Original Article Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2016;20(2):68-74 ISSN Copyright 2016 Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 알츠하

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1 Original Article Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2016;20(2):68-74 ISSN Copyright 2016 Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 알츠하이머병치매에서대뇌아밀로이드축적여부에따른임상적특성의차이 서울대학교병원정신건강의학과, 1 서울대학교의학연구원인간행동의학연구소, 2 울산대학교의과대학울산대학교병원정신건강의학과, 3 창산요양병원정신건강의학과, 4 경기도립노인전문병원정신건강의학과, 5 서울특별시보라매병원정신건강의학과, 6 서울대학교의과대학정신과학교실, 7 인제대학교상계백병원정신건강의학과, 8 서울특별시보라매병원핵의학과, 9 서울대학교의과대학핵의학교실 10 전소연 1 변민수 2 이다현 2 이준호 1 최영민 3 김현정 4 백혜원 5 이준영 6,7 이동우 8 한나영 1 이승훈 1 고강 1 김유경 9,10 이윤상 10 이영화 1 고현웅 1 추경진 1 이동영 1,7 Distinct Clinical Characteristics Depending on Cerebral Amyloid Positivity in Patients with Alzheimer Disease Dementia So Yeon Jeon, MD, 1 Min Soo Byun, MD, PhD, 2 Dahyun Yi, PhD, 2 Jun Ho Lee, MD, 1 Young Min Choe, MD, 3 Hyun Jung Kim, MD, 4 Hyewon Baek, MD, 5 Jun Young Lee, MD, PhD, 6,7 Dong Woo Lee, MD, 8 Na Young Han, MD, 1 Seung Hoon Lee, MD, 1 Kang Ko, MD, 1 Yu Kyeong Kim, MD, PhD, 9,10 Yun-Sang Lee, PhD, 10 Younghwa Lee, BA, 1 Hyunwoong Ko, BA, 1 Kyoungjin Chu, BA, 1 and Dong Young Lee, MD, PhD 1,7 Department of Neuropsychiatry, 1 Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, 2 Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Department of Neuropsychiatry, 3 University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Department of Neuropsychiatry, 4 Changsan Convalescent Hospital, Changwon, Department of Neuropsychiatry, 5 Kyunggi Provincial Hospital for the Elderly, Yongin, Department of Neuropsychiatry, 6 SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Department of Neuropsychiatry, 7 Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Department of Psychiatry, 8 Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 9 SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 10 Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Objective:The present study investigated the clinical characteristics of Alzheimer s disease (AD) dementia with low brain amyloid-beta (Aβ-AD) burden comparing with AD dementia with high amyloid-beta burden (Aβ+AD). We also developed a prediction model for the amyloid positivity on 11 C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) with distinct clinical variables in AD dementia patients. Methods:Fifty-nine clinically defined AD dementia individuals, who participated in the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early diagnosis and prediction of AD (KBASE) study, were included. All the subjects received comprehensive clinical evaluations and PiB-PET. Based on cerebral PiB retention, all subjects were divided into Aβ+AD (n=47) and Aβ-AD (n=12) subgroups. To