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1 논문번호 12-37C 진폭변조거리측정시스템에적용가능한개선된위상추정기법 정회원김대중 *, 오택환 **, 종신회원황선영 * An Improved Phase Estimation Method for AM Range Measurement System Dae-Joong Kim *, Taek-Hwan Oh ** Regular Members, Sun-Young Hwang * Lifelong Member 요 약 본논문에서는진폭변조거리측정시스템에적용가능한개선된위상추정기법을제안한다. 기존위상측정방법은이동목표물의도플러천이에의해위상측정오차가발생한다. 제안된위상추정기법은도플러천이에대해적응도플러보정 (Adaptive Doppler Correction) 을사용하여위상추정오차를보정하므로거리측정정확도를향상시킬수있다. 모의실험결과도플러주파수천이보정은기존방식보다 94.7% 향상된성능을보이며, 거리측정정확도는 50% 로향상되었다. 음향수조에서는오차가 7.7cm로추정되어해양환경에서음파를이용하여거리추정에도적용가능함을확인하였다. Key Words : ADC, Phase Estimation, Distance Estimation ABSTRACT This paper proposes an improved phase estimation method for AM(Amplitude Modulation) range measurement system. The previous phase estimation method induces errors by Doppler shift of a moving target. The proposed method compensates phase estimation error through the ADC(Adaptive Doppler Correction) to take the Doppler shift, thus can improve distance measurement accuracy. When compared with the previous method through simulation results, the Doppler shift compensation and accuracy are improved by 94.7% and 50%, respectively. Target distance error in an acoustic tank is estimated to be 7.7cm, which confirms that the proposed method can be used to estimate the distance in the marine environment. Ⅰ. 서론현재적용되고있는비접촉식거리측정시스템은초음파, 레이저, 음향센서및전자파를이용하여의료분야, 수중해양환경등에서정확한거리를측정해야하는곳에서사용되고있다. 일반적인거리측정방식은펄스신호를이용하여목표물에반사 된송수신펄스신호의시간차 (Time of Flight) 를측정하여거리를측정하는방식과주파수를스윕하여송수신신호간의주파수차를측정하는 FMCW(Frequency Modulated Continous Wave) 방식, 반송파를진폭변조 (Amplitude Modulation) 시켜송수신신호의위상차를측정하는진폭변조방식이있다 [1-6]. 시간차와 FMCW 방법은장거리측정 본연구는교육과학기술부의재원으로한국연구재단의지원에의해수행되었습니다. (# ). * 서강대학교전자공학과 CAD & ES 연구실 (hwang@sogang.ac.kr) ( : 교신저자 ) ** LIG 넥스원 ( 주 ) Maritime 연구소 논문번호 :KICS , 접수일자 :2012 년 4 월 23 일, 최종논문접수일자 :2012 년 5 월 30 일 453
2 이가능하고거리측정정확도가높지만, 거리측정정확도를높이기위해서는시스템에복잡해지는단점이있다 [4-6]. 위상차를이용한진폭변조방식은반송파신호의한주기이상의파장에해당되는거리에있는목표물을측정할수없는단점이있지만주파수대역폭과무관하게시스템을구성할수있고진폭변조를통해측정거리및정확도를높일수있다 [6]. 진폭변조방식에서송수신신호의위상차를정확하게추정하는것은거리측정정확도를높이기위해매우중요한파라메타가된다. 기존연구된위상측정기법은영교차 (Zero Crossing) 를이용한기법, FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) 를이용한기법및 LSM(Least Square Method) 을이용한기법들이제안되었다. 영교차를이용한기법 [8,9] 은회로구성이간단하지만, 입력신호에잡음과고조파성분에의해왜곡이일어났을경우측정오차가발생한다 [9,10]. 