634 수술후관절강직의위험성이문제가되어온것이사실이다. 최근관절경기술및기구의발달과많은저자들의슬관절에서의관절경적활액막절제술 (arthroscopic synovectomy) 의경험을바탕으로수근관절 (wrist joint) 에서도관절경을이용한활액막절제술이점차시도되고있으며, 수
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- 간희 마
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1 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 37 권제 5 호 2002 J. of Korean Orthop. Assoc. 2002; 37: 수근관절류마토이드관절염의관절경적활액막절제술 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원정형외과학교실 목적 : 수근관절의류마토이드관절염으로관절경적활액막절제술을시행받은환자들의임상결과를보고하고자한다. 대상및방법 : 수근관절의류마토이드관절염으로관절경적활액막절제술을시행받은 18명 19예를대상으로하였다. 치료의결과는주관적자료로수술후통증감소정도와환자의만족도를 visual analogue scale을이용하여평가하였고, 객관적자료로는 Larsen/Rau score를이용하여수근관절전후면사진을 8개의관절구획으로나누어방사선학적으로계측하였다. 결과 : 통증은수술전평균 8.6점에서수술후 1년에는평균 3.6점, 평균 29.5개월의최종추시시 4.4점으로감소하였으며환자의만족도는평균 6.3점이었다. 방사선학적계측에서는수술전 6.1점에서최종추시시 8.4점으로경도혹은중등도로진행된관절면손상이관찰되었으나손상의정도와환자의통증및주관적만족도와는상관관계가없었다. 결론 : 수근관절의류마토이드관절염의관절경적활액막절제술은수술후재활이빠르다는장점과함께좋은치료효과를기대할수있는방법으로사료되나장기간의효과에대해서는장기간추시를통해규명해야할것이다. 색인단어 : 수근관절, 류마토이드관절염, 관절경, 활액막절제술 Arthroscopic Synovectomy of the Wrist in Rheumatoid Arthritis Min Jong Park, M.D., Jin Hwan Ahn, M.D., and Jin Seok Kang, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose : We evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of arthroscopic synovectomy in patients with rheumatoid wrists. Materials and Methods : Nineteen wrists in 18 patients (4 males and 14 females, average age 49.2 years) who had not responded to anti-rheumatic medications, were treated with arthroscopic synovectomy. Patients subjective symptoms were evaluated using a visual analogue scale for pain and satisfaction. Standard posteroanterior radiographs taken preoperatively and at the final follow up were analyzed using the modified Larsen/Rau score system (normal, 0; total destruction, 40). The average follow up period was 29.5 months. Results : The mean preoperative pain score was 8.6 and this decreased to 3.6 one year after the operation, but increased to 4.4 at the final follow-up, suggesting a tendency of pain aggravation with time. The average satisfaction score at the final follow up was 6.3. The mean modified Larsen/Rau score was 6.1 preoperatively and this increased to 8.4 at the final radiographs, demonstrating the slow progression of degenerative changes. The severity of joint degeneration showed no correlation with the postoperative results. Conclusion : Arthroscopic synovectomy of rheumatoid wrists results in an effective reduction of pain and high satisfaction. Prolonged benefit should be observed by long term follow-up. Key Words : Wrist, Rheumatoid arthritis, Arthroscopy, Synovectomy 서론외과적활액막절제술 (surgical synovectomy) 은보존적치료에반응하지않는염증성관절염 (inflammatory arthritis) 의치료에있어증상의경감과관절의기능향상을도모하는치료 방법으로받아들여지고있다. 