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1 J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2017; 12(4): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 스트레칭기법에따른뒤넙다리근의유연성, 근력, 압통역치, 근긴장도에미치는효과비교 박훈영 이명모 1 대전대학교물리치료학과보건의료대학원, 1 대전대학교물리치료학과 A Comparison of The Effect of Stretching Technique on Hamstring Muscle for Flexibility, Strength, Pressure Pain Threshold Value and Muscle Tone Hoon-Young Park, PT Myung-Mo Lee, PT, PhD 1 Dept. of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health and Medicine, Daejeon University 1 Dept. of Physical Therapy, Daejeon University Received: May 8, 2017 / Revised: May 16, 2017 / Accepted: June 27, 2017 c 2017 J Korean Soc Phys Med Abstract 1) PURPOSE: The effectiveness of the stretching to increase the range of motion of the joint, reduce the risk of injury, enhance athletic performance or decrease post exercise muscle soreness. This study was to compare the effect of the stretching method applied on the shortened hamstring muscle for flexibility, strength, pressure pain threshold value and muscle tone. METHODS: This study is a two-group pretest- posttest design. Fifty-four healthy young adults were randomly assigned to a vibration-assisted stretching group (VASG, n=27) or a static stretching group (SSG, n=27). Participants performed each stretch in 4 sets of 30 seconds each. A 30-second break time was provided between the sets. The range of motion, strength, pressure pain threshold values and muscle tone of the hamstring muscle were measured to compare the effects of the stretching methods. RESULTS: Both the VASG and the SSG participants showed significant improvement in the range of motion and strength (p<.05); however, the increase in the VASG was significantly higher than that in the SSG (p<.05). The pressure pain threshold values and muscle tone were significantly decreased only in the VASG (p<.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that vibrationsupported stretching is an effective intervention for people with hamstring shortening, with high pain level and muscle tone decrease. Corresponding Author : mmlee@dju.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Key Words: Muscle stretching exercise, Muscle tonus, Musculoskeletal pain, Vibration
