44 4, (2017) Korean J. Poult. Sci. Vol.44, No.4, (2017) The Effect of Early Chick Weigh

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1 44 4, (2017) Korean J. Poult. Sci. Vol.44, No.4, (2017) The Effect of Early Chick Weight on Market-Weight in Korean Native Chickens Ki Gon Kim, Eun Sik Choi, Jae Hyun Kwon and Sea Hwan Sohn Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea ABSTRACT This study was to investigate the effect of chick weight in the early growth period on market-weight of Korean native chickens (KNCs). We measured the body weights of 1,087 chickens (male 479, female 608) of 13 KNC strains at 1-84 days of age at two week intervals. The growth performance of the 13 KNC strains was investigated. Correlation coefficients among the weights of chickens in each growth period and regression of market-weight on early chick weights were analyzed. The results showed that the average body weight of 70-day-old KNCs was 1,962g: 2,154g and 1,819.7g for males and females, respectively. The equation for regression of body weight on age was estimated as =0.1347X X (R 2 =0.9418). Using this regression equation, the duration required to attain a KNC market-weight of 2 kg was estimated as 71.8 days. All the correlation coefficients between early chick weight and market-weight were significantly positive. Although the correlation coefficients among the chick weights in each growth period decreased with increase in age interval, early growth weight had a significant effect on late growth performance. The correlation coefficient between market-weight at 70-days and chick weight at 1-day was estimated to be a low as In the estimations of market-weight correlation coefficients, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination were high in the female and male chicks after 28-days and 42-days of age, respectively. The results of the analysis of correlation and regression between early chick weight and market-weight of KNCs showed that market-weight could be predicted based on the weights of 28-day-old females and 42-day-old males. (Key words: early chick weight, market-weight, correlation coefficient, regression analysis, Korean native chicken). 8 (broiler), 10% (MAFRA, 2016).., 1.8 kg ,. (Ohh et al., 1985; Willemsen et al., 2008), (Deaton et al., 1979). (+) (Tindell and Morris, 1964; Proudfoot and Hulan, 1981; Whiting and Pesti, 1984),, To whom correspondence should be addressed : shsohn@gntech.ac.kr

2 260 : (Kosin et al., 1952; Bray and Iton, 1962; Gardiner, 1973; Wilson, 1991).., Barred Plymouth Rocks (O Neil, 1955). ( ) (Molenaar et al., 2008)., 12 (Wiley, 1950),, 2 (Godfrey et al., 1953).,.,.,. 13 (commercial chicken) 12,. H Cornish 2 New Hampshire Rhode ,087 (Table 1) (74 cm 60 cm 35 cm/cage), (90 cm 90 cm 66 cm/cage), ,. 24, H., (IACUC). 1, (12 ) 2., SAS software package(sas Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) GLM procedure. Duncan s multiple range test. Y ijk = μ + S i + B j + SB ij + e ijk Table 1. Number of chicks for experiment Strains Total Female Male Total ,087

3 Kim et al. : The Effect of Early Chick Weights on Market-Weight in Korean Native Chickens 261, Y ijk = μ = S i = B j = SB ij = e ijk =, = 70 ( ) a = X = (1, 14, 28, 42, 56 ) b = SAS CORR procedure Pearson s correlation coefficient,. PROC REG,. (simple linear regression equation) Table 2. 84, 1. Table 2. The body weights of 13 strains of Korean native chickens Strains Body weight (g) at 1 d 14 d 28 d 42 d 56 d 70 d 84 d ±3.5 a 179.7±32.4 abcd 536.0±57.9 ab 1,022.9±115.9 abc 1,502.1±151.3 b 1,992.3±259.7 ab 2,460.4± ±3.7 a 190.7±29.2 ab 557.6±82.6 a 1,057.4±128.0 a 1,566.2±183.6 a 2,057.3±287.5 a 2,507.0± ±2.6 b 176.1±29.4 c 516.2±59.2 bc 985.7±111.9 cd 1,458.7±163.1 b 1,937.0±290.6 b 2,386.6± ±3.2 b 182.4±30.4 abcd 531.0±67.4 b 1,003.4±114.1 bc 1,485.2±176.9 b 1,944.0±279.0 b 2,393.2± ±3.0 c 181.9±28.6 abcd 529.1±60.6 b 1,012.7±104.8 abc 1,502.7±162.1 b 1,986.7±258.1 ab 2,448.9± ±2.9 c 174.9±28.9 c 515.3±59.8 bc 993.2±130.3 bcd 1,486.4±172.4 b 1,976.9±259.4 ab 2,460.0± ±3.4 b 184.5±34.9 abcd 537.1±74.6 ab 1,036.5±122.4 ab 1,475.9±171.7 b 1,983.2±271.9 ab 2,466.4± ±2.4 b 190.0±28.2 abc 540.0±71.3 ab 1,035.4±134.1 ab 1,475.8±163.0 b 1,926.3±263.0 b 2,464.6± ±2.7 b 191.1±29.9 a 529.0±76.0 b 1,022.9±138.6 abc 1,457.3±186.0 b 1,953.2±308.4 ab 2,406.9± ±2.9 b 178.9±28.6 cd 527.8±75.5 b 1,015.3±148.1 abc 1,478.7±186.3 b 1,989.2±282.4 ab 2,522.1± ±3.0 c 179.3±37.5 bcd 515.1±80.1 bc 1,007.8±145.0 bc 1,447.6±198.5 b 1,925.7±320.6 b 2,404.8± ±3.2 c 183.8±33.8 abcd 521.6±77.2 bc 1,035.1±134.6 ab 1,511.4±201.8 ab 1,969.8±330.7 ab 2,462.8± ±2.1 d 176.0±27.6 c 498.2±66.9 c 950.5±143.5 d 1,444.0±195.4 b 1,894.8±310.9 b 2,381.6±396.7 Male 40.8± ±32.3 A 555.8±72.0 A 1,100.1±115.4 A 1,589.6±171.0 A 2,154.0±271.4 A 2,719.4±369.3 A Female 40.5± ±30.0 B 505.6±63.3 B 950.3±104.0 B 1,401.5±140.6 B 1,819.7±207.1 B 2,239.5±251.4 B Overall means 40.6± ± ±71.6 1,013.9± ,481.4± ,961.7± ,443.3±388.0 Values are mean±standard deviations. The different letters of superscript within column significantly differ (P<0.05).