develop a prediction model for amyloid positivity, stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results:When compared to Aβ+AD, Aβ-AD showed older age, later age-at-onset, and lower education. In regard of risk factors for dementia, Aβ-AD had higher frequency of hypertension and diabetes mellitus as well as lower frequency of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele. Although there was no between group difference in Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) or CDR sumof-boxes scores, mini-mental state examination and constructional recall scores were higher for Aβ-AD than Aβ+AD. The final amyloid positivity prediction model included APOE4 genotype, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion:The findings from this study indicated that clinically diagnosed AD dementia may have high possibility of not being pathological AD if they have older age and higher vascular risks, and did not have APOE4 genotype. KEY WORDS:Alzheimer dementia ㆍ Beta amyloid ㆍ Apolipoprotein E ㆍ Hypertension ㆍ Diabetes mellitus. 본논문은미래창조과학부 / 한국연구재단연구비지원으로이루어졌다 (Grant No:NRF-2014M3C7A ). 접수일자 : 2016 년 8 월 16 일 / 심사완료 : 2016 년 8 월 26 일 / 게재확정일 : 2016 년 8 월 29 일 Address for correspondence Dong Young Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel : , Fax : , selfpsy@snu.ac.kr 68

2 So Yeon Jeon, et al:characteristics of AD According to Amyloid Level 69 서 론 대상및방법 전세계적으로알츠하이머병 (Alzheimer s disease, AD) 치매를앓고있는인구는약 3,500만명으로서, 전체치매원인의약 55~75% 를차지한다. 1) 국내에서도 AD가가장많은치매의원인을차지하고있으며, 대표적인역학연구들에서국내 65 세이상노인의 AD 치매유병률은 4.2~5.7% 로나타났다. 2) 현재사용중인임상진단기준에따라 AD 치매를진단한다는것은 AD로인한치매를진단함을뜻한다. 즉, 진단기준에따라구체적인기술내용은조금씩다르지만, 먼저 1) 복합적인지장애로서치매증후군에해당하여야하며, 2) 치매에해당할경우그원인이 AD에기인할가능성을시사하는임상적증거가있는경우, 임상적으로 AD 치매를진단하게된다. 3) AD는베타아밀로이드 (beta-amyloid, Aβ) 단백질로구성된아밀로이드판을핵심병리로한다. 4) 임상적으로 AD 치매로진단내려진환자중에서도 Aβ 단백질축적을보이지않아병리적으로 AD에해당하지않는경우가 2~32% 에이르는것으로알려져있다. 5)6) 사망전 AD 치매로진단받았으나, 사후뇌부검에서 AD가아니라혈관성치매, 루이체치매, 전측두엽치매, 해마경화증 (hippocampal sclerosis), 또는호은성입자질병 (argyrophilic grain disease) 등으로병리적진단된경우도약 14~30% 에이른다. 7-9) 이는임상적으로는 AD 치매를보이는노년환자중일부는 Aβ 단백질침착이아닌다른뇌병리에의해유사한임상양상이나타날수있음을시사한다. 최근바이오마커, 특히핵심병리인 Aβ 단백질축적을영상화할수있는양전자방출단층촬영술 (positron emission tomography, PET) 의개발로살아있는상태에서병리적수준의진단이가능해졌다. 그러나아직까지아밀로이드 PET상 A β 축적소견이거의없는 AD 치매 (Aβ-AD) 환자의비율, 그리고이들의인구학적, 임상적, 신경심리학적특징및위험요인에대한연구는매우제한적이며, 특히 Aβ-AD 군에서혈관성위험요인이기여하는바에대한연구는미미한실정이다. 고혈압, 당뇨병, 심혈관질환이나고콜레스테롤혈증, 비만등과같은혈관성위험요인 (vascular risk factors) 은혈관성치매뿐만아니라, AD 치매의위험도도증가시킨다는것이지속적으로알려지고있는데, 10-12) 이러한기여가 Aβ-AD에서더높을가능성이있다. 본연구에서는임상적으로 AD 치매로진단된환자들중 11 C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound B(PiB)-PET 영상검사상 Aβ 축적이높은군 (Aβ+AD) 과 Aβ 축적이없거나낮은군 (A β-ad) 간의인구학적변인, 임상양상, 신경심리학적특징, 아포지단백 E(apolipoprotein E, APOE) ε4 양성도및혈관성위험요인등을비교하고자한다. 아울러이러한특징들을고려하여 Aβ-AD 와 Aβ+AD 를구분할수있는예측모델을구축하고자한다. 