2 40 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 4 Ⅰ. 서론생활환경의변화, 신체활동의감소및비가동성, 노화등으로인한근육의탄성성분및근섬유의감소는근육의신장성에문제를야기한다 (Faulkner 등, 2007). 의자에앉아서보내는시간이많은일상생활을차지하는현대인에게뒤넙다리근 (hamstring) 의짧아짐 (shortening) 은유연성을감소시키고허리통증이나나쁜자세, 보행이상등의기능장애를초래하게된다 (Kisner와 Colby, 2012). 뒤넙다리근의짧아짐과근육의강한뻣뻣함 (Stiffness) 은허리앞굽음 (lumbar lordosis) 을감소시키고유연성 (flexibility), 엉덩관절굽힘 (hip joint flexion), 엉치엉덩관절 (sacroiliac joint) 의기능부전과동반되어허리통증을유발하기도한다 (Johnson과 Thomas, 2010). 따라서짧아진근육에대해유연성은바른자세유지와개선, 일상생활이나운동수행중의상해예방에필수적이라고할수있다 (Ogura 등, 2007). 스트레칭은신체부위의근육이나건, 인대등과같은연부조직 (soft tissue) 을늘여줌으로써관절의가동범위증가, 유연성유지및향상, 상해를예방할수있다. 근육의과도한긴장과통증완화, 혈액순환증가그리고호흡순환능력과환경적응능력을향상시킬뿐만아니라근육의유착을방지하여근저항을감소시킬뿐만아니라다양한심리적효과까지얻을수있다. 일반적인스트레칭방법으로정적스트레칭 (static stretching), 탄성적스트레칭 (ballistic stretching), 수동적스트레칭 (passive stretching), 능동적스트레칭 (active stretching) 등이있으며, 최근에는그효과를극대화시킬수있는스트레칭방법으로근에너지기법 (muscle energy technique) 을이용한스트레칭과진동자극을이용한스트레칭 (vibration-assisted stretching) 방법들이소개되고있다 (Sharman 등, 2006). 스트레칭방법에따른효율성은다양한선행연구들로부터그효과를비교해볼수있다 (Spernoga 등, 2001; Davis 등, 2005; Kokkonen 등, 2007). 특히, 최근소개된근에너지기법을이용한스트레칭과진동자극을이용한스트레칭기법은일반적인스트레칭방법과비교하여그효과가입증되고있다 (Paoloni 등, 2010). 하지만, 스트레칭방법에따른 효과의보고는연구자마다상이하며수동적혹은능동적인형태로수행되는스트레칭방법에따른비교가아닌, 혼합된형태의방법으로효과를비교하였거나 (Lee와 Yoo, 2012), 단순관절가동범위향상에관한효과를비교한연구들이대부분이다 (Kim 등, 2013). 이에본연구에서는뒤넙다리근이짧아진성인에게수동적형태로시행되는정적인스트레칭과기계적진동자극을이용한스트레칭을적용하여스트레칭방법에따른효과의차이를유연성 (flexibility), 근력 (strength), 압통역치 (pressure pain threshold) 그리고근긴장도 (muscle tone) 값을통하여비교하고자한다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상자대전시소재의 D 대학교에재학중인 20대성인남녀 62명을모집하였다. 대상자선정기준은엉덩관절과무릎관절 (knee joint) 의 90도굽힘 (Flexion) 후무릎관절의능동폄 (active extension) 시, 뒤넙다리근의짧아짐으로인한가동성제한이 30도이상인자로하였으며 (Bandy 등, 1998), 엉덩관절 90도굽힘이불가능한자, 엉덩관절이나무릎관절또는발목관절에외과적수술경험이있는자, 하지에다른정형외과적질환이있는자는제외하였다. 실험전모든대상자에게연구의목적과절차에대해설명하였으며, 자발적으로연구참여동의서에서명한자만을연구대상자로하였다. 2. 연구절차본연구는두그룹사전사후검사설계 (two-group pretest- posttest design) 로뒤넙다리근에적용한스트레칭방법에따른효과를비교하기위하여사전검사를통해 54명의대상자를선정하였다. 선정된대상자는무작위할당프로그램을이용하여정적스트레칭그룹 (static stretching group, SSG) 과진동보조스트레칭그룹 (vibration-assisted stretching group, VASG) 으로할당하였으며, 각각정적스트레칭과진동보조를이용한스트레칭을적용하였다 (Fig. 1).