4 262 :, 2 kg ,057.3 g, 13 1,894.8 g, 84., 70 2,154 g, 1,819.7 g 334 g. (Fig. 1). 2 kg 34 2,092 g (Cobb 500, 2015), 70 1,962 g ,380 g (Tindell and Morris, 1964) ,761 g (Gardiner, 1973), ,000 g (Proudfoot and Hulan, 1981; Whiting and Pesti, 1984) kg 40 (Cunningham, 2009), 35 (Tahir et al., 2011). 12 1,305 1,921 g(lee et al., 2013), 12 1,153 1,682 g(lee et al., 2014), 3 2,602 2,734 g(park et al., 2010)., H (PS) 12 1,640.9 g (Choi et al., 2017), 12 2,443 g. 2 =0.1347X X , Fig. 2. (R 2 ) ,. 2 kg Fig. 1. The growth curve of 13 strains of Korean native chickens in growth period.

5 Kim et al. : The Effect of Early Chick Weights on Market-Weight in Korean Native Chickens 263 Fig. 2. The regression curve of body weight on age in Korean native chickens. Table (+), kg 70,. 14, 28 r=0.56., 28 r= 0.37, 42.., Table 4. 1, 14, 28, ,.. 28 (Y= X ), 42 (Y=1.5278X ).,. 1 (Powell and Bowman, 1964; Ohh et al., 1985; Willemsen et al., 2008), (Decuypere, 1979; Mc- Loughin and Gous, 1999; Wolanski et al., 2003; Tona et al., 2004; Molenaar et al., 2008). Willemsen et al.(2008) Table 3. The correlation coefficients among chick weights in growth stage of Korean native chickens 1 d 14 d 28 d 42 d 56 d 70 d 84 d 1 d ** 0.23 ** 0.20 ** 0.15 ** 0.10 * 0.10 * 14 d 0.11 * ** 0.52 ** 0.37 ** 0.26 ** 0.26 ** 28 d 0.17 ** 0.73 ** ** 0.71 ** 0.56 ** 0.53 ** 42 d 0.14 ** 0.52 ** 0.78 ** ** 0.70 ** 0.66 ** 56 d 0.12 * 0.24 ** 0.52 ** 0.81 ** ** 0.80 ** 70 d 0.13 ** 0.17 ** 0.37 ** 0.65 ** 0.81 ** ** 84 d 0.10 * 0.13 ** 0.29 ** 0.56 ** 0.70 ** 0.88 ** - The above diagonal is female and the below diagonal is male. The asterisk indicates the significance of the correlation coefficient ( * P<0.05, ** P<0.01).

6 264 : Table 4. Estimation of regression equations of the market-weight at 70 days-old chicken (Y) on the chick weights at 1 day-, 14 days-, 28 days-, 42 days-, and 56 days-old (X) for 13 strains of Korean native chickens Independent variables (X) Female Male Overall Body weight at 1 d Y= * X (R 2 =0.0110) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.0166) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.0139) Body weight at 14 d Y= ** X (R 2 =0.0692) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.0273) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.0635) Body weight at 28 d Y= ** X (R 2 =0.3127) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.1384) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.305) Body weight at 42 d Y= ** X (R 2 =0.4885) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.4221) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.6039) Body weight at 56 d Y= ** X (R 2 =0.6853) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.6499) Y= ** X (R 2 =0.754) The asterisk indicates the significance of the regression coefficient ( * P<0.05, ** P<0.01)., , (Bray and Iton, 1962; Gardiner, 1973; Ohh et al., 1985; Wilson, 1991)., ,., 28 (4 ), 42 (6 )., , 42 (R 2 ). 28, 42. ( :,,,, ) , ,. 70 1,962 g, 2,154 g, 1,819.7 g. = X X (R 2 =0.9418), 2 kg (+), Bray DF, Iton EL 1962 The effect of egg weight on strain differences in embryonic and post-embryonic growth in the domestic fowl. Br Poult Sci 3: Choi ES, Bang MH, Kim KG, Kwon JH, Chung OY, Sohn SH 2017 Production performances and heterosis effects of Korean native chicken breed combinations by diallel crossing test. Korean J Poult Sci 44(2): Cobb Broiler performance & nutrition supplement. L En. Cobb-Vantress. Com. Cunningham DL 2009 Cash flow estimates for contract broiler production in Georgia: A 20-year analysis. Accessed