잡음과고조파성분으로인한측정오차를개선한위상측정방법은 FFT와 LSM을이용한기법이있다. FFT를이용한방법 [12] 은잡음과고조파제거에높은성능을보이지만, 한주기신호가반드시필요하여데이터갱신주기가빠른제어를필요로하는시스템에적용하기어렵다. LSM을이용한기법 [10,11] 은입력신호의일부분에대한샘플링데이터를획득하여도위상의측정이가능하여, 0.01Hz 이하의저주파정현파신호의위상과크기를측정할경우에연산시간을줄일수있다 [10]. LSM 기법은송수신신호의주파수가동일할경우, 고조파성분제거에우수한성능을나타내지만, 도플러천이 (Doppler Shift) 가발생되었을경우에는위상측정오차가발생하는문제점이있다. 도플러천이는이동목표물과거리측정시스템의상대속도에의해발생하는주파수오차를의미한다. 따라서정확한위상측정에따른거리정확도를향상시키기위해도플러천이는반드시고려되어야한다. 도플러주파수는관측자와목표물간의상대속도와상대방위각등에따라결정되므로도플러신호를획득하여도플러신호의순간주파수를시간에따라분석하면도플러천이를얻을수있다 [16]. 도플러주파수를추정하는방법은 ZCR(Zero Crossing Rate) 을이용한방법 [14] 과 STFT(Short Time Fourier Transform) 을이용한방법 [15] 이있다. ZCR을이용한방법은수신신호의포락선 (envelope) 이영점을교차하는비율을통해도플러를추정하는기법이다. 이와같은방법은신호대잡음비 (Signal to Noise Rate) 에취약하고다중경로 가존재하는환경에서성능이저하된다 [14]. STFT는수신신호에창함수 (Window Function) 를적용하고 FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) 을수행하여처리속도가빠르지만, 창함수가고정되어주파수가급격하게변하는환경에서는많은오차가발생한다 [16]. 본논문에서는진폭변조를이용하여목표물의거리측정시위상추정정확도를높이기위해이동하는목표물에의해발생하는도플러천이를보정한위상추정기법을제안한다. 제안된위상추정방법은 SA(Simulated Annealing) 알고리듬을적용한적응도플러보정기법을사용하여이동목표물에의해발생하는도플러천이를보정하고, 주변환경에의해발생된고조파성분의왜곡을최소화하고처리속도를고려하여일부수신데이터를통해위상추정이가능한 LSM 기법을사용한다. 본논문의구성은다음과같다. 2절에서는진폭변조방식의거리측정방법과기존에연구된위상측정방식, 도플러천이추정방식에대해설명하고, 3절에서는진폭변조방식에적용가능한제안된도플러천이및위상추정기법에대해기술한다. 4절에서는제안한기법에대한성능을모의실험과음향수조실험결과로제시하며, 마지막으로 5절에서결론및추후과제를기술한다. Ⅱ. 관련연구본절에서는일반적인진폭변조방식의거리측정에대한기법을소개하고, 거리측정을위해기존에연구된위상차측정기법을기술한다. 그리고도플러천이를보정하기위해이동하는목표물에의해발생되는도플러천이를추정하는기법에대해기술한다 거리측정기법진폭변조방식의거리측정시스템에서는그림 1 과같이송수신부와동일한거리 만큼떨어진목표물을향해파장이 인정현파신호를목표물에송신하면, 목표물에의해신호가왕복하여수신된다. 따라서거리 만큼떨어진목표물과의거리는파장의정수배 와한파장미만의신호 의합이되며, 식 (1) 과같이표현할수있다. 여기서 은정수인진동수이다. (1) 454
3 논문 / 진폭변조거리측정시스템에적용가능한개선된위상추정기법 그림 1. 위상차를이용한거리측정방법. Fig. 1. Distance measurement method using a phase estimation. 거리측정시스템에서진동수 은실제로측정할수없기때문에목표물과의측정거리를고려하여진동수 이되도록장파장의신호를적용하면식 (1) 은식 (2) 로표현가능하다. (2) 거리측정시스템에서측정가능한송수신신호의위상차 를이용하여한파장미만의신호 는식 (3) 과같이표현할수있다. (3) 식 (3) 에서와같이진폭변조방식의거리측정시스템에서거리측정정확도는위상차검출의정밀도에따라결정되므로, 정확한위상차검출은거리측정정확도를향상시킬수있다 위상측정기법송수신신호의위상차를측정하기위한기존에제안된연구결과는영교차, FFT, LSM을이용한기법들이있다. 영교차를이용한위상측정기법 [8-9] 은입력된송수신정현파신호를구형파로변환하고두구형파의중심시간차이를측정하여위상차를산출한다. 영교차를이용한기법은구성이간단하지만입력신호에주변장애물이나벽, 바닥등에의한고조파성분이포함되었을경우오차가발생되며, 구형파의중심점을이용하므로반드시한주기이상의신호가필요하여실시간처리가필요한시스템에적용하기어렵다 [9-11]. FFT를이용한기법 [12] 은다양한부하조건에따라발생하는고조 파성분을제거하기위해정현파신호가주기동안평균을하면 0이되는특성을이용한다. 입력되는수신신호와 sin과 cos 두기준신호를곱하고한주기동안적분을이용하여평균하면위상차 에대한 sin, cos 신호성분만남게되어잡음이제거된다. FFT를이용한위상측정방법은고조파성분제거에높은성능을갖지만반드시한주기동안신호의평균이필요하므로실시간처리시스템에적용하기어렵기때문에부가적인하드웨어자원을이용하여처리속도를개선해야한다. 