02-안동기

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1 대한척추외과학회지제 16 권제 2 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 16, No. 2, pp 79~88, 2009 DOI: /jkss 골다공증성척추압박골절에서풍선척추성형술의효능 - 1 년이상추시결과 - 안동기 이대송 최대정 박훈석 김관수 김태우 서울성심병원정형외과 The Efficacy of Kyphoplasty on Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture - A 1-Year Follow-up Study - Abstract Dong-Ki Ahn, M.D., Song-Lee, M.D., Dea-Jung Choi, M.D., Hoon-Seok Park, M.D., Kwan-Soo Kim, M.D., Tae-Woo Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Study Design: This is a retrospective study. Objective: We wanted to evaluate the efficacy of kyphoplasty for treating osteoporotic VCF and we wanted to determine the risk factors for additional VCF. Summary of the Literature Review: Successful pain relief with performing kyphoplasty for VCF has been well documented. However, unsatisfactory reduction and additional VCF are remained problems for kyphoplasty. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three patients who underwent kyphoplasty were followed up for more than 1 year. The degree of reduction of the collapsed vertebral height, the vertebral kyphotic angle, the regional Cobb s angle and the overall sagittal alignment, the visual analogue scale (VAS), the fracture configuration, the bone mineral density (BMD), the presence of intradiscal cement leakage and additional VCF were investigated. The risk factors for additional VCF were analyzed. Results: In terms of deformity correction, the collapsed vertebral height were restored (67.3±15.6% to 82.5±11.8%), the vertebral kyphotic angle was improved (12.1±6.9 to 8.1±5.3 ), the degree of the regional Cobb s angle was reduced (3.1±4.5 ) and the overall sagittal balance was improved (1.7±5.3 cm to 0.5±3.9 cm) with clinical satisfaction (VAS: 6.9±1.3 points to 2.3±0.9 points). But less than 40% of the patients reached the expected reduction criteria (the vertebral height 90%, the vertebral kyphotic angle and regional Cobb s angle reduction 5 ). Additional VCF occurred in 10 patients (15.9%). The average BMD in the additional VCF group was T-score of -3.8 and that for the no-additional VCF group was T-score of -3.0 (p=0.025). The degree of reduction under general anesthesia was twice more than that under local anesthesia. Eleven cases (17.5%) of intradiscal cement leakages were noticed, but this showed no relevance to the fracture configurations and additional VCF. The overall sagittal alignment and cement volume showed no relevance to additional VCF. Conclusion: Kyphoplasty was excellent for pain reduction, but it was unsatisfactory for correcting deformity. Vertebral height correction was more effectively performed under general anesthesia. Additional VCF was caused by severe osteoporosis. Key Words: Osteoporosis, Vertebral compression fracture, Kyphoplasty, Additional VCF Address reprint requests to Dea-Jung Choi, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital Chungryangri-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul Tel: , Fax: , niceosu@freechal.com