연구대상본연구는 AD 발병예측및조기진단지표확립을위한한국인뇌노화연구 (Korean Brain Aging Study for the Early diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer s Disease, KBASE) 코호트참여자중 AD 치매환자를대상으로하였다. KBASE 는 AD의새로운바이오마커를찾고, 생애전주기에걸친 AD 의위험요인및보호인자들이 AD의병리기전및뇌에미치는영향을밝히고자인지적정상, 경도인지장애 (mild cognitive impairment, MCI), AD 치매를대상으로 2014 년부터진행되고있는다중뇌영상기반전향적코호트연구이다 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier : NCT ). KBASE에서는선별검사를통과한모든대상자에대해포괄적임상평가및신경심리검사, 뇌영상검사 (i.e., 뇌자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance image, MRI), 뇌자기공명혈관촬영 (magnetic resonance angiography), 11 C-PiB-PET, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, 그리고 APOE 유전형검사, 기타포괄적혈액검사가기저평가로시행되며, 임상평가는매년, 뇌영상검사는 2 년주기로추적시행된다. 본연구에는 KBASE 코호트대상자중 59명의 AD 치매환자가포함되었으며선정기준은다음과같다 : 1) 정신질환의진단및통계편람제4판 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) 기준상치매, 2) 미국국립노화연구소및알츠하이머협회 (National Institute of Aging-Alzheimer Association, NIA- AA) 진단기준에따른유력 AD 치매, 3) 전반적임상치매평가척도 (Clinical Dementia Rating, CDR) 가 0.5~1인경우이다. 제외기준은다음과같다 : 1) 정신상태에영향을줄수있는주요내과적, 신경과적, 정신과적질환이동반된경우, 2) 평가및검사에지장을줄정도의의사소통의장애가있는경우, 3) MRI 촬영의금기증에해당하는경우 (i.e., 심박조율기, 폐쇄공포증등 ), 4) 신뢰할수있는정보제공자가없거나문맹인경우. KBASE 연구는서울대학교병원의학연구윤리심의위원회의승인을받았으며, 모든대상자및대리인은연구목적과절차에대한설명을듣고서면동의후연구에참여하였다. 임상및신경심리평가모든대상자에대해 Korean version of Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer s Disease Assessment Packet(CERAD-K) 13) 임상평가집을포함하는표준화된 KBASE 프로토콜에근거하여정신건강의학과전문의가치매및인지기능변화와관련된포괄적임상평가를시행하였다. KBASE 임상평가프로토콜에는 CERAD 평가집의내용외에특성불안척도 (State Anxiety Inventory, STAI), 노인

3 70 Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2016;20(2):68-74 우울척도 (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS), 신경정신행동검사 (Neuropsychiatric Inventory), 치매선별용정보제공자보고형설문지 (Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia), 주관적기억저하호소설문지 (Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire, SMCQ) 등의정량적심리및정신병리평가도구가포함되어있다. 또한뇌졸중, 당뇨병, 고지질혈증, 고혈압, 일과성허혈발작, 관상동맥질환의 6가지혈관성위험요인의여부를평가하였고, 이들혈관성위험요인개수의합으로혈관성위험요인종합점수 (vascular risk factor score : 0~6점범위 ) 를산출하여분석에이용하였다. 14) 신경심리평가는 CERAD-K 신경심리평가집 15) 을포함하는표준화된 KBASE 신경심리평가프로토콜에근거하여훈련된심리전문가에의해이루어졌다. 본연구에서는 KBASE 신경심리평가자료중 CERAD-K 신경심리평가집에포함된 8 가지검사, 즉언어유창성검사, 15항목보스톤이름대기검사, 간이정신상태검사 (Mini-Mental State Examination in CERAD-K), 단어목록기억검사, 구성행동검사, 단어목록회상검사, 단어목록재인검사, 구성회상검사, 그리고스트룹검사자료가포함되었다. 아울러본연구에서는신경심리검사결과점수를연령, 성별, 교육수준에따른규준값으로보정한 Z값이분석에사용되었다. 뇌영상검사 11 C-PiB-PET 및 T1 강조 MRI 영상은 3.0T Biograph mmr scanner(siemens, Washington, DC, USA) 를이용하여동시에촬영되었다. 대상자들은먼저 555 MBq( MBq) 의 11 C-PiB 를정맥주사한후 40~70분사이의 PET 영상을획득하였다. 획득된영상을 Matlab 2014a(Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) 위에작동되도록고안된 Statistical Parametric Mapping 8(SPM8 ; spm/) 프로그램및 Individual Brain Atlases using Statistical Parametric Mapping(IBASPM ; ch/lester/ibaspm.htm) software를이용하여다음과같이처리하였다. 