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1 대한골절학회지제 18 권, 제 1 호, 2005 년 1 월 Journal of the Korean Fracture Society Vol. 18, No. 1, January, 2005 근위부상완골골절의술후하방아탈구 문준규 남혁우 김종오 * 하종경 * 유석배 * 고려대학교의과대학정형외과학교실, 이화여자대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 * 목적 : 상완골근위부골절후발생하는하방아탈구에대해골절의양상, 수술방법및정복의정도와의연관성과그진행을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 1997 년 3월부터 2002 년 7월까지본원에서수술적치료를시행받은상완골근위부골절환자중술후 1년이상추시가가능하였던 45예의환자를대상으로후향적연구를시행하였다. 술전, 수술직후, 술후 1개월, 2개월, 6개월및최종추시방사선사진으로아탈구의정도를측정하여골절의유형, 수술방법및정복의결과와의관계를알아보았다. 또한관절내음압의소실에대한영향을평가하기위해개방성방카르트수술을시행한 15예에서아탈구발생여부를조사하였다. 결과 : 45례의환자중수술직후에는총 13예 (29%) 에서등급 1 이상의아탈구소견을보였고점차호전되어최종추시에는 2예에서만아탈구소견을보였다. 골절의유형별분석결과는수술직후에서이분골절에서 8예 (23%), 삼분골절에서 5예 (50%) 에서아탈구를보였다. 수술방법별분석결과는도수정복을시행한 17예중 2예 (13%), 관혈적정복을한 28예중 11예 (39%) 에서아탈구의소견을보였다. 수술정복의정도별분석에서는 2 cm 이상의전이로정복된예에서는모두아탈구소견을보였다. 관절내음압의소실에대한영향을평가하기위해개방성방카르트수술을시행한 15예모두에서아탈구소견은보이지않았다. 결론 : 상완골근위부골절에대해수술적치료후발생한아탈구는술후 2개월까지는의미있게나타났고, 상완골경부의길이나삼각근의긴장도등이영향을미치는것으로보여수술적치료시충분한정복및술후적극적인재활치료가중요할것으로보였다. 색인단어 : 근위부상완골골절, 하방아탈구 Inferior Subluxation of Humeral of Head after Surgery for Fracture of Proximal Humerus Jun-Gyu Moon, M.D., Hyok-Woo Nam, M.D., Jong-Oh Kim, * M.D., Jong-Kyoung Ha, * M.D., Seok-Bae Ryu, * M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Ewha womans University, Mok-Dong Hospital, Seoul, Korea * Purpose: To study the development of inferior shoulder subluxation after surgery for proximal humerus fractures. To analyze the mechanism of development of such subluxation and the association between different types of proximal humerus fractures, quality of reduction achieved and the method of operation performed. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 45 proximal humerus fractures that were treated by surgery between March 1997 and July 2002 was done. All patients had a minimum of 12 months of postoperative follow up. Preoperative radiographs were classified by the Neer's classification. Different operative treatment methods, post reduction alignment and the degree of postoperative subluxation if present, were analysed. In order to evaluate effect of loss of negative intraarticular pressure, we compared this series with 15 cases of recurrent shoulder dislocation treated by open Bankart operation. Results: 13 patients out of 45 (29%) developed immediate postoperative inferior shoulder subluxation. 