2 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009 서 론 척추압박골절은골다공증으로인하여가장흔히발생하는합병증이다. 흉요추부골절의급성통증으로인한장기간침상안정은골밀도감소를가중시키고만성적인흉요추부만곡은폐기능과소화기기능의장애를초래하며척추압박골절로인한사망률은 23~34% 까지보고되고있다 1,2,3). 골다공증성척추압박골절이발생한고령의환자에게경피적척추성형술과풍선척추성형술은최소침습적인시술의용이성과환자의급격한통증소실및환자의삶의질개선이라는면에서획기적인치료법임에의심할여지가없다. 그러나경피적척추성형술은골시멘트누출로인한부작용과교정되지못한추체만곡의문제점을여전히가지고있다 4). 이를보완하기위해풍선척추성형술이시도되었으나해면골과상호지상결합 (interdigitation) 을이루지못한골시멘트덩어리첨면을통해추체상하종판에응력이집중하여인접척추압박골절의가능성이제시되었고국소추체만곡의교정에도불구하고척추시상면정렬교정에대한불효용성에대한문제점등이여전히제시되고있다 5,6). 이에저자들은골다공증성척추압박골절환자에서풍선척추성형술을시행받은환자를대상으로 1 년이상추시하여국소추체만곡과척추시상면정렬에대한장기적효과및인접척추압박골절의발생률과그위험인자들을분석해보고자하였다. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2005 년 9 월부터 2007 년 4 월까지, 수술전자기공명영상검사를시행하여병적골절이아니면서병력상고에너지손상 ( 교통사고, 추락사고 ) 이아닌골다공증성척추압박골절로풍선척추성형술을시행받은 92 명환자중, 단일분절에대하여풍선척추성형술을시행받고 1 년이상추시가가능하였던 63 명을대상으로하였다. Kummell 씨불유합으로진단시에는입원 1 일째시술을하였으며, 신선압박골절로진단시에는고위흉요추보조기를착용시키고화장실출입만을허용한상태에서보존적가료를시행하면서입원시와입원 1 주, 입원 2 주추시상기립측면방사선사진에서붕괴의진행이관찰되며보행및간단한일상활동에도심한동통을호소하는환자를시술대상으로하였다. 2. 수술방법 Kummell 씨불유합 12 예와압박의정도가심하였던신선압박골절 1 예는전신마취하에시술하였고나머지신선압박골절 50 예는국소마취하에시술하였다. Kummell 씨불유합의경우이미압박의정도가상당히진행되어있어풍선의최대확장을시도해야골절부의정복을충분히얻을수있으며, 골절면및추체측후면일부가유합및경화되어있어투과침삽입시심한통증을호소하므로전신마취하에시술을하였다. 환자가엎드린자세에서 C- 형방사선투시기를사용하여전후및측면에서수술부위를확인후영상에보이는척추경타원경계의약 1 cm 측방피부와척추후방관절주위에투관침을척추경을통하여삽입후유도관으로교환하였다. 추체크기에따라 15 mm 또는 20 mm 풍선을유도관을통해삽입하고풍선의두눈금이추체전방과중심에걸쳐위치하도록한후팽창한풍선압력이 200 mmhg 를넘지않는정도의압력이하에서추체교정을시행하였다. 풍선팽창이완료되면골시멘트 (Exolent Spine, Elmdown LTD, England) 단량체와다량체의혼합을약 2 분정도지속한후주사기에담아, 2 cc 투입기 4 개를장착하였다. 주사기에남아있는시멘트를주사기에시술자의악력으로압력을주었을때골시멘트가끊어지거나늘어지지않고 30 cm 높이까지내려오는정도의점도를유지하면투입기의골시멘트를추체에주입하기시작하였으며동절기는약 13 분, 하절기는약 8 분이상의시간이필요하였다. 골절정복을위해팽창된풍선에주입된방사선염색료량정도의골시멘트를주입하여야하나골시멘트가골절부피질골에접촉하여누출이예상되면주입을중단하고투입기를후방으로약 5~10 mm 후퇴시킨뒤주입을재진행하였다. 전예에서양측척추경접근법을사용하였다. 술후 3 시간이지나서보행을시작하였으며, 술후약 3 개월까지고위흉요추보조기를착용하고바닥에책상다리로앉는등의좌식생활습관을금하고의자및침상을사용하는것을교육하였으며골다공증경구치료제 (Bisphosphonate) 를처방하였다. 3. 연구방법 골절양상은자기공명영상신호강도의양상및술전측면단순방사선검사를분석하여선상골절, 종판골절을포함한분쇄골절, Kummel 씨불유합으로분류하였다. 수술전, 후및술후 1 개월, 3 개월, 12 개월과최종추시시측면단순방사선사진에서붕괴추체높이, 추체후만각, 국소분절시상후만각, 척추시상면정렬을