또한목표물의이동에의한도플러천이가발생할경우수신신호의주파수성분이왜곡되므로송수신신호의주기가일치하지않아위상측정오차가발생할수있다. LSM를이용한위상측정기법 [10-11] 은송수신신호의자승오차합을 LSM에의해입력신호의크기와위상으로각각편미분하여최소가되는값을이용하여측정한다. 구현이간단하고연산처리속도가빠른 LSM을이용하므로입력신호에백색잡음이추가되었을경우측정오차를줄일수있고한주기전체를측정하지않고일부만측정하여위상을구할수있는장점이있다. 하지만목표물의이동에의한도플러천이가발생할경우수신신호의주파수성분이왜곡되므로위상측정오차가발생하는문제점이있다 STFT를이용한도플러천이추정기법 STFT(Short Time Fourier Transform) 는신호주파수에왜곡이발생한경우 FFT를이용하면시간에따른신호해석이어렵게되는문제점을보안하기위해 Gabor에의해제안된방법으로식 (4) 와같다. 여기서 는분석하고자하는신호, 는창함수, 은창함수의샘플링개수이다. (4) STFT는창의크기에따라시간및주파수영역의해상도가결정되며, 시간및주파수의모든영역에서동일한창을가지므로주파수가급격하게변하는신호에대해오차가발생하는문제점이있다 [16]. Ⅲ. 제안된위상추정기법본절에서는제안된진폭변조방식에서적용가능한개선된위상추정기법을설명한다. 진폭변조 455
4 를이용한거리측정방식에서거리측정정확도를높이기위해정확한위상추정은반드시필요하다. 기존연구된위상측정기법은이동물체에의한도플러천이가발생하게되면측정오차가발생한다. 제안한위상추정기법은적응도플러보정기법을사용하여도플러천이를보정하여위상및거리를측정하므로거리측정정확도를향상시킬수있다. 그림 2는제안된위상추정기법의전체과정을나타낸다. 제안된기법에서는입력신호 와동기신호 의상관계수 를이용하여비용함수 (Cost Function) 를정의하고, 시스템상태를변화시키면서새로제시된비용함수 _ 을계산하여기존비용함수 _ 와비교한다. 입력신호는측정물체에반사되어입력된주변환경소음, 고조파성분과이동목표물에의한도플러천이가포함된노이즈성분그리고주파수보상을위한동기신호가혼합된신호이다. 동기신호는입력신호에서잡음과목표물에의해반사된신호를구분하고도플러천이를보정하기위한신호이다. 따라서도플러천이가정확하게보정될경우상관계수 는 1로써최대가된다 [19]. 이에따라비용함수는 cos 구간에존재하게되고정확한도플러천이가추정될경우 0의값을갖는다. 비용함수의정의는식 (5) 과같고, 상관계수 는식 (6) 과같다. cos min cos (5) 그림 2. 제안된기법의전체과정. Fig. 2. Process of the proposed method 적응도플러보정도플러천이는거리측정환경에서측정하고자하는이동목표물속도에따라항상변화하는특성이있다. 본논문에서는거리측정환경과이동목표물에의해변화되는도플러천이를추정하기위해 SA(Simulated Annealing) 알고리듬 [20-21] 을이용한적응도플러보정을적용한다. SA 알고리듬은예측할수없는환경에서국소최적값 (local optima) 에빠질수있는오류를방지하고, 전역최적값 (global optima) 을구하기위한알고리듬으로다양한최적화문제에적용되고있다. 그림 3은제안된적응도플러보정의처리과정을보인다. ± ± (6) 최적화단계에서는두비용함수값의차이를그시점에서의온도제어변수인 의함수로평가하여, 선택여부를결정하는과정으로정의된다. 즉, _ _ 이면새로제시된해는항상선택되며 _ _ 이면 0과 1 사이에서난수 (Random Number) 를발생시키고, 식 (7) 의값이발생시킨난수보다작으면다음상태를현재의상태로받아들이는것은거부된다. 랜덤하게생성된난수를이용하므로, 확률적으로전이가일어날수있도록허용되기때문에전역최적값을선택할수있다 [20]. _ _ exp (7) 본논문에서적용된 SA 알고리듬을이용한적응도플러보정기법을요약하면표 1과같다. 그림 3. 도플러천이를보정하기위해제안된적응도플러보정처리과정. Fig. 3. Process of the proposed ADC method for estimating the Doppler shift 위상및거리추정제안된적응도플러보정기법을이용하여이동물체에의한도플러천이를보정하고, LSM 기법을이용하여위상차를추정하고최종적으로식 (2) 에의해거리측정시스템과목표물과의거리를추정한다. 456