3-part fractures of the proximal humerus showed a higher incidence of the same than the 2-part types. The better reduced fractures had lesser rates of subluxation. Open reduction (39%, 11 patients) results in an increased incidence of inferior subluxation than closed methods of reduction (13%, 2 patients). Conclusion: Inferior subluxation of the humeral head after surgery for the proximal humerus fracture can occur and persist till postoperative period of 2 months. Deltoid muscle tone affected by shortening of humeral neck plays an important role. Early active exercise for restoration of deltoid tone may be effective in prevention of inferior subluxation. Key Words: Proximal humerus fracture, Inferior subluxation 통신저자 : 문준규 Address reprint requests to : Jun-Gyu Moon, M.D 서울시구로구구로동 80 Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, School of Medicine, Korea University, 고려대학교의과대학교구로병원정형외과학교실 Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, , Korea Tel : Fax : Tel : Fax : orthocap@yahoo.co.kr orthocap@yahoo.co.kr * 본논문의요지는 2003년도대한골절학회추계학술대회에서발표되었음. 43

2 44 문준규, 남혁우, 김종오, 하종경 서론견관절에서의상완골두의하방아탈구는견관절부의수술후에흔히볼수있는현상으로일시적으로나타나며그기전으로는견관절주위의근력감소, 수술후유발되는견관절내음압소실, 수상당시의신경학적손상, 견관절인대또는관절손상등이생각되어왔다. 견관절부의수술이나외상으로발생할수있는하방아탈구는그빈도에서근위부상완골절이가장높은것으로알려져있다. 하지만그동안발표된연구에서는전체적인견관절이나견부수술에서의아탈구를조사하였지만근위부상완골골절의세부적인분류및치료방법과의연관성은많이알려져있지않다. 이에저자들은상완골근위부골절수술후유발되는상완골두의하방아탈구의원인으로판단되는요인들을분석하여, 아탈구에대한기전, 진행및예방이나치료지침에대해알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법본연구는 1997년 3월부터 2002년 8월사이에본원정형외과를방문하여진단과치료를시행한근위부상완골골절환자 45예를대상으로하였다. 근전도검사및이학적검사에서액와신경손상으로진단된환자는본연구에서제외하였다. 성별로는남자 21예, 여자 24예이었으며평균연령은 48세 (18세 ~75세 ) 였다. 추시관찰은술후 1년까지를원칙으로하여술전, 수술직후, 수술후 1개월, 2개월, 6개월, 1년째및최종추시의방사선검사를시행하였으며평균추시기간은 1년 11개월이었다. 아탈구의측정방법은단순방사선사진을기준으로하였 (0) (1) (2) (3) Fig. 1. Grade of the Subluxation 는데견관절의방사선검사는촬영방법및환자자세에따라변화가심하기때문에 7), 직립상태에서양측상지의중립위를유지한상태에서촬영하는것을원칙으로하였다. 상완골골절의분류는 Neer의상완골근위부골절분류에따라분류하였고 8) 아탈구의정도는관절와 (glenoid) 와상완골두의상부관절면 (superior border) 과의위치로정하였는데, 정상인경우는관절와의상부경계보다상완골두의상부경계가더상부에위치한경우이고등급1의경우는높이가같은경우, 등급2는관절와의중간부위까지, 등급3은그이하로떨어진경우로정하였다 (Fig. 1). 추시기간에따라각각의골절양상에따른하방아탈구의발생과등급, 그리고회복양상을비교하였으며, 수술방법은견관절의개방여부를기준으로하여도수정복과관혈적정복으로분류하여수술방법에따른아탈구의발생정도를비교하였다. 또한상완골경부길이의변화와아탈구의연관성을보기위해경부골절이포함된 28예 (64%) 에서술후상완골경부의정복정도를평가하였다. 상완골두와경부의전위를기준으로 1 cm 이하와 1~2 cm 및 2 cm 이상으로전이되어고정된경우로분류하여각각탈구의정도를비교하였다. 그리고일반적으로알려진관절내음압소실로인한하방아탈구의영향을평가하기위해개방적방카르트수술을시행받은재발성견관절탈구 15예환자의방사선사진을비교하였다. 