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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 8 pp , ISSN / eissn 이용민 1* 1 선문대학교정보디스플레이학과 Wavelength Selective Switch using LCoS Display Yong-Min Lee 1* 1 Division of Information Display, Sunmoon University 요약본논문은차세대 ROADM 을구성하는핵심기술인파장선택스위치에서기존에사용되는 MEMS 소자기술대신에 LCOS 디스플레이기술을적용한파장선택스위치의특성을고찰한논문이다. LCOS 소자를이용한 5개의포트를갖는파장선택스위치시스템을구성하고응답특성과빔제어특성, insertion loss와 channel isolation등파장선택스위치로서의기본적인특성들을검토하였다. 본파장선택스위치의응답특성은 11.6 ms 로양호하며 LCOS 상에서의 grating 이미지패턴에따른입사빔의편향특성이잘구현되었다. C밴드내의 40개채널에대한 Insertion loss 측정에서채널에따라 db 사이의값이측정되었으며인접채널간의 channel isolation 측정은 db 값이측정되었다. 기존의 MEMS소자를이용한파장선택스위치상용화된제품에비해특성은아직다소부족하지만향후보완연구에의해 LCOS 소자를이용한파장선택스위치시스템의기술경쟁력이충분히확보될것으로기대한다. Abstract This paper presents the characterization of the wavelength selective switch using a LCOS display instead of a MEMS device, which is a core technology for the next generation ROADM. We constructed a five-port WSS, and examined the basic characteristics of the WSS, such as the response time, beam steering, insertion loss, and channel isolation. The response time of WSS was 11.6 ms and the beam steering characteristics of LCOS was well performed. The measured insertion loss at 40 channels in the c-band were db and channel isolation was db. Although the characteristics of LCOS-based WSS are inferior to the conventional MEMS-based WSS, it can be improved by additional experiments that secure the technology competitiveness. Key Words : LCOS, Optical Communication System, ROADM, WDM, Wavelength Selective Switch 1. 서론대량의정보를다중파장신호로하나의광섬유를통해전달하는 wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) [1] 전달망에서대부분의신호는서로다른목적지를갖고전달되며이때각노드에서필요한신호를추출 (Drop) 하거나생성된신호를삽입 (Add) 하는기능을수행하는기능이필요한데이런역할을해주는장치를 Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM) 라고한다. 기존의전달망에서는특정노드에서추출 / 삽입될신호에특정파장을할당하는 Fixed OADM(FOADM) 고정형방식임이므 로특정노드에서트래픽증감에따라할당파장을증가또는감소시켜야할경우노드에필요한하드웨어를직접설치하고조정해야하므로트래픽양의변화가급격한상황에서망을효율적으로운용하는것이불가능하다. 따라서새로운방식인 Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM) [2] 에서는원격으로추가파장의추출 / 삽입할수도있고기존채널의수정도할수있는장점을갖추게되었다. 또한차세대 ROADM 은전송신호의 colorless 추출 / 삽입을가능하게할뿐만아니라, 링과링의연결또는메쉬구조의네트워크등자유도 3 이상인노드에서도활용이가능한가장진보된유연성과효율성 본논문은 2014년도선문대학교교내학술연구비지원에의하여이루워졌음. * Corresponding Author : Yong-Min Lee(Sunmoon Univ.) Tel: ymlee@sunmoon.ac.kr Received July 14, 2014 Revised August 6, 2014 Accepted August 7,