5 논문 / 진폭변조거리측정시스템에적용가능한개선된위상추정기법 표 1. 제안된 SA 알고리듬을이용한적응도플러보정기법 Table 1. The proposed adaptive doppler shift compensation method using SA algorithm. Initialization(Current_solution, Temperature) Calculation of the Current_Cost Loop New_State Calculation of the new_cost if (Current_cost New_Cost) 0 then Current_State = New_State else if p > Random (0, 1) then //Accept Current_State = New_State else //Reject Decrease the temperature tan 단, (10) 여기서 는식 (11) ~ 식 (14) 같다. cos (11) sin (12) sin cot sin (13) sin cot cos (14) Exit When Stop_Criterion End Loop LSM을이용한위상추정기법 [10] 은연산량이적고, 신호의일부만입력되어도위상추정이가능하기때문에실시간처리가필요한임베디드시스템에적용가능하다. LSM을이용한위상추정기법에서위상이 이고진폭이 인기준신호에대해한주기동안 번샘플링한기준신호와실제입력된수신신호를 이라할때, 수신신호와기준신호의자승오차합 는식 (8) 과같다. 여기서 는실제측정된샘플링데이터수이다. sin (8) LSM에의해 를크기와위상으로편미분한값이최소가될때수신신호로부터크기와위상을구할수있으므로식 (9) 를만족하여야한다. (9) 식 (9) 에서 과 으로편미분하여정리하고, 양 cos 변에 sin 를곱하면송신신호와수신신호의 위상 는식 (10) 과같이구할수있다. Ⅳ. 실험결과본절에서는제안된위상추정기법에대한모의실험과음향수조실험결과를기술한다. 모의실험을이용하여도플러천이가위상오차를발생시키는것을확인하고, STFT 방법과제안한 SA 알고리듬을이용한도플러추정결과와거리추정오차를비교한다. 제안한기법의실환경적용가능성을확인하기위해음향수조를이용한결과를기술한다 도플러천이에따른위상측정오차확인결과도플러천이에따라위상측정오차가발생하는지확인하기위해송신신호의주파수를 120kHz로하였으며, 입력신호모의시목표물의이동속도와방위에대한도플러천이는 0부터 800Hz까지 50Hz 간격으로증가시키면서모의실험을수행하였다. 위상추정은 LSM 기법을이용하여위상을추정하여결과를확인하였다. 도플러천이가 0 ~ 200Hz 변화에대해위상오차는작은변화를나타내고, 200 ~ 350Hz 구간에서는도플러변이에따라위상오차가큰경향을나타낸다. 350Hz 이후에는위상오차변동폭은작아짐을알수있다. 최대위상오차는약 180 이며, 이때도플러천이값은 800Hz 이다. 모의실험결과를통해도플러천이에따라위상추정오차가발생함을확인할수있다. 그림 4 는도플러천이의변화에따라위상오차를보인다. 457
6 표 2. STFT 와 SA 알고리듬을이용한적응도플러추정결과비교 Table 2. Comparison of STFT and SA algorithm in estimating doppler shift. 그림 4. 도플러천이에의한위상오차모의실험결과. Fig. 4. Simulation results of phase error due to doppler shift 도플러추정결과 STFT와제안한 SA 알고리듬을이용한적응도플러추정기법의성능을비교하기위해모의실험을수행하였다. 송신신호주파수를 120kHz로하고이동목표물에의한도플러천이는 50Hz 간격으로증가하여추정결과를확인하였다. 이때거리측정시스템은고정되어있고, 목표물이이동한다고가정하였다. STFT 기법에대한최대오차는도플러천이가 0Hz에서 -5.8Hz로추정되어최대 5.8Hz의오차가발생하였으며, 평균 0.95Hz의오차가발생하였다. 제안된기법에서는 100, 200 ~ 500, 600, 800Hz에서 0.1Hz의오차가발생하였으며, 평균 0.05Hz의오차가발생하였다. 모의실험결과제안된기법으로도플러를추정하였을경우 STFT 기법보다평균 94.7% 의높은성능을보인다. 표 2는 50Hz 간격에따른 STFT 기법과제안된기법으로도플러천이를추정한결과를나타낸다 거리추정결과도플러천이가포함된입력신호에대해 STFT를이용한기법과제안된적응도플러보정기법을적용하여거리측정정확도를확인한다. 거리측정시스템과목표물과의거리는 1.8m로가정하였으며, 송신신호의주파수 120kHz에대해도플러천이가 50Hz 간격으로발생할경우거리측정오차를확인한다. 이때사용된위상추정은 LSM 기법을적용하였으며, 거리측정시스템은고정되어있고, 목표물이이동한다고가정하였다. 그림 5는도플러천이에따라 STFT 방식과제안된방식의거리를추정오차를보인다. 그림 5(a) 의 STFT 기법과제안된기법에대한거리추정오차에서 STFT 기법은도플러천이가 350Hz일때 3.7mm으로최대오차가발생하였고, 평균 1.4mm의오차가발생하였다. 도플러천이 (Hz) (A) STFT 기법 (Hz) (B) 제안된기법 (Hz) (C) STFT 기법오차 (A-B) 제안된기법오차 (A-C) 평균 제안된기법은일부구간에서 STFT 보다오차가크게발생하였지만, 전구간에서오차변동이작으며 250Hz와 750Hz에서최대 1.0mm오차가발생하였다. 