7 Kim et al. : The Effect of Early Chick Weights on Market-Weight in Korean Native Chickens 265 Sep handle/10724/12489/b1228.pdf?sequence=1%2520 Deaton JW, McNaughton JL, Reece FN 1979 Relationship of initial chick weight to body weight of egg-type pullets. Poult Sci 58(4): Decuypere E 1979 Effect of incubation temperature patterns on morphological, physiological and reproduction criteria in Rhode Island Red birds. Agricultura 27: Gardiner EE 1973 Effects of egg weight on post hatching growth rate of broiler chicks. Can J Anim Sci 53: Godfrey GF, Williams C, Marshall CE 1953 The relative influence of egg size, age at sexual maturity and mature body weight on growth to twelve weeks of age. Poult Sci 32 (3): Kosin IL, Abplanalp H, Gutierrez J, Carver JS 1952 The influence of egg size on subsequent early growth of the chick. Poult Sci 31(2): Lee MJ, Kim SH, Heo KN, Kim HK, Choi HC, Hong EC, Choo HJ, Kim CD 2013 The study on productivity of commercial Korea chickens for crossbred Korean native chickens. Korean J Poult Sci 40(4): Lee MJ, Heo KN, Choi HC, Hong EC, Kim CD 2014 The performance test in crossbreds of Korean native chickens for the establishment of new lines. Korean J Poult Sci 41 (1): McLoughin L, Gous RM 1999 The effect of egg size on preand postnatal growth of broiler chickens. World Poult 15: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA) 2016 Major Statistics of Agriculture, Livestock and Food. Issues Molenaar RM, Reijrink IAM, Meijerhof R, Van Den Brand H 2008 Relationship between hatchling length and weight on later productive performance in broilers. World s Poult Sci 64(4): Ohh BK, Choi YH, Sohn SH, Lee MY 1985 Relationship of initial chick weight to body weight in broiler. Korean J Poult Sci 12(2): O Neil JB 1955 Percentage size of chick at hatching and its relationship to growth and mortality. Poult Sci 34(4): Park MN, Hong EC, Kang BS, Kim HK, Seo BY, Choo HJ, Na SH, Seo OS, Han JY, Hwangbo J 2010 The study on production and performance of crossbred Korean native chickens. Korean J Poult Sci 37(4): Powell HC, Bowman JC 1964 An estimate of maternal effects in early growth characteristics and their effects upon comparative tests of chicken varieties. Br Poult Sci 5(2): Proudfoot FG, Hulan HW 1981 The Influence of hatching egg size on the subsequent performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 60(10): Tahir M, Cervantes H, Farmer CW, Shim MY, Pesti GM 2011 Broiler performance, hatching egg, and age relationships of progeny from standard and dwarf broiler dams. Poult Sci 90(6): Tindell D, Morris DR 1964 The effects of egg weight on subsequent broiler performance. Poult Sci 43(3): Tona K, Onagbesan O, De Ketelaere B, Decuypere E, Bruggeman V 2004 Effects of age of broiler breeders on egg quality, hatchability, chick quality chick weight and chick post-hatch growth to 24 days. J Appl Poult Res 13: Whiting TS, Pesti GM 1984 Broiler performance and hatching egg weight to marketing weight relationships of progeny from standard and dwarf broiler dams. Poult Sci 63(3): Wiley WH 1950 The influence of egg weight on the prehatching and post-hatching growth rate in the fowl: II. Egg weight-chick weight ratios. Poult Sci 29(4): Willemsen H, Everaert N, Witters A, De Smit L, Debonne M, Verschuere F, Garain P, Berckmans D, Decuypere E, Bruggeman V 2008 Critical assessment of chick quality measurements as an indicator of post hatch performance. Poult Sci 87(11): Wilson HR 1991 Interrelationships of egg size, chick size, post hatching growth and hatchability. World s Poultry Sci 47 (1):5-20. Wolanski NJ, Luiten EJ, Meijerhof R, Vereijken ALJ 2003 Yolk utilisation and chick length as parameters for embryo development. Avian Poult Biol Rev 15: Received Oct. 12, 2017, Revised Dec. 13, 2017, Accepted Dec. 16, 2017

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