3 스트레칭 기법에 따른 뒤넙다리근의 유연성, 근력, 압통 역치, 근 긴장도에 미치는 효과 비교 41 극을 30초간 적용하는 것을 1세트로 하여 4세트 반복하 여 실시하였으며, 세트 사이 30초의 휴식시간을 제공하 였다(Bandy 등, 1997; Bandy 등, 1998). 각 그룹별 스트레 칭 적용 이후 10분 간의 휴식시간을 제공한 뒤 사후 평가를 실시하였다(Fig. 2). 3. 측정도구 및 방법 스트레칭 방법에 따른 효과를 알아보기 위해 뒤넙다 리근의 유연성, 근력, 압통 역치 그리고 근 긴장도 값을 측정하였다. 모든 측정은 사전에 훈련된 두 명의 검사 자와 보조자에 의해 표준화된 방법으로 동일하게 실시 되었다. Fig. 1. Flow chart of the study 뒤넙다리근의 유연성은 바로 누운 자세(supine)에서 엉덩관절과 무릎관절을 각각 90도 굽힘하여 유지한 자 정적 스트레칭은 검사자가 대상자의 발뒤꿈치를 어 세를 기준으로 무릎관절을 최대 능동 폄 하였을 때, 깨로 지지하고 무릎관절 폄 상태를 유지한 채 수동적으 뒤넙다리근이 늘어난 최대 지점의 무릎관절 각도를 측 로 엉덩관절을 굽힘시켜 뒤넙다리근이 최대 신장되도록 정하였다. 엉덩관절 굽힘 각도가 90도 되는 지점에 기 하였다. 반대측 다리의 보상작용을 방지하기 위해 넙다 준점을 제시하여 검사자세를 유지하도록 하였으며, 허 리(thigh)를 스트랩으로 고정시켰으며, 허리(T12~L5)와 리굽이을 유지하기 위하여 허리(T12~L5)와 바닥 사이 바닥 사이에 수건을 두어 허리굽이(lumbar curvature)이 에 수건을 위치하였다. 또한 측정 시 보상작용을 방지 유지되도록 하였다. 뒤넙다리근의 최대신장 시 통증이 하기 위하여 반대측 하지의 대퇴부를 스트랩으로 고정 발현되기 시작하는 지점에서 정적인 상태로 30초간 유 하였다. 각도측정은 디지털 듀얼 경사계(Dualer IQ 지하는 것을 1세트로 하여 4세트 반복 실시하였으며 Digital lnclinometer, J-Tech, U.S.A.)를 이용하여 3회 반 세트 사이 30초의 휴식시간을 제공하였다. 진동 보조를 복 측정하였으며, 평균값을 기록하였다. 뒤넙다리근 유 이용한 스트레칭은 정적 스트레칭과 같은 방법으로 뒤 연성 검사는 대상자 선정을 위한 검사방법으로도 활용 넙다리근을 신장시킨 후 뒤넙다리근의 근복에 국소 진 하였으며, 무릎관절의 폄 제한 범위가 60도 미만인 경 동 자극기(Hand Held Vibrating Massager, Thrive, Japan) 우 뒤넙다리근의 짧아짐으로 판정하였다. 를 이용하여 자극하였다. 진폭 2 mm의 50 Hz의 진동자 그룹 간 뒤넙다리근의 근력차이를 알아보기 위하여 Fig. 2. Stretching methods for static stretching group (A) and vibration assisted stretching group (B).
4 42 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 4 휴대용근력측정기 (Power Track Ⅱ Commander, J-Tech, U.S.A.) 를사용하였다. 엎드린자세에서무릎관절굽힘시발생되는뒤넙다리근의힘을측정하기위하여대상자의종아리중심에근력측정기를위치시켰다. 대상자의힘의방향과반대방향으로가한최대저항값을 3회반복측정하여평균값을기록하였다. 휴대용근력측정기는정량적인근력측정을위해사용되는장비로단일검사자에의한검사-재검사간평가에서높은신뢰도 (ICC,.84~.99) 를나타내고있다 (Kim과 Lee, 1996). 뒤넙다리근의압통역치측정은압통계 (Commender Algometer, J-Tech, U.S.A.) 를사용하여측정하였다. 엎드려누운대상자의궁둥뼈결절과오금면사이의 1/2 지점인뒤넙다리근근복에압통계로수직압력을가한후압력감각이통증으로바뀌는시점의힘의값을측정하였다. 압력통증역치값에도달한경우대상자는통증을호소하는소리를내도록하였으며, 그순간압통계를측정부위로부터제거하였다. 측정에앞서대상자의오른쪽손등에압력통증역치값에대한사전교육을실시하였다. 압력통증역치값은 3회반복측정하여평균값을기록하였으며, 반복측정부위는실험용마커로표기하였다 (Chae, 2002). 뒤넙다리근의근긴장도차이는 Myotonometer (MyotonometerR, Neurogenic Techniques, U.S.A.) 를사용하여측정하였다. Myotonometer는근이완또는근수축시근육의긴장상태를측정할수있도록고안된장비로, 측정부위의조직들의긴장상태를전산화하여수치로표현되도록되어있다. 측정기부분은내측실린더와외측실린더로구성되며, 조직의저항에따라두 실린더간에거리가변하게되어조직의저항치가힘의값으로환산된다. 실린더가받는힘은 8단계 (.25,.50,.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00 kg) 로구분되어각해당되는지점에서전위되는정도 (mm) 를측정할수있다 (Bae 등, 2012). 