정적 PiB-PET 영상을각각의 T1 강조영상에정합한후, 개별 T1 강조영상을표준 Montreal Neurological Institute template 에공간정규화할때, 계산된변환변수를역으로이용하여개별 PiB-PET 영상에 automatic anatomic labelling 16) 116 atlas를적용하였다. 이후비회백질영역 (nongray matter) 을제외한대뇌회백질영역에한하여 T1 강조영상에정합된 PiB-PET 영상으로부터평균 11 C-PiB 섭취계수가산출되었으며, 참조영역으로소뇌회백질이사용되었다. 소뇌회백질영역의 11 C-PiB 섭취계수는 probabilistic cerebellar atlas(institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London ; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Royal Holloway) 를이용하여위와같은방식으로계산되었다. 선행 연구에기반하여전두엽, 외측두엽, 외두정엽, 그리고후측대상-쐐기앞소엽을관심영역 (region-of-interest, ROI) 으로설정하였고, 17) 참조영역인소뇌회백질대비각대뇌 ROI 내복셀별평균 11 C-PiB 표준화섭취계수비 (standard uptake value ratio, SUVR) 를구하였다. Aβ 축적양성은위 4개 ROI 중 1개이상의영역에서 SUVR >1.4 인경우로정의하였다. 17) 통계분석모든통계분석은 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS) version 22.0(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하여분석하였다. 먼저, 범주형변수는카이제곱, 연속형변수는독립표본 t-test를사용하여 Aβ+AD 군과 Aβ-AD 군간단변수변인분석을시행하였다. 이후, 11 C-PiB-PET 로측정된 Aβ 축적양성여부를종속변수로한계단식다중로지스틱회귀분석을실시하였다. 로지스틱회귀분석에서는 Aβ +AD, Aβ-AD 군간단변수분석에서유의한차이가있는변수들을모형에추가하고제거하면서회귀모형에대한우도비, 카이제곱검정을통한 p-value값이 0에가장가까운모델을최종로지스틱회귀모형으로선정하였다. 모든통계적유의수준은 p<0.05( 양측검정 ) 로하였다. 결과 인구및임상적특성모든연구대상자의인구학적및임상적정보는 Table 1에기술되어있다. 총 59명의연구대상자중, Aβ-AD 군에속하는대상자는 20.3%(n=12) 였다. Aβ+AD 군과비교했을때, Aβ -AD(77.8±6.3) 군의연령이 Aβ+AD(71.9±8.2) 보다유의하게높았으며, 발병연령또한 Aβ-AD(73.0±10.0) 가 Aβ+AD (67.6±6.4) 보다높았다. 교육연수의경우, Aβ-AD(5.9±4.6) 군이 Aβ+AD(10.2±5.4) 보다낮았다. APOE ε4 양성도는 Aβ -AD(8.3%) 에서 Aβ+AD(66.0%) 보다유의미하게낮았다. 전반적임상치매평가척도점수 (global CDR) 및임상치매평가척도 -영역합산점수 (CDR-sum of boxes, CDR-SOB) 는두군간에유의한차이가없었다. 또한, 각영역별 CDR 점수및 Blessed Dementia Scale for Functional Activities of Daily Living도두군간의차이가나타나지않았다. GDS, STAI로측정된우울및불안척도점수, SMCQ도두군간차이가없었다. 신경심리학적특성신경심리검사점수를비교한결과, 언어유창성검사, 수정판한국형보스톤이름대기검사, 단어목록회상검사, 단어목록재인검사, 구성행동검사, 스트룹검사 : 색깔-단어는 Aβ +AD와 Aβ-AD 의두군간차이를보이지않았으나, 간이정

4 So Yeon Jeon, et al:characteristics of AD According to Amyloid Level 71 신상태검사및구성회상검사점수는 Aβ-AD 군의평균 Z- score가 Aβ+AD 보다높았다 (Table 1). 혈관성위험요인각군의혈관성위험요인에대해서는 Table 2에기술하였다. 혈관성위험인자종합점수는Aβ-AD(1.58±1.00) 이 Aβ +AD(0.72±0.90) 보다높았으며, 각항목별로는고혈압, 당뇨병동반비율이 Aβ-AD(66.7%, 41.7%) 에서 Aβ+AD(31.9%, 6.4%) 보다더높았다. Aβ+AD vs. Aβ-AD 예측모델 AD 치매로임상진단된환자에서의 11 C-PiB-PET 상 Aβ 축적양성여부를예측하는모델을만들고자, 단변인분석에서 Aβ+AD 와 Aβ-AD 군간에차이를보였던변수인연령, 교육연수, APOE ε4 양성, 고혈압및당뇨병여부, 간이정신상태검사와구성회상점수를이용하여로지스틱회귀분석을시행하였다. 그결과, Aβ 축적양성도를예측하는모델에최종적으로포함된변수는 APOE ε4 양성여부, 고혈압및당뇨병이었으며, 오즈비 (odds ratio) 는각각 , 0.114, 0.131이었다 (Table 3). 즉, APOE ε4 양성이라면 Aβ 축적양성일확률이현저히높아지고, 반대로고혈압이나당뇨병이있다면 Aβ 축적양성일확률이낮아지는것으로나타났다. Table 1. Demographic, clinical and neuropsychological characteristics Aβ-AD (n=12) Aβ+AD (n=47) χ 2 or T (df) p-value Demographic and clinical characteristics Age,years 77.8± ±8.2 T(57)=2.33 <0.023* Sex (F/M) (F%) 9/3 (75.0) 32/15 (68.1) χ²(1)=0.216 <0.642* Education, years 5.9± ±5.4 T(57)=-2.30 <0.025* Duration of illness, years 5.3± ±2.2 T(57)=-0.22 <0.828* Age