점보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상은지상에서 Gen-Test 수행시발생되었으며, 전자제어장치인 ECU를통해결함코드가식별되었다. ECU는보조 / 비상동력계통의작 Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram of Auxiliary/Emergency Power System 641
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 동상태를지속적으로제어하고감시하는디지털방식의전자제어장치로보조동력장치의정상시동및종료절차를제어하며, 보조동력장치가올바르게작동하는지확인하고, 오작동시보조동력장치를종료하고결함에대해확인및보고하는기능을수행한다. 본결함은지상에서 Gen-Test 수행시보조동력장치가자동으로꺼지는현상으로, ECU를통해결함코드를식별한결과인버터작동실패로확인되었다. 인버터작동실패 결함발생시고장탐구절차에따라인버터를교체하게되어있으며, 절차에따라단순하게인버터를교체하였다. 그러나동일한결함현상이지속적으로발생되었으며, 결함코드시현시적용된인버터에대해 Bench Test를수행한결과인버터에서는결함현상이발생되지않았다. (Bench Test 결과는 항목참조 ) 이에따라항공기보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상에대해인버터이외에다른요소들이존재할것으로추정되었으며, 원인분석을위한고장탐구방법을수립하고, 이를통해획득한데이터를분석하였다. 2.3 문제점분석해당결함에대한근본적인원인분석을위해보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상에영향을줄수있는요소들을보조 / 비상동력계통구성도 (Fig. 1 참조 ) 를통해분석하였다. 먼저보조동력장치에영향을줄수있는요소로인버터, ECU, ESC(Electronic Start Controller, 이하 ESC) BSG(Brushless Starter/Generator, 이하 BSG), 배선상태 (Wire Statements) 로크게 5가지로분류하였다. 위와같이분류된요소는각각결함발생시보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상을야기시킬수있는요소로추정되었다. 또한, 각요소별로구체적인원인을분리시키기위해 Fault Tree Analysis [10] 를이용하였다. Fig. 2 는보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상에대한각각 5가지요소별영향성을분류해놓은것으로아래와같을때보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상이발생된다. 1) 인버터 : 출력이생성되지않을경우 2) ECU : 신호가발생되지않을경우 3) ESC : 출력이생성되지않을경우 4) BSG : 출력이생성되지않을경우 5) 배선상태 : 각부위별연결상태가좋지않을경우 APU Auto Shutdown Inverter ECU ESC BSG Wires Output Signal Output Output ECU~ Inverter ESC~ Inverter ESC~ EHP ESC~ BSG Fig. 2. Fault Tree Analysis for APU Auto-Shutdown 인버터분석 보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상발생시인버터결함코드시현이식별되었기때문에먼저인버터에대해분석하였다. 인버터는 ESC에서나온직류전원을교류전원으로바꾸어비상계통에전원을공급하는장치로점검항목은외관형상 19가지항목과기능점점 8가지항목을수행하였으며, 점검결과 Table 1, 2와같이문제점이없는것을확인할수있다. Table 1. Inspection results of Inverter NBR Check List Check 1 Workmanship OK 2 Interchangeability/Size OK 3 Mechanical Interface OK 4 PW Boards and Soldering OK 5 Weight and Dimensions OK 6 Mounting OK 7 Equipment Thermal Requirement OK 8 Dissimilar Metals OK 9 Conformal Coating OK 10 Interior Surface OK 11 Exterior Surface OK 12 Electrical Insulating Material OK 13 Hardware OK 14 Circuit Card Assembly OK 15 Wiring OK 16 ESD Control OK 17 Parts Selection OK 18 Human Engineering OK 19 Transportability OK 642
4 ECU 응답특성분석을통한 T-50 계열항공기보조동력장치자동꺼짐개선에관한연구 Table 2. Test Data of Inverter Contents Parameter Limits Measurements /Compliance In/Output Power Definition DC Input 108<Vout< <Fout<407 OK Efficiency Efficiency Pout/Pin > Output Voltage Start time DC Input 270VDC Time during Iin Less than 1A = ~1 sec T=1 Real Power DC Input 200VDC~340VDC 108<Vout< <Fout<407 Vout=114.6 Fout=400 Input Over/Under Voltage DC Input 270VDC Under Vin(off)=~190VDC Vin(recovery)=~210VDC Over Vin(off)>360VDC Vin(recovery)>340VDC Under Vin(off)=~190VDC Vin(recovery)=~210VDC Over Vin(off)=363VDC Vin(recovery)=362VDC Over Current Under Voltage DC Input 270VDC Over Current 26 Load Current Vout 118 Undervoltage Vrms<70V Phase A=28Arms Phase B=28Arms Phase C= 8Arms Short Circuit DC Input 270VDC 36 A I 60A 47Arms BSG 출력분석인버터입력전압에따른보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상에대한영향성을확인하기위해 BSG 출력단자와 ESC 출력단자에계측장비를연결하여 BSG 출력과 ESC 출력에따른인버터입력전압과출력시간을측정하였으며, 측정방법은 Fig 3과같다. 