특히류마토이드관절염환자에대한활액막절제술은여러차례그결과가보고되었으며 4-6) 일정기간동안의통증경감효과가있음이입증된바있다. 전통적인외과적활액막절제술은술기자체의침습적인면으로인하여수술후통증의기간이길고, 재활및회복이느리며, 통신저자 : 박민종서울시강남구일원동 50 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원정형외과 TEL: FAX: mjp@smc.samsung.co.kr * 본논문의요지는 2001 년도대한정형외과학회추계학술대회에서구연되었음. Address reprint requests to Min Jong Park, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel : , Fax : mjp@smc.samsung.co.kr 633
2 634 수술후관절강직의위험성이문제가되어온것이사실이다. 최근관절경기술및기구의발달과많은저자들의슬관절에서의관절경적활액막절제술 (arthroscopic synovectomy) 의경험을바탕으로수근관절 (wrist joint) 에서도관절경을이용한활액막절제술이점차시도되고있으며, 수술후통증및재활에있어전통적인외과적활액막절제술의약점을보완했다는평가를받고있으나임상결과에대한보고는매우드물다. 이에저자들은수근관절의류마토이드관절염으로관절경적활액막절제술을시행받은환자들의수술결과를보고하고자한다. 연구대상및방법 1998년 6월부터 2000년 5월까지수근관절의류마토이드관절염으로관절경적활액막절제술을시행받은 22명의환자중 1년반이상의추시가가능하였던 18명, 19예를대상으로하였다. 본연구의대상은 1987년개정한 American Rheumatism Association의진단기준에따라류마티스학전문의에의해진단이내려지고체계적인약물치료를적어도 6개월이상시행받았으나해당관절의활액막염이지속되어동통과부종을호소하는환자들이었다. 내과적약물치료에는비스테로이드성항염증제 (non-steroidal anti-inflammmatory drug), methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, sulfasalazine 등의질환변형항류마티스약물 (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug), 저용량 prednisolone, 그리고관절내스테로이드주사가포함되었다. 이중관절의파괴와변형이심하여관절고정술이필요하다고판단되는환자, 배부의신전건활액막염 (extensor tenosynovitis) 이심하여제거를요하는환자, 원위요척관절의활액막염이심하여개방적활액막절제술이나원위요척관절성형술을요한다고판단되는환자는관절경적절제술적응대상에서제외되었다. 남자가 4명, 여자가 14명이었으며, 평균연령은 49.2세로최 소 38세, 최고 64세였다. 우측이 10예, 좌측이 7예, 양측이 1예였으며, 평균추시기간은 29.5개월로최소 18개월, 최장 40개월이었다. 1. 수술방법 환자를앙와위 (supine position) 로한후90 로견관절을외전시키고상박부에지혈대를장착한다음나일론수지트랩 (finger trap) 을 2, 3번째손가락에걸어견인탑 (traction tower) 을이용하여 파운드로견인하였다. 요수근관절 (radiocarpal joint) 은 3-4 입구 (portal) 와 4-5 입구를먼저만들어관절경과 motorized shaver를번갈아삽입하여관절내를관찰하면서활액막을제거하기시작하였다 (Fig. 1). 관절경은 2.4 mm와 4.0 mm 직경을관절의크기에따라선택하여사용하였으며, motorized shaver는 2.0 mm 또는 3.5 mm 를사용하였다. 염증성관절염이있는수근관절은증가된관절 SC MCR MCU 4-5 6U Fig. 2. Portals used for arthroscopic synovectomy. 1-2, 3-4, 4-5 and 6U portals used for the radiocarpal joint; MCR (midcarpal radial), MCU (midcarpal ulnar) and SC (scaphocapitate) portals used for the midcarpal joint. Synovium UH A R UH B Fig. 1. A: Hypertrophied synovium was found in the ulnocarpal joint; a perforated is shown. B: Synovium was resected arthroscopically. UH: ulnar head, R: radius.