3 풍선성형술결과와인접척추압박골절요인 안동기외 측정하였다. 붕괴추체높이는붕괴추체전연높이를정상상하추체전연의평균값으로나누어비율로측정하였다. 추체후만각은붕괴추체의상하연이이루는예각을측정하였고, 국소분절시상후만각은붕괴추체의상위추체상연과하위추체하연이이루는예각을측정하였고이것은풍선척추성형술시교정된정도가인접한수핵의탄력점액성 (elascoviscosity) 에의해상쇄되어교정정도의영향이소실된다는것을감안하여측정에포함하였다 6). 또한국소분절시상후만각은골절의발생위치에따라기준이되는흉요추부의만곡도가차이가있어각기다른위치의평균치로술전, 술후상태를비교할수없어교정된정복정도 (reduction degree) 만을측정및비교하였다. 척추시상면정렬은제 7 경추체중심에서내린수선과제 1 천추전연과의거리를측정하였다. 술후방사선사진에서추간판내골시멘트누출을관찰하였다. 저자들의기준으로붕괴추체높이의정복정도가정상의 90% 이상되거나추체후만각과국소분절시상후만각의정복정도가 5 도이상가능하였던경우만을방사선학적정복성공으로판단하여정복성공률을알아보았다. 골밀도검사는전신 DXA (Dual X-ray absorptionmetry) 를이용하여측정하였다. 환자병력기록지를토대로이차성골다공증을발생시킬수있는당뇨, 갑상선질환, 흡연유무를조사하였다. 임상적만족도는 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 로확인하였다. 골다공증경구치료제의투약여부를외래환자병력기록지를토대로조사하였으며투여중단된환자에대해서는추시시환자와의상담을통하여투약거부사유를병력기록지에표기하여자료를수집하였다. 4. 통계적분석 SPSS v13.0 프로그램을이용하여분석을하였다. 수술전, 후, 추시시임상적만족도와붕괴척추높이, 추체 후만각, 국소분절시상후만각, 척추시상면정렬의정복및유지정도는 Paired Samples T-Test 로하였다. 단순방사선사진및자기공명영상상의골절양상과추간판내골시멘트누출발생관계, 추간판내골시멘트누출유무, 층화표집된척추시상면정렬, 성별, 나이및당뇨, 갑상선질환, 흡연유무와인접척추압박골절의연관성관계는 Chi-square 를시행하였다. 인접척추압박골절이발생한군과발생하지않은군의골밀도, 풍선의압력, 골시멘트주입량및술후교정된추체후만각, 국소분절시상후만각의정복정도, 척추시상면정렬의비교는 Mann-Whitney U test 를시행하였다. 결 과 연구대상환자는남자 9 명, 여자 54 명으로평균나이는 70.4±7.0 세 (51~88 세 ) 였다. 초기수상시부터시술시까지의기간은 Kummell 씨불유합의경우평균 17.9± 7.7 주, 신선압박골절은평균 3.4±1.4 주였으며술후평균추시기간은 21.3±5.5 개월이었다. 초기골절은제 1 요추 23 예 (36.5%), 제 12 흉추 15 예 (23.8%), 제 11 흉추 8 예 (12.7%), 제 2 요추 7 예 (11.1%), 제 10 흉추와제 3 요추에각각 3 예, 제 4 요추에 2 예가발생하여흉요추만곡이행부위에서호발하였다. 인접척추압박골절의경우 10 예 (15.9%) 발생하였으며술후 6 개월에 3 예, 6 개월에서 12 개월이내 4 예, 12 개월이후 3 예발생하여단기결과라하여도 1 년이상추시가바람직하였다. 초기골절추체에서바로위또는아래로인접한근위인접척추압박골절은 7 예, 초기골절추체에서정상추체를하나이상위또는아래로건너서발생한원위인접척추압박골절은 3 예발생하였다. 교정시팽창된풍선의압력은 112.0±50.8 mmhg, 주입된골시멘트량은 5.6±2.0 ml 였다. 임상적만족도는 VAS 점수 6.9±1.3 점에서 2.3±0.9 점으로호전되었으며최종추시시까지유지되었다. Table 1. Radiographical and clinical results during following-up. Preop Postop Last FU p value Preop. vs Postop. / Preop. vs Last FU Radiographic result Collapsed vertebral height (%) 67.3± ± ± / Vertebral kyphotic angle ( ) 12.1± ± ± / Reduction degree of regional Cobb s angle ( ) 3.1± ± / Overall sagittal alignment(mm) 1.7± ± ± / Clinical result : VAS (point) 6.9± ± ± /

4 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009 붕괴척추높이비율은술전 67.3±15.6% 에서술후 82.5±11.8% 로 (p=0.000), 추체후만각은 12.1±6.9 도에서 8.1±5.3 도로 (p=0.000) 회복되었으며국소분절시상후만각은 3.1±4.5 도정복정도를보였다 (p=0.000). 정복의정도는최종추시시까지유지가되었다 (Table 1). 그러나저자들이설정한성공적방사선적정복기준으로붕괴추체높이비율이정상의 90% 이상상태로복원된경우는 17 예 (23.5%), 추체후만각과국소분절시상각이 5 도이상교정된경우는각각 25 예 (39.7%), 21 예 (33.3%) 에불과하였다. 척추시상면정렬은 1.7±5.3 cm 에서 0.5±3.9 cm 으로회복되었다 (p=0.005). 술전척추시상면정렬이제 1 천추전연전방 5cm 미만으로양호한군 (45 예 ) 과 5 cm 이상으로불량한군 (18 예 ) 을비교하여보면척추시상면정렬은각각 0.2±2.9 cm, 3.6±2.7 cm 만큼회복되었다 (Table 2). 