측정결과는 Fig. 4 와같이 BSG 출력전압과 ESC 출력전압에따라인버터출력생성시점에차이가발생하였다. 또한, 결함코드시현구간을살펴보면인버터출력시간이약 1.6초가지나는구간에서결함코드가시현된것을확일할수있었으며, ESC를통해나온출력전압값이높을경우인버터출력시간이점차적으로지연되는것을그래프를통해확인되었다.(Fig. 5 참조 ) 그러나 BSG에서나오는전압은요구된규격범위안에있었으며, BSG 전압을낮추게될경우출력이낮아져다른관점의개선사항이요구되었다. Fig. 3. Measurement of VDC between BSG and Inverter Defect code area Fig. 4. Inverter Output Time according to the BSG Output 643
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 Defect code area Fig. 6. rmal graph during operation of emergency system Fig. 5. Inverter Output Time according to the ESC Output ECU 응답특성분석인버터결함코드시현은 ECU를통해식별되며코드시현시보조동력장치에신호를전달하여보조동력장치가자동으로꺼지도록명령한다. 이에따라결함코드가시현될경우와결함코드가시현되지않을경우에따른 ECU의응답특성을분석하였다. Fig. 6 은결함코드가시현되지않은데이터로인버터출력은약 1.5초이후발생된것을확인할수있다. 그러나 Fig. 7 은결함코드시현데이터로, 인버터출력이약 2.8초이후에발생한것을확인할수있다. 또한, 비상동력계통작동후인버터출력이 2초이내에작동되지않을경우 ECU에서결함코드를시현시키는것을확인할수있었다. 그러나비상동력계통을작동한후 EHP(Electronic Hydraulic Pump, 전기유압펌프 ) Controller가작동을시작하면시스템전압이 340VDC 이하로강하되며이시점부터인버터가정상작동을시작하여약 1.5초이내에출력을생성한다. 따라서인버터는 ESC를통해다소높은전압이입력될경우시스템보호를위해잠시작동을멈추고있다가, EHP에부하가걸리기시작하여입력전압이낮아지면출력을생성하는특성을가지고있으며, 비상동력계통이작동하여 EHP에부하가걸리고인버터가출력을생성하기까지는최대 2.8초가소요되는것을실험을통해확인되었다. 그러나 ECU 응답특성을분석한결과비상동력계통이작동하고인버터가약 2초이내에출력을생성하지않을경우결함코드를시현하여보조동력장치를자동으로꺼지는현상이발생된것으로확인되었다. Fig. 7. Defect graph during operation of emergency system 2.4 개선방안및검증 ECU 응답시간조절보조동록장치자동꺼짐현상에대한개선사항을 ECU 응답시간조절을통해해결하였다. ECU 응답시간조절시요구되는사항은다음과같다. 1) 비상동력계통출력요구시간만족 2) 인버터출력감지유지 3) 3초이내결함코드미시현먼저 ECU 응답시간조절은비상동력계통출력요구시간을만족시키는범위안에서이루어져야하며, 인버터출력미생성시동일하게결함코드를시현하여보조동력장치가자동으로꺼질수있도록해야한다. ECU 응답시간분석을통해인버터출력이약 2초이내에생성되지않을경우결함코드를시현하는것을확인하였다. 따라서비상동력계통출력요구시간을만족하면서인버터작동시간내에결함코드를시현하지않도록결함탐지시간을아래와같이제시하였다. 644
6 ECU 응답특성분석을통한 T-50 계열항공기보조동력장치자동꺼짐개선에관한연구 1) 기존 : 2초이내 (EHP Controller 작동후인버터출력생성최대시간 ) 2) 제시 : 3초 ( 비상동력계통출력요구시간범위내 ) 용량이소진된경우 TB 모드에서 GEN 모드로전환이이루어진다. 이때 GEN 모드운용은 TB에의한인버터와 EHP Motor/Pump 작동후전원소스만변경되는것으로, EHP Controller가이미작동하고있기때문에보조동력장치 GEN 모드에의한시스템출력은인버터입력전압범위내로강하된상태이므로인버터출력은 3 초이내에지연없이정상작동할것으로판단된다. 만약비행중비상상황발생시 TB결함으로인버터와 EHP Motor/Pump를보조동력장치 GEN 모드를처음으로작동시킬경우, GEN 모드에서인버터는 Motor Controller 작동이후시스템출력이강하된시점부터작동을시작하여최대 2.8초이내로출력을생성하며, 비상동력계통출력생성요구시간 3초이내에작동하기때문에비행안전영향성에문제가없을것으로판단된다. Fig. 8. Adjusted time graph of ECU of emergency system Fig. 8에서보여주듯이, EHP Controller가작동된후인버터출력생성시간은약 1.5초가소요되며, 비상동력계통작동후약 2.8초이내에모든시스템이정상적으로작동하는것을확인할수있다. 그러나 ECU의결함코드응답시간은약 2초부터시현되어 3초이내에모든시스템이정상적으로작동하였음에도불구하고결함코드를시현하는것을확인할수있다. 따라서 ECU 응답시간을 1초지연시켜비상동력계통출력요구시간을충족시키는동시에 ECU 결함코드시현으로인한보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상을개선할수있을것으로판단된다. 또한, ESC 출력과 BSG(APU GEN Signal) 출력은약 2초이후안정화가되기때문에 ESC나 BSG와같은다른시스템에도영향이없는것을확인할수있으며, 이를통해실제결함이발생하지않음에도결함코드시현으로비행이중단되는것을예방할수있어기존의방법보다효율적인방식이다 비행안전영향성확인보조동력장치 GEN TEST는비행임무전지상에서비상동력계통의작동상태를점검하는시험으로비행중에는항공기비상상황시에만보조동력장치 GEN 모드가사용된다. 비행중항공기비상상황발생시 TB(Thermal Battery, 이하 TB) 가자동으로작동하여인버터와 EHP Motor/Pump 작동을위한전원을우선적으로공급하여, TB가적절한전원이공급되지못하거나 3. 