of onset, years 73.0± ±6.4 T(57)=2.25 <0.029* APOE ε4 carrier status, n (%) 1 (8.3) 31 (66.0) χ 2 (1)= <0.001* CDR domain Memory 1.00± ±0.36 T(57)= <0.314* Orientation 0.83± ±0.44 T(57)= <0.086* Judgement 0.92± ±0.24 T(57)=1.160 <0.204* Community affairs 0.88± ±0.25 T(57)= <0.440* Home and hobbies 0.75± ±0.27 T(57)= <0.952* Personal care 0.25± ±0.47 T(57)= <0.649* Global CDR 0.83± ±0.24 T(57)=2.33 <0.965* CDR-SOB 5.0± ±1.3 T(57)=0.08 <0.939* BDS-ADL 3.80± ±1.14 T(57)=0.106 <0.916* GDS 6.9± ±5.1 T(57)=-0.74 <0.460* STAI 77.5± ±21.3 T(57)=-0.77 <0.446* NPI 6.3± ±7.8 T(57)=0.079 <0.938* SIRQD 13.4± ±6.4 T(57)= <0.133* SMCQ 6.5± ±2.7 T(57)=0.789 <0.428* Global cortical PiB retention 1.13± ±0.37 T(57)=-8.60 <0.001* Neuropsychological tests (z-score) MMSE-KC -2.34± ±1.34 T(57)=2.86 <0.007* Semantic fluency -1.33± ±1.00 T(57)= <0.419* Boston naming -0.24± ±1.11 T(57)=0.66 <0.514* Word list memory -1.08± ±1.07 T(57)=1.425 <0.160* Word list recall -2.08± ±0.80 T(57)=0.816 <0.418* Word list recognition -2.36± ±1.63 T(57)=0.876 <0.385* Constructional praxis -0.06± ±1.98 T(57)=1.196 <0.237* Constructional recall -1.43± ±0.61 T(57)=2.17 <0.034* Stroop_color/word -0.83± ±1.20 T(57)=1.03 <0.307* Data for continuous variables presented as means±sd. Categorical variables are presented as n (%) and analyzed through χ² test with degrees of freedom presented with the χ² values in the table. * : p<0.05. Aβ+AD : PiB-positive Alzheimer s dementia, Aβ-AD : PiB-negative Alzheimer s dementia, APOE : apolipoprotein E, CDR : Clinical Dementia Rating, CDR-SOB : CDR-sum of box, BDS-ADL : Blessed Dementia Scale for Functional Activities of Daily Living, GDS : Geriatric Depression Scale, STAI : Stait Trait Anxiety Inventory, NPI : Neuropsychiatric Inventory, SIRQD : Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia, SMCQ : Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire, MMSE-KC : Mini-Mental Status Examination in CERAD-K, SD : standard deviation, PiB : Pittsburgh compound B, CERAD-K : Korean version of Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer s Disease Assessment Packet

5 72 Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2016;20(2):68-74 Table 2. Vascular risk factor Aβ-AD (n=12) Aβ+AD (n=47) χ² or T (df) p-value Vascular risk factor Hypertension, n (%) 8 (66.7) 15 (31.9) χ²(1)= * DM, n (%) 5 (41.7) 3 (6.4) χ²(1)= * CAD, n (%) 1 (8.3)0 3 (6.4) χ²(1)= * Hyperlipidemia, n (%) 5 (41.7) 13 (27.7) χ²(1)= * Stroke, n (%) 0 0 TIA, n (%) 0 0 VRS 01.58± ±0.90 T(57)= * SBP (mm Hg) 124.2± ±17.50 T(57)= * DBP (mm Hg) 72.5± ±10.6 T(57)= * BMI (Kg/m 2 ) 21.2± ±3.70 T(57)= * Data are shown as mean (SD) or n (%). * : p<0.05. Aβ-AD : PiB-negative Alzheimer s dementia, Aβ+AD : PiB-positive Alzheimer s dementia, DM : diabetes mellitus, CAD : coronary artery