척추시상면정렬이불량한군은술후평균제 Table 2. Comparative results between balanced and imbalanced group. Balanced Imbalanced p value (45 cases) (18 cases) Vertebral compression height (%) Preoperative.69.3± ± Postoperative.83.4± ± Reduction degree.14.1± ± Vertebral kyphotic angle ( ) Preoperative 11.6± ± Postoperative -8.1± ± Reduction degree -3.5± ± Regional Cobb s angle( ) Reduction degree -3.0± ± Overall sagittal balance (cm) Preoperative -0.9± ± Postoperative -1.1± ± Reduction degree -0.2± ± BMD (T-score) -3.07± ± No. of cases, postoperatively 50 cases 13 cases Table 3. Comparative results according to anesthetic methods. General anesthesia Local anesthesia p value Total cases Acute compression Fx Kummell s disease Average pressure (mmhg) 128.1± ± Right 119.2± ± Left 136.9± ± Total cement volume (ml) 14.8± ± Right 12.3± ± Left 12.5± ± Vertebral compression height (%) Preoperative 50.7± ± Postoperative 77.4± ± Reduction degree 26.7± ± Vertebral kyphotic angle ( ) Preoperative 16.7± ± Postoperative 10.5± ± Reduction degree 16.2± ± Regional Cobb s angle ( ) Reduction degree 13.8± ±

5 풍선성형술결과와인접척추압박골절요인 안동기외 Table 4. Fracture configuration and intradical cement leakage. Intradiscal cement leakage Fracture configuration None (52 cases) Yes (11 cases) p value Linear Fx. without endplate Fx Comminuted Fx. with endplate Fx Kummell s nonunion 19 3 Table 5. Suspected risk factors for additional VCF after kyphoplasty. Risk factors No subsequent VCF. Additional VCF p value Sex 0.573* Female 46 8 Male 7 2 Age (years) 70.3± ± * Intradiscal cement leakage 0.498* None 43 9 Leakage 10 1 Tamp pressure (mmhg);average 114.0± ± * Right 113.2± ± * Left 114.9± ± * Cement amount (ml);total *5.5±2.0 *6.0± * Right *2.7±1.1 *3.2± * Left *2.8±1.0 *2.8± * Steroid 0.180* None 52 9 Yes *1 1 DM 0.580** None 44 9 Yes *9 1 Smoking *0 0 - Thyroid disease *0 0 - Anti-osteoporotic medication 0.894* < 6 months months 20 4 BMD (T-score) -3.0± ± * < * Postoperative reduction state Collapsed vertebral height (%) 81.7± ± * Vertebral kyphosis angle ( ) 9.0±5.1 *4.7± * Reduction degree of regional Cobb s angle( ) 3.3±4.3 *2.2± * Overall sagittal alignment (mm) -0.4± ± * Postoperative overall sagittal alignment 1.000* Balanced state 42 8 Imbalanced state 11 2 * Mann-Whitney U test, others by Pearson Chi-square 1 천추전연전방 4.6±2.4 cm 를유지하였고 18 예중 5 예만양호한척추시상면정렬상태를보여주어술전척추시상면정렬이불량한환자는대부분술후에도불량한 상태를유지하였다. 마취방법에따라전신마취하시술군 (13 예 ) 와국소마취하시술군 (50 예 ) 의방사선학적결과를비교하여보

6 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009 면술전붕괴척추높이비율은각각 50.7±14.9%, 71.7 ±12.7% 였으나 (p=0.000), 술후붕괴척추높이정복의정도는 26.7±17.7%, 12.2±11.2% 로전신마취하시술군에서국소마취하시술군보다 2 배이상의정복을얻을수있었다. 전신마취하에서풍선확장압력을더높게시도하였으나주입된골시멘트량은오히려국소마취하에서시술군보다적은경향을보였으나유의한차이는없었다 (Table 3). 추간판내골시멘트누출은 11 예 (17.5%) 에서발생하였으며자기공명영상및단순방사선검사상의골절양상과는연관성을보이지않았다 (Table 4). 인접척추압박골절은 10 명 (15.9%) 에서발생하였다. 추체내주입된골시멘트양, 추간판내골시멘트누출유무, 술후방사선학적정복상태및척추시상면정렬의상태는인접척추압박골절발생과연관성을보이지않았다대상환자중갑상선질환및흡연의경력이있는경우는없었으며당뇨 10 예, 스테로이드사용기왕력 10 예가있었으나인접척추압박골절발생과연관성을보이지않았다. 