결론 본논문에서는보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상을개선하기위해비상동력계통 ECU의응답특성을분석하여개선안을제시하였다. ECU의결함코드는인버터결함으로식별되었으나실제인버터단위품목에는특별한이상이없었다. 원인분석결과기존 ECU의응답특성은비상계통작동한후인버터출력이약 2초이내에생성되지않을경우 ECU에결함코드를생성하여보조동력장치가자동으로꺼지는현상이발생된것을확인하였다. 이를해결하기위해 ECU의응답시간을지연시켜비상동력계통시간내에인버터출력이정상적으로생성될경우결함코드가시현되지않도록제시하였다. 제안된방식은비상동력계통작동후인버터출력이생성되기까지약 2.8초이내에시스템이정상적으로작동하는것을확인하였으며, 이를통해비상동력계통출력요구시간을만족하면서, 보조동력장치자동꺼짐현상을효과적으로예방할수있음을확인하였다. 본연구를통해도출된결과는향후원제작사의소프트웨어개선후 T-50 계열항공기에적용될예정이다. References [1] S. J. Park, S. W. Park, J. K. Suh, Studies on the improvement of driving gears quality at Inlet Guide 645
7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 Vane of aircraft auxiliary power unit, J. of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Vol 44, no. 6, pp , DOI: [2] K. Y. Lee, S. W Lee, S. W. Kim. Conceptual Design Procedure of APU and Market Trend, KSAS, vol. 24, no. 5, Oct [3] S. J. Park, "Effects of APU ise in Employees on the Ramp", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 17, no. 7, pp , DOI: [4] 85AEI , Functional Description/Installation/ Checkout, Auxiliary and Emergency Power System(A/EPS), Korea Aerospace Industries, LTD, [5] M. S. Kim, W. K. Ji, "The Usefulness of Hard Time Task for Weapon System in Considering Shape Parameter of Weibull Life Time Distribution and Maintenance Cost", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 17, no. 1 pp , DOI: [6] B. G. Song, G. H. Kim, Y. K. Kim, S. H. Park, J. G. Baek, "The research of Correspondence Analysis centered on the Failure Period to improve the reliability of Weapon Systems", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 17, no. 10 pp , DOI: [7] S. J. Park, Y. W. Jang, S. H. Jeong, Development of repair procedure for fuel tank access door of ultra-sonic aircraft, Journal of the Korea Management Engineers Society, vol. 21, no. 2, pp , [8] S. W. Park, Introduction of Emergency Power System of T-50, Korea Aerospace Industries, LTD, pp [9] S. W. Park, Introduction of Secondary Power System of T-50, Korea Aerospace Industries, LTD, pp [10] J. T. Jung, C. S. Kim, "A Study on Cost Optimization of Preventive Maintenance for the Second Driving Devices for Korea Train Express", Journal of the Korea Academia- Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1-7, DOI: 유인제 (In-Je Yoo) [ 정회원 ] 2014 년 8 월 : 한양대학교전자시스템공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2014 년 8 월 ~ 현재 : 국방기술품질원연구원 항공전자, 표적추적시스템, 자료결합및정보융합 최수진 (Su-Jin Choi) [ 정회원 ] 항공, 항공전자 2015 년 2 월 : 경북대학교대학원전자공학부 ( 공학석사 ) 2015 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : 국방기술품질원연구원 이동기 (Dong-Ki Lee) [ 정회원 ] 박성제 (Sung-Jae Park) [ 종신회원 ] 2012 년 2 월 : 한국항공대학교항공기시스템공학과 ( 공학학사 ) 2014 년 8 월 : 일리노이주립대학교 MBA ( 경영학석사 ) 2011 년 8 월 ~ 2013 년 8 월 : 캐세이패시픽항공항공정비사 2014 년 12 월 ~ 현재 : 국방기술품질원연구원 항공공학 2015 년 2 월 : 울산대학교항공우주공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2016 년 1 월 ~ 현재 : 한국항공우주산업 ( 주 ) 연구원 항공, 체계공학, 경영전략, 업무환경 646
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