2 을가지고있어차세대 ROADM 시스템을이용한망구축이본격적으로이루어질것으로예측된다. 이러한차세대 ROADM 에서핵심이되는노드스위칭기술로 Wavelength Blocker (WB), Small Switch Array (SSA), Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS), Optical Cross-Conect (OXC) 등의기술이존재하는데그중에파장선택스위치 (Wavelength Selective Switch) 기술은일반적으로하나의입력포트와 N개의출력포트를갖는소자로여러파장으로구성된입력신호에서파장선택스위치의상태에따라특정파장의신호를임의의출력포트로전달할수있는장점을갖는소자이다. 이파장선택스위치를구성하는핵심소자로서 Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) 소자 [3,4] 를이용한파장선택스위치는이미개발이완료되어시장을선점하고있으며최근에 LCOS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon) 소자 [5-7] 를이용한파장선택스위치기술이포트확장성이뛰어나고부품얼라인먼트와견고성등에서유리한장점이있는데아직실용화가미흡한단계여서본연구의주제로삼고자한다. 본논문에서는 LCOS 소자를이용한파장선택스위치시스템을구성하고응답특성과빔제어특성, insertion loss와 channel isolation등파장선택스위치로서의기본적인특성들을검토한다. 포트로나가도록구성하였다. LCOS 소자는통상적인 CMOS 반도체제조공정을이용하여이차원적으로배열된화소회로와데이터드라이버, 게이트드라이버등구동장치를집적한실리콘웨이퍼기판과투명기판사이에액정을주입하여제작된초소형디스플레이소자이다. 액정층의양단에인가되는전압에따라액정층의위상상태가변하는특성을이용하여입사되는광신호가닿는 LCOS 디스플레이영역에표시된특정이미지패턴에따라임의의각도로입사광을편향시켜반사시키는역할을하게된다. 일반적으로입력되는광신호의구경이단일픽셀의크기보다커서다수의픽셀를통해광신호가반사된다. 본연구에사용한사용한 LCOS 모듈은 1920 x 1080개의화소를갖고있으며화소의피치는 8.4um이다. LCOS의 column line 이 1920개임으로 40개채널을담당하여스위칭할경우한채널당 48개의 column 이한개의채널을담당할수있어 fiber에서나오는입력신호를 collimation lens를통하여평행광을만들었을때 350 um 이상의빔크기를지원할수있도록하였다. 2. 시스템구성및특성평가 2.1 파장선택스위치 (WSS) 시스템구성본연구의대상인파장선택스위치시스템을 Fig. 1과같이구성하였다. 입력부는 5포트를갖는 fiber collimator array, LCOS 모듈에서의회절을위한편광처리부, 다중파장으로분리를위한 grating lens부, 각파장의빔을제어하는 LCOS모듈로구성된다. Input 으로 LD광원이 fiber collimator array의하나의포트로입사되고 YVO 4 결정과 Half Wave Plate (HWP) 를통해서안정적인단일편광이입사되도록한다. 입사된빛은프리즘과 grating lens에서다중파장으로분리되고 collimation lens를거쳐 LCOS 모듈에서표시되는이미지패턴에따라 LCOS모듈에입사되는각각의파장은각각다른각도로반사된다. 반사된빛은다시입력쪽포트로모아져서 fiber colimator array에서원하는출력 [Fig. 1] WSS system configuration 2.2 파장선택스위치시스템의응답특성파장선택스위치시스템의특성을검증하기위하여 Fig. 2와같이응답특성측정장치를구성하였다. LCOS 모듈에특정포트로나가도록하는이미지패턴을인가하고임의의입력광신호를인가하여출력포트에설치된광검출기의신호특성을오실로스코프로측정하도록구성하였다. 이측정장치에서 LCOS의모든 array에서일정한 phase를갖도록초기조건을설정하고입력된광신호가출력포트에서광신호가검출될때까지의시간을측정하여 response time을측정하였다. Fig. 3은파장선택스위치시스템의응답특성을오실로 5289
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 8 호, 2014 스코프로측정한파형을나타낸다. 응답속도가 11.6mS로측정되었는데신호의전달지연시간과액정의반응시간이합쳐져서나타난응답특성이다. 당초 10mS정도의응답특성을기대하였고이에근접한특성을나타내어향후액정의응답특성이좀더빠른 LCOS 모듈을사용시충분히 10mS 이내로달성할것으로사료된다. 위치한스크린에결상된다. 컴퓨터에서생성된 phase grating pattern을 LCOS 구동회로를통하여 LCOS panel 에 phase grating 이형성되면 phase grating 의주기에따라서입사된광신호가선택적으로 steering 되어반사된다. (a) (a) (b) [Fig. 2] Response time measurement of WSS (a)block diagram (b)measurement setup (b) [Fig. 4] WSS beam control test (a)block diagram of the test setup (b)steering beams on the screen [Fig. 3] Response time measurement of WSS 2.3 파장선택스위치시스템의빔제어특성파장선택스위치시스템의빔제어특성을테스트하기위하여 Fig. 4(a) 와같이광원이 LCOS panel 에입사되는각도를 17.5 로고정하고, 파장선택스위치의동작을가시화하기위하여적색레이저 (632.8 nm) 를광원으로사용하였다. LCOS panel상의 phase grating 에의해 steering되어반사되는광신호는테스트셋업의후방에 Fig. 4(b) 에나타낸바와같이입사된광신호가 LCOS panel상에만들어지는 phase grating pattern에따라다른각도로 steering되어반사되는결과를나타내었다. 테스트스크린에결상된광신호는 phase grating 에의해 steering된것으로여러개의 steering 된광이측정되며다수의 steering 광은최소회절각의배수로나타난다. Fig. 4(b) 에서보면 grating period 가 42 um 일때첫번째광은중앙의 express광을기준으로 2.2 cm 떨어진위치에나타났고, 두번째세번째광의위치는각각 2.2 cm 의두배수, 세배수에해당하는위치에결상하였다. LCOS panel과테스트스크린사이의거리는 cm 인것을고려하면 LCOS에인가된이미지패턴상의 grating period가 42 um 일때 steering 되는각도가 0.92 이고, grating period 가 um 일때 steering 각이