인접척추압박골절이있던환자모두 T- 점수 -2.5 이하의골밀도를가지고있었고, 이중 7 명은 T- 점수 -3.5 이하의골밀도를나타내었다 (p=0.044). 인접척추압박골절이있던환자의 T- 점수는인접척추압박골절이발생하지않았던환자에비하여의미있게낮은수치를보여주었다 (Table 5). 골다공증경구치료제를 6 개월이상복용하였던환자는 24 명으로골다공증경구치료제에대한환자순응도가 38.1% 였으며, 12 개월이상에서는 22.2% 였다. 경구치료제복용중에소화장애및속쓰림등의위장자극증상시투여가조기중단되는경우가많았아며 6 개월이후에는추시시진료의사마다처방기간이일정하지않거나수술후환자가주거지근처병원에서진료시추시기간중골다공증경구치료제치료를처방받지않은이유가많았다. 고 찰 골다공증성척추압박골절에대한치료로써적극적치료방법들이제시되었으며이중경피적척추성형술은주입된골시멘트가추체수질골과상호지상결합 (interdigitation) 을통하여골절부의안정성을부여하여통증을극적으로감소시켜주나추체후만변형을교정하지못하는점과낮은점도의골시멘트를높은압력으로주입시골시멘트누출로인한합병증의위험성이제시되고있다 7,8). 풍선척추성형술의임상적만족도는경피적척추성형술과동일하며붕괴추체후만각교정은 어느정도가능하나국소분절시상후만각과척추시상면정렬은교정하지못한다고알려져있다 6). 또한높은점도의골시멘트를낮은압력으로주입할수있어골시멘트누출의가능성은적은장점이있으나추체해면골과상호지상결합을이루지못한골시멘트덩어리첨부를통하여인접분절종판으로응력전달이증가하여인접척추압박골절이호발할수있다는보고들이있어양술식의효용성과안전성에대하여서는아직논쟁의여지가남아있다 9,10,11,12). 풍선척추성형술의변형교정능력에대한저자들의결과는붕괴추체높이비율은 15.2%, 추체후만각은 4 도, 국소분절시상각은 3.1 도의회복을보였으나정복의효과가명백할것으로생각되는저자들이임의로설정한방사선학적기준에도달하는예는연구대상의 40% 미만이었다. 만족할만한정복에도달하지못하는이유는풍선을제거하고골시멘트주입전에발생하는일부의정복소실, 종판골절시종판의일률적정복의실패등으로추체높이및후만각의완전한정복이어렵기때문이다 13). 또다른이유는풍선확장시환자가극심한통증을호소하면정복이완전히이루어지기전에풍선확장을중단하기때문으로생각된다. 저자들의경우전신마취하시술시국소마취하시술시보다 2 배이상의붕괴추체높이의정복정도를얻을수있었다. 신선압박골절의경우라도전신마취하최대풍선확장을시행하여붕괴추체정복을꾀한다면만족할만한정복상태를얻을수있으리라생각된다. 척추시상면정렬의교정정도에대하여서는, 복와위에서정복된국소분절시상각은기립시소실되는결과를보이며이는인접수핵의탄력점성 (elascoviscosity) 에의하여교정각도의상쇄가발생하여붕괴추체의후만각교정은일부성공하더라고다분절시상각과척추시상면정렬의회복에는별영향을주지못한다고알려져있다 6). 저자들의경우술전척추시상정렬이제 1 천추전연전방 5 cm 이상이었던 18 예 (28.6%) 에서추체후만각이 5.2 도교정되었을때척추시상정렬은전방 8.3 cm 에서 4.6 cm 으로호전되는결과를보여주었다. 그러나이군의국소분절후만각은 3.5 도교정되는양상을보이는것을보면분절수가증가하면서수핵의점성탄력 (viscoelastisity) 에의해추체후만각의교정의척추시상면정렬에대한영향력은점차상쇄될것으로생각되었을것으로생각되며실제로척추시상정렬을변화시키는것은통증소실로가능하게된척추기립근과골반부의보상에의해이루어졌을것으로생각된다 14). 풍선척추성형술시골시멘트누출은 11.3~33.9% 로비교적빈번히발생하는것으로보고된다 10,15,16). 저자들의경우도 19 예 (28.6%) 에서발생하였으나누출의양은

7 풍선성형술결과와인접척추압박골절요인 안동기외 극히소량에불과하였고신경학적증상을일으킨예는없었다. 누출빈도와임상적연관성이없는이유중하나는누출되는골시멘트의양이극히소량이기때문일것으로생각된다. 풍선척추성형술시는직경 2 mm 골시멘트투입관을사용하여경피적척추성형술시와달리상당히점도가굳어진상태에서골시멘트를주입할수있어서주입시밀려가는골시멘트주행거리가멀지않고출구주위에덩어리를형성하는양상을보인다 17). 따라서영상투시기로골시멘트의분포양상을면밀히관찰하여누출이예상되는순간주입을중단하면골시멘트가골절부위를통하여과도하게누출되는것을예방할수있다. 풍선으로충분한추체내공간이확보되어있다고하더라도충분한정도의점도가형성된후골시멘트주입을개시해야누출로인한합병증을최소화할수있다고생각되며경피적척추성형술과달리이것이가능한이유는골시멘트투입관의직경이충분히커서점도가높아도골시멘트의통과가용이하기때문이다 18). 풍선척추성형술후인접척추압박골절의발생은여러위험요인들에의해복합적으로작용한다고생각된다. 불량한척추시상면정렬시상체의무게, 추간판내누출된골시멘트, 추체내골시멘트의분포양상및주입량등은외부에서인접척추로의응력을증가시키는외재적요인이며인접척추의골밀도는이에저항하는내재적요인이되며이들의균형이상실되면인접척추압박골절이발생하게될것이다. 저자들의경우술후척추시상면정렬은인접척추압박골절이발생한환자군과발생하지않은군에서유의한차이가없었으며인접척추압박골절의발생율에서도차이를보이지않아인접척추압박골절의단일위험인자로생각되지는않았다. 추체종판골절시골시멘트누출이약 3 배정도호발하며, 골시멘트가추간판내누출시는인접척추압박골절의위험성이 4 배이상증가하는것으로보고된다 15,19). 그러나추간판내누출된골시멘트의직접적응력의전달은골시멘트와인접하는근위종판의골절이발생하였을시만강력한인접척추압박골절의원인으로생각될수있으며인접척추의원위종판이나원위부인접척추압박골절시에는다른요인의영향이더클것으로생각된다. 