3 수근관절류마토이드관절염의관절경적활액막절제술 635 Lunate Capitate Scaphoid Ulnar head Fig. 3. A motorized shaver was introduced through the perforated hole of the for resection of synovium of the distal radioulnar joint. Fig. 4. Arthroscopic view of the midcarpal joint via MCR. A shaver was introduced via a separate portal to remove the synovium in the scaphocapitate joint. Table 1. Larsen/Rau score 10) Score Definition 0 Normal 1 Soft tissue swelling and/or joint space narrowing/ subchondral osteoporosis 2 Erosion with destruction of the joint space (DJS) of <25% 3 DJS:26-50% 4 DJS:51-75% 5 DJS>75% 의이완성 (joint laxity) 으로인하여정상적인관절보다견인이수월하여 2.4 mm 이상직경의관절경및비교적큰직경의 motorized shaver의삽입이용이하였다. 관절경과 shaver는관절연골의손상을주지않도록조심하면서효율적인활액막절제를위해가능하다면큰직경을사용하였다. 활액막의완전한제거를위해필요할경우추가로 1-2 입구와척수근신전건 (extensor carpi ulnaris tendon) 바로척측의 6U 입구를만들어사용하였다 (Fig. 2). 삼각섬유연골복합체 (triangular fibrocartilagenous complex; C) 의천공 (perforation) 이있는경우에는이곳을통해원위요척관절 (distal radioulnar joint; DRUJ) 을관찰하고접근가능한범위내에서 shaver를이용하여원위요척관절내의비후된활액막을제거하였다 (Fig. 3). 중수근관절 (midcarpal joint) 은표준입구인중수근요측입구 (midcarpal radial portal; MCR) 와중수근척측입구 (midcarpal ulnar portal; MCU) 를각각 3-4 입구와 4-5 입구의원위 1 cm 지점에만들어관절경과 shaver를번갈아삽입하면서활액막을제거하였다. 주상-유두관절 (scapho-capitate joint) 과주상- 대다각 -소다각관절 (scapho-trapezio-trapezoid joint; STT) 의활액막제거가필요한경우에는추가로이부위에입구를만들어사용하였다 (Fig. 2, 4). 중수근관절의활액막제거는전례에서 2.4 mm 관절경과 2.0 mm shaver를사용하였다. 수술시간은 65분에서 80분사이였다. 수술후로는 2-3일간압박드레싱 (compressive dressing) 을 1. Radioscaphoid 2. Radiolunate 3. Ulnocarpal 4. STT 5. Scaphocapitate 6. Lunocapitate 7. Triquetrohamate 8. DRUJ Fig. 5. For radiographic assessment of joint involvement, 8 individual joints were evaluated according to the Larsen/Rau scoring system 10). 유지하였으며곧바로관절의능동적운동을허용하였고따로재활치료는병행하지않았다. 치료의결과는주관적자료로수술후통증감소정도와환자의만족도를 visual analogue scale을이용하여평가하였고, 통증감소정도는통증이없을경우 0점, 가장심한경우를 10점으로하였으며, 환자의만족도는매우만족이 10점, 불만족을 0 점으로하였다. 관절의침범정도에대한객관적평가는술전과최종추시시촬영한수근관절의전후면사진을 Larsen/Rau score 10) (Table 1) 를이용하여정상일경우 0점, 가장심할경우 5점으로하여측정하였는데수근관절의전후면사진을 8개의관절구획으로나누어 (Fig. 5) 각각에대해평가한다음합산하여정상이 0점, 가장심한관절파괴일경우최대 40점이되게하였다. 보다객관적인측정을위해 3인의정형외과의사가환자정보를가린상태에서각각의사진에대해측정한다음평균을내어최종적인수치로정하였다.
4 636 결과 1. 임상증상및주관적만족도주관적자료인통증의감소정도는수술전평균 8.6점에서최종추시시 4.4점으로감소되었으며, 환자의만족도는평균 6.3점으로비교적높은편이었다. 그러나통증의감소정도에있어수술후 1년추시시에평균 3.6점이었던것에비추어보면시간이경과할수록통증의증가가있을것으로예측되었다. 1예에서는관절경적절제술을다시시행하였는데이환자는수술후 5개월에통증과부종을다시호소하기시작하였으며계속관찰결과증상이호전되지않을뿐만아니라방사선소견상수술전 3점에서 16점으로진행되어수술후 13개월에재수술을시행하였으며이후로 12개월간더추시한결과통증은 6점, 만족도는 7점이었고방사선소견상더이상의진행을보이지는않았다. 2. 방사선학적계측객관적자료인방사선학적계측에서는수술전 6.1 (1-24) 점에서최종추시시 8.4 (1-26) 점으로경도혹은중등도로진행된관절면손상이관찰되었다. 