disease, TIA : transient ischemic attack, VRS : vascular risk factor score, SBP : systolic blood pressure, DBP : diastolic blood pressure, BMI : body mass index, SD : standard deviation, PiB : Pittsburgh Compound B Table 3. Logistic regression model for 11 C-PiB-PET-positivity in PRD Variables Regression coefficient Standard error Odds ratio 95% confidence interval p-value Intercept Apolipoprotein E Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Chi-square=25.563, df=3, p< PRD : probable Alzheimer s disease dementia, PiB : Pittsburgh Compound B, PET : positron emission tomography 고찰 본연구에서는임상적으로 AD 치매로진단된환자에서 11 C-PiB-PET 를이용하여뇌 Aβ 축적정도에따라 Aβ+AD 와 Aβ-AD 군을나누었고, 두군간임상, 신경심리학적특성및치매위험요인의차이를비교하였다. 연구결과임상적으로진단된 AD 치매환자중 Aβ 축적이매우낮은사람은상대적으로연령이높고교육수준이낮으며, 위험요인측면에서고혈압이나당뇨병등의혈관성위험요인이많은반면, AD 치매의위험요인으로잘알려져있는 APOE ε4의빈도는낮았다. 본 AD 치매로진단된환자는총 59명이었으며, 이중 Aβ -AD는 12명 (20.3%) 이었다. 이는국외선행연구에서보고된 Aβ-AD 비율과비슷한수준이었다. 18) Aβ+AD 군에비하여 A β-ad 군은유병기간에서는차이를보이지않았음에도불구하고연구당시의연령및발병연령이모두높았다. 최근발표된치매환자대상아밀로이드 PET 메타분석연구에서도나이가증가할수록 Aβ 축적양성률이감소하는것으로나타났다. 19) 사후병리소견에기반한이전연구들에서도 AD 치매환자의연령이증가할수록 AD 특이적인병리와 AD 치매의연관성이떨어지는것으로보고된바있다 ) 본연구결과는이러한선행연구결과와일치하는소견으로노인에서보다고령으로갈수록 AD 치매의임상증상을나타내는데에아밀로이드병리이외의다른기전이작용할가능성을높아짐 을시사한다. 21) 노화가진행됨에따라 Aβ 축적과독립적으로신경원섬유매듭이쌓이는병리기전을원발성연령관련타우병증 (primary age-related tauopathy, PART) 이라고하는데, 8) Aβ-AD 군의연령이상대적으로높다는결과는연령증가에따라 PART의비율이높아지는것과관련된가능성이있다. Aβ-AD 와 Aβ+AD, 두군간에 CDR이나 CDR-SOB 점수등임상적으로평가한치매의심각도가유사하였다. 유병기간에서군간차이가없었다는점을고려할때, Aβ 축적여부에따른전반적인질병진행속도에서는큰차이가없음을의미한다. 그러나간이정신상태검사와구성회상검사점수에서 Aβ-AD 군의표준점수가 Aβ+AD 군보다다소높았다. 이러한결과로볼때 Aβ 축적여부에따라손상되는인지기능영역이나정도에서차이가있을가능성을배제하기어렵다. 본연구의대상자수, 특히 Aβ-AD 군의수가제한적이라는점을고려할때추후보다많은수의환자를대상으로한연구를통한확인이필요하다. 최근발표된메타연구에서도아밀로이드 PET 또는뇌척수액검사상 Aβ 축적양성시사소견을보이는 Aβ+AD 치매군에서 Aβ-AD군보다낮은간이정신상태검사를보이는것으로나타났다. 19) Aβ-AD 군에서혈관성위험요인이많았으며, 그중고혈압및당뇨병유병률이유의미하게 Aβ+AD보다높았다. 또한 11 C-PiB-PET 상 Aβ 축적양성여부를예측하는모델에서도

6 So Yeon Jeon, et al:characteristics of AD According to Amyloid Level 73 고혈압이나당뇨병이있는경우 Aβ 양성확률을낮추는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는이전에시행된사후뇌부검연구결과와일치하는것으로생전에고혈압이나당뇨병을앓았던 AD 치매환자의경우뇌병리상 AD 특이병리가상대적으로적은것으로보고된바있다. 23)24) 이러한결과들을함께고려할때, 고혈압이나당뇨병등의혈관성위험요인의존재는치매발병역치를낮춤으로써 AD 특이병리가낮은상태에서도알츠하이머형치매증상이나타날가능성을시사한다. 다만본연구에포함된 AD 치매환자들은모두 NIA-AA 기준에따른유력 AD 치매에해당하는사람들이며, MRI상명백한혈관성뇌병변이존재하는경우는제외된다. 그러므로 Aβ -AD라고해도혈관성치매또는혈관성인지장애로진달될수있는환자는아니며, 혈관성위험요인의존재가바로혈관성뇌병변의존재를의미하는것은아닌것으로보인다. 한편 Aβ-AD 군의교육수준이 Aβ+AD 에비해낮았는데이는교육수준이낮은사람에서상대적으로건강관리수준이낮아, 상대적으로고혈압이나당뇨병이환비율이높다는것과관련되는것으로보인다. 25) Aβ+AD군에서 APOE ε4양성비율이높았는데, 이는 APOE ε4가 AD 치매의위험요인이라는잘알려진사실에상응하는결과로보인다. Landau 등 26) 이시행한 AD 치매및 MCI군을대상으로한연구에서도 Aβ 축척음성군에비해양성군에서 APOE ε4 양성의비율이높아본연구결과와일치하였다. 본연구에서는 AD 치매로임상진단된환자에서의 11 C- PiB PET상 Aβ 축적양성여부를예측하는모델을로지스틱회귀분석을통해구축하였다. 단계적분석을통해모델에포함되는변수를선택하였을때, 단변인분석상 Aβ+AD 와 Aβ -AD군간에유의한차이를보였던여러변수들중 APOE ε4 양성여부, 고혈압이나당뇨병여부만최종모델에포함되었다. 이러한모델은임상상황에서아밀로이드 PET가가능하지않은상황에서 Aβ 축적정도를예상하는데유용하게사용될수있을것이다. 