측정은압통역치측정부위와같은지점에대하여대상자가힘을주지않은이완상태에서측정하였으며, 5회반복측정하여평균값을기록하였다. Myotonometer의검사-재검사간신뢰도는 ICC=.8 이며 (Chuang 등, 2012), 검사자내신뢰도는 r=.84~.99, 검사자간신뢰도는 r=.75~.96이다 (Leonard 등, 2003). 4. 분석방법본연구에서수집된자료는 SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을사용하여분석하였다. 연구대상자의일반적특성은기술통계를사용하였으며, Kolmogorovsmirnov 검정을실시한결과, 표본의정규성이검증되어모수검정방법을사용하여분석하였다. 그룹내중재방법에따른종속변수의전후비교는대응표본 t 검정 (paired t-test) 을사용하였으며, 그룹간종속변수의비교는독립표본 t 검정 (Independent t-test) 과카이제곱 (Χ 2 ) 검정을사용하였다. 자료의모든통계적유의수준 (α)=.05 이하로하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과그룹간 27명의대상자가최종평가를수행하였다. 대상자의일반적특성은 Table 1과같으며, 두그룹간일반적특성은통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. Table 1. General characteristics of the participants Vibration-assisted stretching group (n=27) Static stretching group (n=27) Gender (male / female) 27 (14 / 13) 27 (13 / 14).785 Age ± 1.79a ± Weight (kg) ± ± Shoe size (cm) ± ± Height (cm) ± ± a Mean ± standard deviation p
5 스트레칭기법에따른뒤넙다리근의유연성, 근력, 압통역치, 근긴장도에미치는효과비교 43 Table 2. Comparison of dependent variables within group and between groups (N=54) Vibration-assisted stretching group (n=27) Static stretching group (n=27) Flexibility (angle) Pre ± ± (.138) Post ± ± 8.67 Post-pre ± ± (.033) t (p) (.000) (.000) Muscle strength (kg) Pre ± ± (.394) Post ± ± 9.13 Post-pre 3.50 ± ± (.330) t (p) (.000) (.036) Pain threshold (kg) Pre ± ± (.970) Post ± ± Post-pre 8.48 ± ± (.002) t (p) (.000).026 (.979) Muscle tonus (kg) Pre ± ± (.063) Post 9.83 ± ±.74 Post-pre -.78 ± ± (.021) t (p) (.003) (.697) a Mean ± standard deviation t (p) 두그룹의중재점과후의뒤넙다리근의유연성, 근력, 압통역치그리고근긴장도값은 Table 2와같다. 그룹간종속변수의사전측정값은모두동질하였다. 뒤넙다리근의유연성은진동보조스트레칭그룹과정적스트레칭그룹의전-후비교시두그룹모두에서유의하게증가하였으며 (p<.05), 그룹간차이에있어서진동보조스트레칭그룹 (11.74±6.98) 이정적스트레칭그룹 (8.29±4.14) 에비하여유의한증가를나타내었다 (p<.05). 근력은진동보조스트레칭그룹과정적스트레칭그룹의전-후비교시두그룹모두에서유의하게증가하였으나 (p<.05), 그룹간차이비교에있어서는유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 압통역치값은진동보조스트레칭그룹과정적스트레칭그룹의전-후비교시진동보조스트레칭그룹에서는유의하게증가하였으나 (p<.05), 정적스트레칭그룹에서는유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 그룹간차이비교시진동보조 스트레칭그룹 (8.48±18.44) 이정적스트레칭그룹 (.06±13.78) 에비해유의한증가를나타내었다 (p<.05). 근긴장도는진동보조스트레칭그룹과정적스트레칭그룹의전-후비교시진동보조스트레칭그룹에서는유의하게감소하였고 (p<.05), 정적스트레칭그룹에서는유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 그룹간차이에있어서진동보조스트레칭그룹 (-.78±1.25) 이정적스트레칭그룹 (-.06±.91) 에비하여유의한감소를나타내었다 (p<.05). Ⅳ. 고찰본연구는뒤넙다리근이짧아진대상자들에게진동보조스트레칭과정적스트레칭을적용하였을때뒤넙다리근의유연성, 근력, 압통역치그리고근긴장도