전구간에서오차평균은 0.7mm이다. 그림 5(b) 는거리추정오차의차이를확인하기위해 STFT 기법의거리추정오차에서제안된기법의거리추정오차를뺀결과이며, 제안된기법이 STFT 기법보다평균 50% 우수한성능을보인다 음향수조시험결과제안된위상측정방법의실환경적용가능성분석을위해음향수조실험을수행하였다. 실험에사용된수조는가로 5m, 세로 5m 및수심 5m인음향수조로벽면에의한다중반사신호의영향을최소화하기위해기하학적비대칭구조로설계되었다. 이와같은구조는수신신호에서목표물반사신호와인접한경계면에의한다중반사신호를구분하는데큰도움을준다. 그림 6은음향수조의구조와시험에사용된계측기및센서위치에대한구성도이다. 음향수조시험에서는목표물과송신기 (transducers) 사이의거리를약 1.8m로유지하였으며, 송신신호와목표물반사신호수신을위해청음기 (hydrophone) 를송신기부근에설치하여운용하였다. 458
7 논문 / 진폭변조거리측정시스템에적용가능한개선된위상추정기법 청음기를통해음향신호가전기적신호로변환되고, 수신증폭기를통해신호가증폭되어데이터수집기및노트북을통해수신데이터가저장된다. 전력증폭기및수신증폭기는좋은신호대잡음비를유지하기위해사용하였다. 수신신호에서목표물까지의거리와수중음파전달속도를통해추정된목표물반사신호는약 2 ~ 3.5msec 부근신호이며, 3.5msec 이후의신호는수조벽이나수면, 바닥등의다중경로 (multipath) 를통해수신된신호이다. 그림 7은청음기에수신된목표물의반사신호를측정한결과이다. 그림 5. 도플러천이에따른 STFT 방식과제안된방식의거리측정오차비교. (a) 도플러천이에따른 STFT 기법과제안된기법의거리추정오차, (b) STFT 기법과제안된기법의차이. Fig. 5. Comparison of STFT and the proposed method in estimating distance, (a) estimation error of STFT and the proposed method, (b) the result subtract STFT from the proposed method. 수신신호샘플링주파수는 3MHz이며, 수온은약 19.1, 수중음파전달속도 m/sec로관측되었다. 시험을위해생성된송신신호는반송파주파수 120kHz 정현파신호를 100Hz 신호에변조하여 1msec 길이의신호이다. 이때변조신호파장은 14.42m이다. 그림 7. 목표물에의한반사신호. (a) 음향수조에서목표물에의해직접반사되는신호와바닥, 벽면등의다중경로를통해수신된신호의예시, (b) 청음기를통해실제수신된신호 Fig. 7. Reflected signal from a target, (a) diagram with directed and multipath signal from a target, (b) received signal through a hydrophone. 실험을통해획득된신호와제안된위상측정방법으로부터추정된목표물과의거리는약 1.877m로서, 약 0.077m의오차가발생하였다. 이와같은오차는송신기와청음기설치시발생한목표물과의거리오차로인한것으로판단된다. Ⅴ. 결론 그림 6. 음향수조시험구성도 Fig. 6. Experimentation concept in an acoustic tank 송신신호는파형발생기를통해생성되고전력증폭기를거쳐신호가증폭된다. 증폭된신호는송신기를통해전기적인신호가음향신호로변환되어목표물에송신된다. 목표물에의해반사된신호는 본논문에서는진폭변조방식의거리측정시스템에서이동목표물의거리측정시발생할수있는위상추정오차를개선하기위하여적응도플러보정기법을통한위상추정기법을제시하였다. 제안된기법은 SA 알고리듬으로이동목표물에의한도플러천이를추정하고, 고조파성분의왜곡을최소화하고처리속도를고려한 LSM 위상추정기법을적용하여위상을추정하였다. 모의실험결과 459
8 STFT 방법보다도플러추정성능은평균 94.7% 로기존방식보다높은성능을보이며, 1.8m 거리에있는목표물에대해거리측정정확도는기존방식과비교하여 50% 로향상되었다. 또한모의실험과동일하게 1.8m 거리의목표물에대해음향수조시험을수행할결과약 7.7cm의거리추정오차가발생됨을확인하였다. 모의실험과음향수조시험을통해제안된방법은도플러천이보정및위상추정성능이우수하여정밀거리추정에적용가능하고, 수중해양환경에서음파를사용한거리추정에도적용가능함을확인하였다. 추후과제로실시간처리가가능하도록연산량을개선하고임베디드환경에적합한전체시스템설계에대한연구가필요하다. 