본연구는비교적적은수의한국인을대상으로시행되어일반화에있어제한점이있으며, 보다큰규모의알츠하이머병치매환자를대상으로한추가연구를통해결과를재확인하는것이필요하다. 그럼에도불구하고, Aβ-AD 군에서고혈압의빈도가더높은것은백인을대상으로외국에서시행된인지기능장애환자대상연구결과와유사한것으로 26) 본연구결과가한국인의특성에만기인하는것으로간주하기는어렵다. 결론적으로본연구에서확인된결과들은임상적으로진단된유력 AD 치매환자라고하더라도연령이상대적으로높고 APOE ε4 유전자가없으면서고혈압이나당뇨병이공존하는사람의경우실제뇌병리상으로는 AD가아닐가능성 이상대적으로높다는것을시사한다. 중심단어 : 알츠하이머형치매 베타아밀로이드 아포지단백 E 고혈압 당뇨. REFERENCES 1) Alzheimer s Association Alzheimer s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2013;9: ) Lee DY, Lee JH, Ju YS, Lee KU, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, et al. The prevalence of dementia in older people in an urban population of Korea: the Seoul study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50: ) Lee DY, Sohn BK. New diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer s disease: NIA-AA diagnostic guidelines. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 16: ) Hyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Carrillo MC, et al. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2012;8: ) Doraiswamy PM, Sperling RA, Coleman RE, Johnson KA, Reiman EM, Davis MD, et al. Amyloid-β assessed by florbetapir F 18 PET and 18-month cognitive decline: a multicenter study. Neurology 2012;79: ) Russmann H, Vingerhoets F, Ghika J, Maeder P, Bogousslavsky J. Acute infarction limited to the lenticular nucleus: clinical, etiologic, and topographic features. Arch Neurol 2003;60: ) Serrano-Pozo A, Qian J, Monsell SE, Blacker D, Gómez-Isla T, Betensky RA, et al. Mild to moderate Alzheimer dementia with insufficient neuropathological changes. Ann Neurol 2014;75: ) Crary JF, Trojanowski JQ, Schneider JA, Abisambra JF, Abner EL, Alafuzoff I, et al. Primary age-related tauopathy (PART): a common pathology associated with human aging. Acta Neuropathol 2014;128: ) Monsell SE, Kukull WA, Roher AE, Maarouf CL, Serrano G, Beach TG, et al. Characterizing apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers and noncarriers with the clinical diagnosis of mild to moderate alzheimer dementia and minimal β-amyloid peptide plaques. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: ) de la Torre JC. Is Alzheimer s disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma, and dialectics. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: ) Povova J, Ambroz P, Bar M, Pavukova V, Sery O, Tomaskova H, et al. Epidemiological of and risk factors for Alzheimer s disease: a review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012;156: ) Yarchoan M, Xie SX, Kling MA, Toledo JB, Wolk DA, Lee EB, et al. Cerebrovascular atherosclerosis correlates with Alzheimer pathology in neurodegenerative dementias. Brain 2012;135(Pt 12): ) Lee JH, Lee KU, Lee DY, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Kim JH, et al. Development of