6 44 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 4 미치는즉각적인효과를비교하기위하여수행하였다. 그결과진동자극을이용한스트레칭그룹은정적스트레칭그룹보다유의한유연성의향상과근긴장도의변화를나타내었다. 진동을이용한자극은빠르게근육의수축과이완을진행시켜비정상적인근수축을감소시키고, 골지힘줄기관 (Golgi tendon organ, GTO's) 에자극을주어근육의이완을유도하며, 운동범위의향상을가져온다 (Colloca 와 Keller, 2004). 생리학적으로근육의길이변화와신장은근육방추 (Muscle spindle) 내의방추속근육섬유 (Intrafusal muscle fiber) 에있는 Ⅰa섬유와 Ⅱ섬유에의해감각과 GTO's의활성화가야기되고알파운동뉴런 (alpha motor neuron) 에의해반사적인근수축이야기되는데, 이를긴장성진동반사 (Tonic vibration reflex) 라고한다. 긴장성진동반사에의해근육의길이는빠른시간에짧아지게되며, 그결과불수의적인근수축과이완에대한민감성이향상된다 (Cardinale과 Lim, 2003). 이순간진동자극과함께적용한스트레칭은근육을효과적으로신장시킬수있었으며, 그결과유연성이향상되고근긴장도가낮아지는결과를나타내었다. 이러한연구결과는과거선행연구들과비슷한결과를보여주고있다. Issurin 등 (1994) 은스포츠선수의하지에 44 Hz의진동자극을동반한스트레칭적용이일반적인스트레칭적용에비해하지근육의신장력을약 3.5배더향상시켰다는결과를보고하며, 진동자극을이용한스트레칭방법이유연성향상에효과적인방법임을제시하였다. 또한일반적인스트레칭적용그룹과대조그룹에비해각각 16%, 49.8% 의근력향상을나타내어진동자극으로인한스트레칭방법이근력향상에도효과적인방법임을제시하였다. 진동자극을이용한스트레칭방법에대한연구는지속적으로진행되어최근에는 Costantino 등 (2017) 이장애와통증이있는환자의국소근육에진동자극을적용한결과근긴장도의감소와함께통증을감소시켰다는연구결과도보고되고있다. 유연성의향상은스트레칭과함께적용된진동자극의 Hz와적용시간에도기인한다. 선행연구를토대로우리의연구에서는 50 Hz의진동자극을 30초간국소부위에제공하였다. 진동자극의 Hz 영역에대 하여 Rittweger 등 (2002) 은 20~50 Hz의진동자극이통증을최소화하고근육의이완에효과적인진동수영역이라고보고한바있으며, Bandy 등 (1997) 은뒤넙다리근유연성증진을위한효과적인스트레칭적용유지시간은 30초가가장적정하다고제안한바있다. 우리의연구에서스트레칭의결과는두그룹모두에게서유의한근력의향상을나타내었다. 진동자극을적용한스트레칭그룹이정적스트레칭그룹에비하여근력향상의폭은다소높았으나, 통계적으로유의한차이는나타나지않았다. Luo 등 (2005) 에의하면근육의가장효과적인활성화를위해서 30~50 Hz 범위내에서진동자극이적용되야한다고하였다. 하지만, 근육에적용되는진동자극뿐만아니라진동의진폭그리고적용방법에따라그효과는달라질수있다고하였다. Torvinen 등 (2003) 은진동자극에의한근력향상은일시적인현상이라는연구결과를보고한바있으며, Baik와 Lim(2006) 은진동자극의효과는일시적으로근력의증가와호르몬분비향상, 심혈관계의변화등을나타내고, 장기간적용시운동능력, 조절능력, 평형성의향상과만성통증완화, 골밀도 (bone density) 증가등의효과를나타낼수있다고하였다. 본연구에서는 2 mm 진폭의 50 Hz의진동자극을국소근육에적용하였다. 이로인해야기된반사적인근수축, 즉, 긴장성진동반사에의한일시적인근력의향상이기대되었지만, 이와동시에근육에가해진스트레칭의효과로불수의적인이완성민감도가높아졌고, 중재후최소 10분이후에평가가진행된시간적차이를고려하였을때, 진동자극을적용한스트레칭방법에서유의한근력향상의효과는나타나지않은것으로생각된다. 진동자극에의한스트레칭은정적스트레칭보다압통역치값을높이는데효과적이었다. 일반적으로, 감각수용체로들어온자극은들신경섬유 (afferent nerve fiber) 를통해척수로전달된다. 들신경섬유에는역치가높고지름이작은 A-델타섬유 (A-delta fiber), C 섬유 (C fiber) 와, 역치가낮고지름이큰진동촉각을전달하는 A-알파섬유 (A-alpha fiber), A-베타섬유 (A-beta fiber) 로이루어져있다. 관문조절설 (gate control theory) 의통증조절이론에따라국소부위에적용한진동자극은 A-델