참고문헌 [1] A. Kilpela, R. Pennala, and J. Kostamovaara, "Precise Pulsed Time-of Flight Laser Range Finder for Industrial Distance Measurements", Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp , April [2] E. Hyun, and J. Lee, Method to Improve Range and Velocity Error Using De-interleaving and Frequency Interpolation for Automotive FMCW Radars", International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Vol. 2, No. 2, June [3] H. Rohling, and M. Meinecke, Waveform Design Principles for Automotive Radar Systems", in Proc. CIE International Conference on Radar, Beijing, China, pp. 1-4, Oct [4] S. Poujouly, B. Journet, and D. Placko, "Digital Laser Range Finder : Phase-Shift Estimation by Undersampling Technique", in Proc. IEEE 25th Annual Conference, California, USA, Vol. 3, pp , Nov [5] Bee-Jay Park, Chung-Woo Lee, Chung-Choo Chung, Jae-Hyuk Sho, and Sang-Jin Ong, "Implementation of High-Resolution Laser Distance Measurement System using Phase-Shift Method", 2004 Conference on Information and Control Systems, Vol. 2004, No. 11, pp , Nov [6] Hyoung-Woo Noh, Jeong-Ho Park, Il-Heung Kang, Mun-Gak Choi, and Kang-Wook Kim, The Phase Difference Measurement Module Development for Amplitude Modulated Range Measurement System, KIEES Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp , Feb [7] S. Nejad, "Comparison of TOF, FMCW and Phase-Shift Laser Range-Finding Methods by Simulation and Measurement", Quartarly Journal of Technology & Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, Autumn [8] K. Ibrahim, and M. Abdul-Karim, "A Novel Digital Phase Meter", IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. IM-36, pp , Sept [9] S. Mahmud, "Error Analysis of Digital Phase Measurement of Distorted Waves", IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Meas., Vol. 38, pp. 6-9, Feb [10] Young-Suk Song, Jae-Chul Kim, In-Kyu Choi, and Jong-Sik Park, "An Advanced Phase Angle Measurement Algorithm And Error Analysis", IEEK Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp , May [11] R. Micheletti, "Phase Angle Measurement Between Two Sinusoidal Signals", IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 40, No. 1, pp , Feb [12] Kang-Ryul Ryu, Jong-Pil Lee, Tae-Jin Kim, Dong-Wook Yoo, Eui-Ho Song and Byung- Duk Min, A Method of PLL(Phase-Locked Loop) using FFT, KIPE Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp , June [13] S. Mahmud, "High Precision Phase Measurement