저자들의경우 11 예에서추간판내골시멘트누출이발생하였으나술전종판골절이있었던경우보다는 Kummell 씨불유합의경우에시술후골시멘트누출이더빈번히관찰되었다. 이는종판골절시에는술자가점도가높은골시멘트를영상투시기를통해면밀히주시하기때문에누출의발생이최소화되는반면, Kummell 씨불유합의경우는전신마취하에풍선확장을최대로하여최대한정복을시도한후최대한많은골시멘트를넣어정복의상태를유지하려는경향이있 어골시멘트누출의빈도가많았던것으로생각되나통계적유의성은얻지못하였다. 많은량의골시멘트주입시골다공증성추체종판의내부돌출을외부로평편하게하여인접추간판내압력을증가시키고그증가된압력에의해인접추체로응력전달이증가되는기둥효과 (pilar effect) 가인접척추압박골절의위험요소로제시되기도한다 14). 골시멘트주입량이증가하면추체강도가증가하여골절추체와인접정상추체로이루어진기능적척추구성단위 (functional spine unit) 의최대실패응력 (ultimate failure load) 이감소하는경향이있다고보고된바도있다 20). 그러나상관계수는 0.26 에불과하고통계적유의성에도도달하지못하는결과였다. 이것은경피적척추성형술에서쐐기모양의추체변형상태에서골절부위보다상체가전방이동된상태에서얻어진결과로골시멘트주입량에의한영향보다는척추시상면정렬의이동에의한응력분포변화로이해해야할것으로생각된다. 저자들의경우에도주입된골시멘트주입량은대체로일정하였으며인접척추압박골절의발생과는연관성또한나타내지않았다. 최근유한요소모델을이용한연구들은골절상위부의척추기립근의요소를고려하여상체의전방이동이교정된다면오히려골시멘트계수 (modulus) 나주입량으로인한응력전달은극히작아지게되고인접척추압박골절은기둥효과보다는오히려추체골밀도에더영향을받는다고설명하고있다 21). Kayanja 등 22) 은골다공증성척추압박골절에서인접척추압박골절의발생이자연적경과에의한것이지골시멘트보강후인접분절로하중전달이증가해서인지를밝히는생역학적연구에서생리적하중전달범위안에서는골시멘트보강은인접분절로의하중전달을정상보다증가시키지않았으며, 정상골밀도추체와골시멘트로보강된골다공증성추체에서인접척추압박골절은초기골절이일어난정도하중이가해졌을때발생하므로인접척추압박골절의원인은골시멘트보강에의한이유보다는극도의하중전달, 즉골다공증성추체가저항할수없는외력이발생하면자연적으로골절이발생한다고하였다. 스테로이드사용으로인한이차성골다공증의경우에서풍선척추성형술후인접척추압박골절의빈도가일차성골다공증에의한경우보다약 4 배이상호발한다는보고또한척추전반의골밀도가중요한원인이된다는것을시사한다 23). 저자들의경우인접척추압박골절이발생한환자 10 예의 T- 점수는모두 -2.5 이하였으며그중 9 예는 -3.0 이하, 그중 7 예는 -3.5 이하로골다공증이심한환자에서인접분절압박골절이호발하였다. 골밀도와척추시상면정렬이인접척추압박골절에유의한

8 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009 영향이있는가를알아보면, 척추시상면정렬이불량하였던 13 예중인접척추압박골절을보였던 2 예의평균 T- 점수는 -3.76±0.6 로인접척추압박골절을보이지않은 11 예의골밀도 T- 점수 -3.26±0.96 에비하여큰차이가있었으나표본의수가적어서통계적유의성을얻지는못하였다 (p=0.457). 추체정복을최대한유도하여국소부위집중응력을막고골시멘트누출을최소화하는부분은인접척추압박골절을발생시키는외재적요인에대한방책이라면골다공증에대한치료는내재적요인에대한방책으로인접척추압박골절및초기골다공증성압박골절을예방할수있는중요한방법일것이다. 연구대상의모든환자는골다공증경구치료제를투여하였으나약제복용지시에대한환자의조기중단율이높았다. 이는약물부작용의원인도있으나진료의사가반복적이고강력한복용지시를보이지않으면동통이없는환자들은골다공증경구치료제의일정기간지속적복용필요성을상실하는것같으며, 진료의사또한골다공증경구치료제를투여받아야하는기간에대하여상이한의견을갖고있어환자뿐아니라진료의사에대하여서도적극적이고반복적인교육이시행되야할것으로생각된다. 초기골절발생후보존적치료시장기적인흉요추보조기의착용은해당추체의추가붕괴를막는데효과적인것으로알려져있다 24). 추체정복의정도가최종추시시까지대부분의환자에서유지되었던것은술후라도적극적인고위흉요추보조기의착용과좌식생활방식지양교육을실시하여흉요추이행부의해당추체및인접분절에빈번한응력발생의빈도를감소시켰기때문으로생각된다. 흉요추보조기의적절한착용기간을판단하기는어려우나추시영상검사상골절부피질골과일부해면골의유합이이루어지는약 12 주정도의기간이타당할것으로생각되며일정기간고위흉요추부보조기없이술후즉시일상의흉요추부굴신운동과좌식생활을허가하여반복적인응력이해당추체의해면골과피질골에가해진다면인접척추압박골절의빈도가증가할뿐아니라해당추체의추가붕괴또한발생할수있을것으로생각한다 25). 결 론 풍선척추성형술은골다공증성척추압박골절치료에통증완화의면에서는효과적인방법이나방사선학적교정정도는만족스럽지못하였다. 전신마취하에서는시술시통증으로인하여풍선의확장을중단할필요 가없어서최대한의풍선확장을통하여붕괴척추높이를회복하는데용이하였다. 수술후인접척추압박골절발생은내재적요인으로심한골다공증그자체가가장큰영향을주고있는것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 01) Schlaich C, Minne HW, Bruckner T, et al.: Reduced pulmonary function in patients with spinal osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 1998; 8: ) Leech JA, Dulberg C, Kellie S, Pattee L, Gay J: Relationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in women. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: ) Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR: Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: ) Appel NB, Gilula LA: Percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with spinal canal compromise. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: ) Tanigawa N, Komemushi A, Kariya S, et al.: Relationship between cement distribution pattern and new compression fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: ) Pradhan BB, Bae HW, Kropf MA, Patel VV, Delamarter RB: Kyphoplasty reduction of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: correction of local kyphosis versus overall sagittal alignment. Spine 2006; 31: ) Chen JK, Lee HM, Shih JT, Hung ST: Combined extraforaminal and intradiscal cement leakage following percutaneous vertebroplasty. Spine 2007; 32: ) Lim SH, Kim H, Kim HK, Baek MJ: Multiple cardiac perforations and pulmonary embolism caused by cement leakage after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 33: ) Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P: Balloon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: a comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine 2006; 31: ) Heini PF, Orler R: Kyphoplasty for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Eur Spine J 2004; 13: ) Nussbaum DA, Gailloud P, Murphy K: A review of

9 풍선성형술결과와인접척추압박골절요인 안동기외 complications associated with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty as reported to the Food and Drug Administration medical device related web site. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15: ) Fribourg D, Tang C, Sra P, Delamarter R, Bae H: Incidence of subsequent vertebral fracture after kyphoplasty. Spine 2004; 29: ) Voggenreiter G: Balloon kyphoplasty is effective in deformity correction of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine 2005; 30: ) Rohlmann A, Zander T, Bergmann G: Spinal loads after osteoporotic vertebral fractures treated by vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty. Eur Spine J 2006; 15: ) Jun DS, Shin WJ, Koh YH, Moon SH: MR Predictors of bone cement leakage in percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. J Korean Soc Spine Surg 2006; 13: ) Ledlie JT, Renfro MB: Kyphoplasty treatment of vertebral fractures: 2-year outcomes show sustained benefits. Spine 2006; 31: ) Baroud G, Crookshank M, Bohner M: High-viscosity cement significantly enhances uniformity of cement filling in vertebroplasty: an experimental model and study on cement leakage. Spine 2006; 31: ) Loeffel M, Ferguson SJ, Nolte LP, Kowal JH: Vertebroplasty: experimental characterization of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement spreading as a function of viscosity, bone porosity, and flow rate. Spine 2008; 33: ) Lin EP, Ekholm S, Hiwatashi A, Westesson PL: Vertebroplasty: cement leakage into the disc increases the risk of new fracture of adjacent vertebral body. Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25: ) Berlemann U, Ferguson SJ, Nolte LP, Heini PF: Adjacent vertebral failure after vertebroplasty. A biomechanical investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84: ) Rohlmann A, Zander T, Jony, Weber U, Bergmann G: Effect of vertebral body stiffness before and after vertebroplasty on intradiscal pressure. Biomed Tech 2005; 50: ) Kayanja MM, Evans K, Milks R, Lieberman IH: Adjacent level load transfer following vertebral augmentation in the cadaveric spine. Spine 2006; 31: ) Harrop JS, Prpa B, Reinhardt MK, Lieberman I: Primary and secondary osteoporosis' incidence of subsequent vertebral compression fractures after kyphoplasty. Spine 2004; 29: ) Kim JO, Koh YD: Risk factors in progression of deformity in compression fracture of thoracolumbar Junction. J Korean Fracture Soc 1999; 12: ) Lin WC, Lee YC, Lee CH, et al.: Refractures in cemented vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty: a retrospective analysis. Eur Spine J 2008; 17:

10 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009 국문초록 연구계획 : 후향적연구연구목적 : 골다공증성척추압박골절에서풍선척추성형술의효능과인접척추골절의위험요소를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 골다공증성척추압박골절로풍선성형술을시행받은 92명의환자중 ( 평균나이 70.4±7.0세 ) 1년이상추시가가능했던 63명환자를대상으로, 방사선학적붕괴추체높이비율, 추체후만각, 국소분절시상후만각, 척추시상면정렬의정복정도와임상적만족도를조사하였다. 단순방사선사진과자기공명영상상의골절양상, 골밀도, 추간판내골시멘트누출과인접척추압박골절발생을조사하여인접척추압박골절발생의위험요소를분석하였다. 결과 : 붕괴추체높이비율은 67.3±15.6% 에서 82.5±11.8% 로 (p=0.000), 추체후만각은 12.1±6.9 에서 8.1±5.3 로 (p=0.000), 국소분절시상후만각은 3.1±4.5 의정복정도를보였다 (p=0.009). 시상면정렬은 1.7±5.3 cm에서 0.5± 3.9cm로이동되었다 (p=0.005). 임상적만족도는 VAS 점수 6.9±1.3점에서 2.3±0.9점으로호전되었다 (p=0.000). 이러한결과는최종추시시까지유지되었다. 그러나추체높이 90% 이상회복과추체후만각과국소분절시상후만각의정복이 5도이상회복되는경우는대상환자의 40% 에도도달하지못하였다. 인접척추압박골절은 10명 (15.9%) 에서발생하였으며 (-3.8±0.6 T-점수 ), 인접척추골절이발생하지않은군 (-3.0±1.1 T-점수 ) 에비하여의미있게낮은 T-점수를나타냈다 (p=0.025). 전신마취하시술군에서국소마취시술군보다 2배이상의붕괴추체높이의교정정도를얻을수있었다. 추간판내골시멘트누출은 11명 (17.5%) 에서발생하였으나골절양상이나인접척추압박골절의위험성과연관성은보이지않았다. 위험인자로의심되었던척추시상면정렬과주입된골시멘트량은인접척추압박골절과연관성을보이지않았다. 결론 : 풍선척추성형술은골다공증성척추압박골절치료에통증완화에는뛰어난방법이나추체후만변형회복은만족스럽지못하였다. 전신마취하시술시는국소마취시보다더많은붕괴척추높이의정복을얻을수있었다. 인접척추압박골절은심한골다공증을보이는환자에서호발하였다. 색인단어 : 골다공증, 골다공증성척추압박골절, 풍선척추성형술, 인접척추압박골절 통신저자 : 최대정서울특별시동대문구청량리동 서울성심병원정형외과 Tel: Fax: niceosu@freechal.com

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