the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer s Disease Assessment Packet (CERAD-K): clinical and neuropsychological assessment batteries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2002;57:P ) DeCarli C, Mungas D, Harvey D, Reed B, Weiner M, Chui H, et al. Memory impairment, but not cerebrovascular disease, predicts progression of MCI to dementia. Neurology 2004;63: ) Lee DY, Lee KU, Lee JH, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Kim SY, et al. A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004;10: ) Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, et al. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 2002;15: ) Reiman EM, Chen K, Liu X, Bandy D, Yu M, Lee W, et al. Fibrillar amyloid-beta burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimer s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: ) Chételat G, Ossenkoppele R, Villemagne VL, Perrotin A, Landeau B, Mézenge F, et al. Atrophy, hypometabolism and clinical trajectories in patients with amyloid-negative Alzheimer's disease. Brain

7 74 Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2016;20(2): ;139(Pt 9): ) Ossenkoppele R, Jansen WJ, Rabinovici GD, Knol DL, van der Flier WM, van Berckel BN, et al. Prevalence of amyloid PET positivity in dementia syndromes: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2015;313: ) Haroutunian V, Schnaider-Beeri M, Schmeidler J, Wysocki M, Purohit DP, Perl DP, et al. Role of the neuropathology of Alzheimer disease in dementia in the oldest-old. Arch Neurol 2008;65: ) Savva GM, Wharton SB, Ince PG, Forster G, Matthews FE, Brayne C; Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Age, neuropathology, and dementia. N Engl J Med 2009;360: ) Prohovnik I, Perl DP, Davis KL, Libow L, Lesser G, Haroutunian V. Dissociation of neuropathology from severity of dementia in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006;66: ) Schneider JA. High blood pressure and microinfarcts: a link between vascular risk factors, dementia, and clinical Alzheimer s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57: ) Heitner J, Dickson D. Diabetics do not have increased Alzheimertype pathology compared with age-matched control subjects. A retrospective postmortem immunocytochemical and histofluorescent study. Neurology 1997;49: ) White L, Katzman R, Losonczy K, Salive M, Wallace R, Berkman L, et al. Association of education with incidence of cognitive impairment in three established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47: ) Landau SM, Horng A, Fero A, Jagust WJ; Alzheimer s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Amyloid negativity in patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease and MCI. Neurology 2016;86:

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