Using Adaptive Sampling", IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 38, No. 5, pp , Oct [14] Kook-Hyun Nam, "Doppler Frequency Estimation for Mobile OFDM System", A master's dissertation, Kwangwoon, [15] P. Welch, "The Use of Fast Fourier Transform for the Estimation of Power Spectra: A Method Based on Time Averaging Over Short, Modified Periodograms", IEEE Trans. Audio 460
9 논문 / 진폭변조거리측정시스템에적용가능한개선된위상추정기법 and Electroacoustics, Vol. AU-15, No. 2, pp , June [16] Joong-Tak Son, Seung-Houn Lee, and Kil- Houm Park, Instantaneous Frequency Estimation of Doppler Signal using Wavelet Transform, IEEK Journal, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp , May [17] W. Kuang, and A. Morris, "Using Short-Time Fourier Transform and Wavelet Packet Filter Banks for Improved Frequency Measurement in a Doppler Robot Tracking System", IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp , June [18] Y. Zhang, Z. Guo, W. Wang, S. He, T. Lee, M. Loew, "A Comparison of The Wavelet and Short-Time Fourier Transforms for Doppler spectral analysis", Medical Engineering & Physics, Vol. 25, Issue 7, pp , Sep [19] J. Proakis, and D. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, 3rd Edition, Prentic Hall, pp , [20] S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi, Optimization by Simulated Annealing, Science, Vol. 220, No. 4598, pp , May [21] P. J. M. van Laarhoven, and E. H. L. Aarts, Simulated Annealing: Theory and Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 7-15, May 김대중 (Dae-Joong Kim) 정회원 1996년 2월금오공과대학교전자학사 1995년~현재 LIG넥스원 ( 주 ) 수석연구원 2010년~현재서강대학교전자공학과 CAD & ES 연구실석사과정 < 관심분야 > Real time Embedded system 오택환 (Taek-Hwan Oh) 정회원 2000년 2월한양대학교지구해양과학과학사 2002년 2월한양대학교지구해양과학과이학석사 2006년 2월한양대학교지구해양과학과이학박사 2006년~ 현재 LIG넥스원 ( 주 ) 수석연구원 < 관심분야 > 수중음향학, 해양음향토모그래피, Geoacoustic Inversion 황선영 (Sun-Young Hwang) 종신회원 1976년 2월서울대학교전자공학과학사 1978년 2월한국과학원전기및전자공학과공학석사 1986년 10월미국 Stanford 대학전자공학박사 1976년 ~1981년삼성반도체 ( 주 ) 연구원, 팀장 1986~1989년 Stanford 대학 Center for Integrated System 연구소책임연구원및 Fairchild Semiconductor Palo Alto Research Center 기술자문 1989~1992년삼성전자 ( 주 ) 반도체기술자문 1989년 3월~현재서강대학교전자공학과교수 < 관심분야 > SoC 설계및 framework 구성, CAD 시스템, Computer Architecture 및 DSP System Design 등 461
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