한편방사선학적으로계측된수술전관절면손상의정도와최종추시시환자의통증및주관적만족도사이에연관성을찾을수는없어관절면의손상정도와수술결과와는직접적인상관관계가없음을알수있었다 (Pearson s correlation coefficient, r=-0.27, r=0.24). 고찰보존적약물치료에반응하지않는류마토이드관절염에대한관절경적활액막절제술은슬관절등의관절에대해서는여러차례보고가되어있으나 9,11-13) 수근관절에대한관절경적활액막절제술은주로기술적인면에대해서만소개가되어있을뿐임상적결과를보고한논문은매우드물다 1,2,7,8,14-17). Adolfsson 등은수근관절의류마토이드관절염으로관절경적활액막절제술을시행받은 19명, 24예의결과를보고하였다. 3.8년간의추시에서대다수의환자에서수근관절의통증감소및관절기능의개선을보였고, 수술당시방사선학적으로관절의손상정도가없거나경미했던환자들에있어서진행되는관절면의손상은거의없었다고하였다 1). 슬관절이나족관절과같은체중부하관절에있어서류마토이드관절염에대한활액막절제술의시기는관절연골의파괴가진행되지않은때에시행하여야효과적이다. 그러나수근관절은하중이많이작용하지않는부위이기때문에관절연골의파괴가어느정도진행되어도활액막절제술의효과를기대할수 있다. 본연구의결과수술전관절침범의진행정도와수술후통증의정도및만족도사이에상관관계를발견하지못한점이이를뒷받침하고있다. 저자들은고정술이필요할정도로관절이심하게파괴되거나변형이있는환자가아니라면관절의파괴가최고 50% 정도까지진행된경우에도관절경적활액막절제술을시행하여좋은결과를얻을수있었다. 관절경을이용하여수근관절의활액막을효과적으로제거하기위해서는기술적으로몇가지고려하여야할점이있음을경험적으로터득할수있었다. 먼저활액막을제거하기위해일반적으로수근관절에사용하는 1.5 mm 또는 2.0 mm 직경의 motorized shaver를사용하게되면제거되는속도가매우느리고효율성이떨어져충분한활액막을제거하는데장시간이소요되는문제점이있다. 활액막염이장기간있어온수근관절은관절막이이완되어있어요수근관절에는큰직경의 shaver 뿐만아니라 4.0 mm 직경의관절경도대부분삽입이용이하다는것을알게되었고, 따라서점차수술시간도단축할수있었다. 그러나중수근관절은요수근관절에비해관절내간격이좁아작은관절경과기구의사용이보다안전하다고여겨진다. 두번째로활액막염은관절전반에걸쳐진행되어있으므로가능한관절내모든활액막을제거하기위해일반적인관절경시술때보다많은입구 (portal) 를사용하는것이바람직하다는점이다 (Fig. 2). 저자들은요수근관절에서는 1-2 입구와 6U 입구를추가적으로사용하였는데, 1-2 입구로 shaver를삽입하면요측전방부위의활액막제거에효과적이며 6U 입구는척측전방부위에도달하는데효과적이다. 중수근관절의경우, 특히표준적인중수근척측입구 (MCU) 와요측입구 (MCR) 로는주상-유두관절 (scaphocapitate joint) 과주상- 대다각 -소다각관절 (scapho-trapezio-trapezoid joint) 부위의활액막을제거하기가매우어렵다. 저자들은이부위에추가로입구를만들어 shaver를삽입함으로써보다효과적인활액막절제를시행하였다. 한편원위요척관절의활액막에대한절제는관절공간이매우좁아관절경과 shaver를삽입하는것이기술적으로어렵고관절연골에손상을줄위험이높다는우려로인해시행하지않았다. 대신삼각섬유연골 (triangular fibrocartilage, ) 의천공부위를통해 shaver를삽입함으로써활액막절제가가능하였다. 그러나이러한방법은활액막의일부분밖에절제가되지않으므로만일원위요척관절의활액막염이심하거나관절성형술이필요하다고판단되는경우에는개방적수술을하였으므로관절경적수술의대상에서제외하였다. 저자들은주관적인평가방법으로통증의정도를측정하였는데, 이는류마토이드관절염으로인한기능의장애는결국통증에기인하는것이며환자의입장에서통증의경감정도가가장중요한효과판정기준이라고판단하였기때문이다. 객관적으로는방사선학적으로관절파괴의진행정도를측정하는것이가장중요한데, 저자들은그동안제시되어온 Larsen/Rau score 를전체수근관절을 8개의관절면으로나누어각각에대하여
5 수근관절류마토이드관절염의관절경적활액막절제술 637 점수를평가한다음합산하는방법을채택하였다. 수근관절은특징적으로여러개의수근골과함께여러관절구획으로나누어져있기때문에전체관절면을기준으로하기보다는각각의관절면을따로평가하는것이오차를최소화하고객관성을높일수있는좋은방법이라고사료되었다. 수술적활액막제거후그효과가장기간지속될수있는가하는것에대해서는다른견해들의결과들이보고되어왔다 4-6,9,12,13). 저자들의관찰에서통증의정도가수술후상당한감소를보였으나수술후 1년째에비해평균 2.5년의최종추시시통증의정도가서서히악화되는경향을보여시간이경과할수록임상결과가나빠질수있음을시사하고있다. 또한방사선학적으로관절의파괴가다소진행된것으로관찰되어장기결과에대해서는예측하기가어렵다고판단된다. 그러나환자들의통증정도가수술전에비해여전히감소되어있고수술에대한만족도가비교적높다는점은수술의긍정적효과라고할수있다. 한편, 수술효과의지속성에는수술후항류마티스약물을계속투여하였는지여부가중요한요인으로작용한다. 본연구대상의환자들은다른관절의다발성관절염이있고약물에반응하는경우계속해서약물을복용하는반면수술한수근관절외에활액막염의증상이다른관절에없는경우에는약물요법을시행하지않기도하였다. 그러나지속적으로약물을투여하기보다는환자가불규칙적으로복용한경우가많아수술결과에미치는영향을평가하기가불가능하였다. 