4 임을알수있다. Fig. 4(a) 에 4개의 phase grating pattern 에대한각각의 steering 광의결상위치를도식하였고그에따른 steering 각도를도표형태로표시하였다. 이와같이입사된광신호가 LCOS 상의 phase grating 의 period 에따라다른각도로 steering 되었음을알수있다. 이상의실험결과를바탕으로광통신에사용되는 C-band 의적외선광원을가지고 LCOS상의 phase grating pattern에따른광신호의 steering각을파악하여시스템설계에적용하였다. 2.4 파장선택스위치시스템의스위칭특성파장분할다중화광전송시스템에서사용되는파장대는주로 C밴드 (1528~1560nm) 로 ITU표준채널의 21번채널인 nm부터 60번채널인 nm까지 40개의파장 ( 또는채널이라함 ) 을대상으로 Insertion loss와 isolation test를실시하였다. (a) 측정시스템구성은 Fig. 5에나타낸바와같이전파장대가나오는 Broadband Light Source(BLS) 를입력소스로사용하고임의의파장대를어느포트로보낼지를 LCOS모듈이내장된파장선택스위치시스템에서전자적으로제어한다. 그리고 Optical Spectrum Analyzer(OSA) 를이용하여임의의채널에서스펙트럼을확인할수있도록하였다. Insertion loss 측정은 Fig. 5의측정장치에서파장선택스위치시스템에입력되는 40 channel의광신호가전부 express port와 1 4 번 port 중하나의포트로스위칭되어출력되도록스위칭조건을설정한뒤입력되는광의강도와 Express 포트및 1 4 번 port로출력되는광의강도를측정하여 Insertion Loss를계산한다. 즉 Express 포트를포함하여총 5개의출력포트에서측정된광의강도를입력광의강도와비교하여가장낮은광의강도를가지는포트의 insertion loss를본파장선택스위치시스템의 insertion loss로한다. Fig. 6의 Insertion loss 측정결과를보면채널에따라 db 사이의값을갖는결과치를얻었는데기존의상용화제품의경우 6 db 정도의규격치에비하면좀더개선이필요한항목이다. Insertion loss값이미흡한원인으로부품간의일부 misalignment 가영향을줄수있으며향후부품간의 alignment 를좀더개선하고 LCOS 모듈의향상된 anti-reflection 코팅처리, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) 등을도입하여 Insertion loss값을좀더개선하는실험이가능할것이다. (db) Insertion Loss Wavelength(nm) [Fig. 6] Measurement of insertion loss (b) [Fig. 5] Insertion loss and isolation measurement setup (a)block diagram of the test setup (b)actual measurement setup Channel isolation 항목은통상적으로인접된채널에서 crosstalk 이많이일어나므로임의의채널로광이출력될때출력되지않아야할인접채널에서의광의강도를측정하여 channel isolation 특성을파악한다. Fig. 5의 5291
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 8 호, 2014 측정장치에서파장선택스위치에서채널 1, 3, 5, 7로광이출력되도록조건을설정하고채널 2, 4, 6, 8에서광신호를측정한다. 반대로파장선택스위치에서채널 2, 4, 6, 8 로출력되도록조건을설정하고채널 1, 3, 5, 7에서광신호를측정을반복한다. 5개의출력포트에서측정된결과를 Table 1에나타내었다. 측정된결과가 db 로파장선택스위치상용화제품의통상적인 channel isolation기준치인 25 db 보다는아직낮은수준이지만충분히실용화가능성이있는 channel isolation특성을확인하였다. [Table 1] Measurement of channel isolation port number odd channel (db) even channel (db) port port port port port 실험결과고찰 본파장선택스위치시스템의응답속도는 11.6 ms 로측정되었는데시스템상의신호전달지연시간과액정의응답시간이합쳐진결과이다. 시스템상의신호전달지연시간을개선하기보다는액정의응답속도가빠른액정물질을채용한 LCoS모듈을입수하여실험을진행한다면좀더빠른시스템의응답속도를기대할수있다. 