7 스트레칭기법에따른뒤넙다리근의유연성, 근력, 압통역치, 근긴장도에미치는효과비교 45 타섬유와 C 섬유의흥분을억제하고 A-알파섬유 A-베타섬유와같은무해자극수용기를흥분시킴으로써통증정보가상위뉴런으로신경전달하는시냅스를차단하여통증전달을감소시켰기때문이다. 이러한원리에입각하여 Kinser 등 (2008) 은남자운동선수들에게적용한진동보조스트레칭이통증에대한역치값을증가시키는결과를나타내었다고보고한바있다. 진동자극의적용시간과효과기간, 그리고자극강도에대한효과는연구자마다의견이상이하다. 우리의연구결과, 진동자극을이용한스트레칭은근육의이완과압통역치값상승에효과적이었다. 반면, 스트레칭기법이적용되었을경우즉각적인효과라할지라도근력의향상을기대하긴어렵다는결과를보여주었다. 본연구진행과정에서도출된제한점은다음과같다. 첫째, 연구목적에따라즉각적인효과를알아보기위해설계한평가방법들이근육의생리학적변화에미칠수있는요소와평가- 재평가간에발생될수있는대상자들의학습효과를통제하지못하였다. 둘째, 실험참여자의대상이대부분 20대의정상성인남녀로제한되어병적인상태의대상자에게는일반화하기어렵다. 향후근육의통증이나비정상적인근긴장상태의환자를대상으로추가적인연구가필요할것이다. 셋째, 스트레칭적용시유연성, 근력, 압통역치, 근긴장도에미치는즉각적인효과만을보았기때문에향후연구에서는중재기간에따른장기적인효과의지속성여부에관한연구가필요할것이다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구는뒤넙다리근짧아짐이있는 20대성인남녀 54명을대상으로진동보조스트레칭과정적스트레칭기법을적용하여스트레칭기법에따른뒤넙다리근의유연성, 근력, 압통역치, 근긴장도에미치는즉각적인효과의차이를알아보기위해수행되었다. 그결과정적스트레칭그룹에서는뒤넙다리근의유연성과근력의향상에효과적인결과를보였으며, 진동보조스트레칭그룹에서는뒤넙다리근의유연성 과근력향상뿐아니라, 압통역치값의향상과근긴장도감소의결과를나타내었다. 그룹간비교에있어서진동보조스트레칭이정적스트레칭에비하여뒤넙다리근의유연성, 압통역치값향상과근긴장도감소에더효과적인방법임을알수있었다. 본연구결과를통해서근육의과긴장으로인한짧아짐과통증에효과적인중재로서진동보조스트레칭방법이임상적으로유용하게적용되리라생각한다. References Bae SH, Lee JI, Kim KY. Usefulness of myotonometer for measurement of tissue compliance on medialis gastrocnemius in patients with stroke. J Korea Acad Industr Coop Soc. 2012;13(3): Baik SK, Lim YT. The study of muscle contraction effect of vibration exercise device using surface electromyogtaphy. Korean J Sport Biomech. 2006; 16(2): Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997;77(10): Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of static stretch and dynamic range of motion training on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27(4): Cardinale M, Lim J. Electromyography activity of vastus lateralis muscle during whole-body vibrations of different frequencies. J Strength Cond Res. 2003; 17(3): Chae YW. The Measurement of forward head posture and pressure pain threshold in neck muscle. J Korean Phys Ther. 2002;14(1): Chuang LL, Wu CY, Lin KC. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of myotonometric measurement of muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness in patients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(3):
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