관절경을이용한수근관절의활액막절제술은관절경을통해관절의상태를자세히관찰할수있고, 낮은침습도로인하여환자에게큰불편을주지않을뿐아니라수술후재활이빠른장점이있어수근관절의관절경수기를충분히습득한다면전통적인관절막절개를통한활액막절제술을대체할수있을것으로사료된다. 결론적응증이되는예에서수근관절류마토이드관절염의관절경적활액막절제술은수술후통증이작고, 재활이빠르며좋은치료효과를기대할수있는방법으로사료된다. 그러나장기간의치료효과에대해서는좀더긴기간의추시를통해규명해야할것이다. 참고문헌 1. Adolfsson L and Frisen M: Arthroscopic synovectomy of the rheumatoid wrist, a 3.8 year follow-up. J Hand Surg, 22-B: , Adolfsson L and Nylander G: Arthroscopic synovectomy of the rheumatoid wrist. J Hand Surg, 18-B: 92-96, Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al: The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum, 31: , Arthritis and Rheumatism Council and British Orthopaedic Association: Controlled trial of synovectomy of knee and metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals Rheumatic Disease, 35: , Arthritis Foundation Committee on Evaluation of Synovectomy: Multicenter evaluation of synovectomy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Report of results at the end of three years. Arthritis Rheum, 20: , Aschan W and Moberg E: A long-term study on the effect of early synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis. Bulletin Hospital for Joint Diseases, 44: , Atik TL and Baratz ME: The role of arthroscopy in wrist arthritis. Hand Clin, 15: , Gupta R, Bozentka DJ and Osterman AL: Wrist arthroscopy Principles and clinical applications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 9: , Klug S, Wittmann G and Weseloh G: Arthroscopic synovectomy of the knee joint in early cases of rheumatoid arthritis: follow-up results of a multicenter study. Arthroscopy, 16: , Larsen A, Dale K and Eek M: Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films. Acta Radiologica Diagnosis, 18: , Lee BP and Morrey BF: Arthroscopic synovectomy of the elbow for rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg, 79-B: , Matsui N, Taneda Y, Ohta H, Itoh T and Tsuboguchis S: Arthroscopic versus open synovectomy in the rheumatoid knee. International Orthopaedics. 13: 17-20, Ogilvie-Harris DJ and Weisleder L: Arthroscopic synovectomy of the knee: is it helpful? Arthroscopy, 11: 91-95, Pianka G: Wrist arthroscopy. Hand Clin, 8: , Roth JH and Poehling GG: Arthroscopic -ectomy surgery of the wrist. Arthroscopy, 6: , Wei N, Delauter SK, Beard S, Erlichman MS and Henry D: Officebased arthroscopic synovectomy of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthroscopy, 17: , Zelouf DS and Bowers WH: Arthroscopy of the distal radioulnar joint. Hand Clin, 15: , 1999.
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