또한본파장선택스위치시스템의빔제어특성의 steering각실험결과는적색레이저광 (632.8 nm) 입력을사용하여얻은결과이며실제광통신에서사용하는 C-band 파장의광원사용시는 steering 회절각도가본실험의결과치와약간달라진다는사실을인지하고시스템설계를하여야한다. 3. 결론 본연구에서는 LCOS 모듈기술을응용한파장선택스위치시스템을구성하고응답특성과빔제어특성, insertion loss와 channel isolation 특성등을검토하였다. 현재의 MEMS소자를이용한파장선택스위치상용화된제품에비해특성은아직부족하지만 LCOS 모듈을이용한파장선택스위치시스템의실용화가능성을충분히보 였다. 향후추가적인연구를통해부품간의 alignment 개선, LCOS 모듈의향상된 anti-reflection 코팅처리, EDFA 도입실험등을통해성능향상이되면파장선택스위치기술로경쟁력을충분히확보할것으로기대한다. References [1] S. Sugimoto, K. Minemura, and K. Kobayashi, "High-speed digital-signal transmission experiments by optical wavelength-division multiplexing," Electronics Letters, vol.13, no.22, pp , 1977 DOI: [2] M. Feuer, D. Kilper, and S. Woodward, "ROADMs and their system applications " in Optical Fibre Telecommunications VB, (I. Kaminov, T. Li., A. Willner eds), pp , San Diego, Academic Press, 2008 [3] M. C. Wu, O. Solgaard, and J. E. Ford, "Optical MEMS for lightwave communication," "J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, pp , 2006 DOI: [4] D.M. Marom, D.T. Neilson, D.S. Greywall, C.-S. Pai, N.R. Basavanhally, V.A. Aksuyuk, D.O. Lopez, F. Pardo, M.E. Simon, Y. Low, P. Kolodner, C.A. Bolle, "Wavelength-selective 1 K switches using free-space optics and MEMS micromirrors: theory, design, and implementation," J. Lightw. Technol. 23 pp , (April) 2005 DOI: [5] N. Collings, T. Davey, J. Christmas, D. Chu, and B. Crossland, "The applications and technology of phase-only liquid crystal on silicon devices," J. Display Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, pp , 2011 DOI: [6] O. Gerstel, M. Jinno, A. Lord, and S. J. Ben Yoo, "Elastic optical networking: A new dawn for the optical layer," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 50, pp. S12-S20, 2012 DOI: [7] M. Johansson, S. Hard, B. Robertson, I. Manolis, T. Wilkinson, and W. Crossland, "Adaptive beam steering implemented in a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial-light-modulator free-space, fiber-optic switch," Appl. Opt., vol. 41, no. 23, pp , 2002 DOI:
6 이용민 (Yong-Min Lee) [ 정회원 ] 1986 년 2 월 : 인하대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2005 년 1 월 : Univ. of Edinburgh 전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1985 년 12 월 ~ 2007 년 2 월 : 삼성 SDI 수석연구원 2008 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 선문대학교정보디스플레이학과부교수 < 관심분야 > 디스플레이, 광통신소자, 터치패널구동기술 5293
歯4.PDF
21 WDM * OADM MUX/DEMUX EDFA Er + Doped Fiber Isolator Isolator GFF WDM Coupler 1.48 um LD 1.48 um LD Transmitter Receiver MUX EDFA OADM DEMUX Switch Fiber Optics Micro Optics Waveguide Optics Isolator,
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