자료에대한분석은카이제곱검정과 Fisher 정확검정법을사용하여분석하였다. 결과상완골근위부골절의술후유발되는하방아탈구는수술직후에는총 45예중 13예 (29%) 에서관찰되었다. 추시기간중대부분의아탈구상태는회복되어술후 2개월에는많이호전되었으나, 2예 ( 이분골절 1예, 삼분골절 1예 ) 에서는최종추시시에도아탈구가완전히호전되지않았다. Neer 분류에의한골절유형별분석을보면총 45예중이분골절은 35예, 삼분골절은 10예였고 4분골절은없었다. 이분골절에서등급3 이상의심한아탈구는없었으며, 삼분골절에서등급 3의아탈구소견을 1예에서보였다. 이분골절의술후추시상수술직후에는 8예 (24%) 에서아탈구소견을보였으나, 술후 6개월에아탈구의회복이거의이 Table 1. Fracture pattern vs subluxation (p>0.05) Case Preop. (%) Postop. (%) 1M (%) 2M (%) 6M (%) 1Yr. (%) final F/U (%) 2 part 35 (78) 5 (14) 8 (23) 7 (20) 6 (17) 1 ( 3) 1 ( 3) 1 ( 3) 3 part 10 (22) 6 (60) 5 (50) 6 (60) 5 (50) 3 (30) 1 (10) 1 (10)

3 근위부상완골골절의술후하방아탈구 45 A B C D Fig. 2. (A) Initial anteroposterior radiograph shows 2 part fracture with grade I subluxation. (B) Immediate postoperative radiograph shows a grade I subluxation. (C) Ap radiograph taken one month after operation shows a grade II subluxation. (D) Ap radiograph taken at 6 months after operation shows full recovery of subluxation. Table 2. Operative method vs Subluxation (p>0.05) Number of case (%) Subluxation (%) Closed reduction 17 (45) 2 (13) Open reduction 28 (55) 11 (39) Total subluxation case: 13 (29%) 루어졌다 (Fig. 2). 삼분골절은총 10예중 6예 (60%) 에서발생하였으며술후 6개월도 3예에서는지속적인아탈구소견을보였다. 골절의유형과아탈구와의전체적인연관성은통계적으로상관관계는보이지않았다 (p>0.05) (Table 1). 수술방법과아탈구정도의분석은관혈적정복총 28예중 11예 (39%) 에서아탈구가발생하였으며, 도수정복을시행한경우는총 17예중 2예 (13%) 에서아탈구소견을보였으나이는통계학적으로유의하지않았다 (p>0.05) (Table 2). 상완골근위부골절의술후경부의정복정도와아탈구와의상관관계는총 45예중상완골경부골절이있는 28예 (64%) 에대해조사하였는데, 전이가 1 cm 이내로고정된경우에서는총 12예중 2예 (17%) 에서아탈구가발생하였으며, 전이가 1~2 cm 인경우에는총 10예중 5예 (50%) 에서발생하였고, 전이가 2 cm 이상인 6예에서는 6예 (100%) 모두아탈구가일어났다 (p<0.05) (Table 3). 견관절내음압의손실과아탈구와의상관관계를비교하기위해재발성견관절탈구로개방적방카르트 (Bankart) 수술을시행한 15예를조사하였는데 2예에서수술직후에서만등급1 의아탈구소견을보였고이는술후 1개월에회복되었다. 고찰상완골근위부골절수술후발생하는견관절하방아탈 Table 3. Reduction quality of surgical neck vs Subluxation (p<0.05) Number of case (%) Subluxation (%) Good (<1 cm) 12 (43) 2 ( 17) Fair (1~2 cm) 10 (36) 5 ( 50) Poor (>2 cm) 6 (21) 6 (100) Total surgical neck fracture: 28 case 구는빈번하고일시적인현상으로알려져왔다 1,2,4,10). 특히 Neer 8) 는견관절주위골절로수술한전예에서일시적아탈구소견이관찰된다고하여그의미나심각성이낮게여겨지기도하였다. 한편 Yosipovitch 13) 등은골절을포함한관절손상후나타나는상완골골두하방아탈구의발병률을 10~ 20% 라고말하였으며원인을확실히밝히지는못하였으나근육의강도의감소를주장하였다. 이러한하방아탈구는완전한탈구와구분되어야하는데탈구의경우는적극적인정복이필요하지만아탈구의경우에는대부분보존적치료로충분하다고알려져왔다 5). 아탈구의발생시기에대해서는연구마다차이가있는데 James 5) 등의연구에따르면상완골근위부골절수술과개방적방카르트술식, 그리고인공관절치환술을시행한환자를대상으로조사하였는데술전에는 40% 에서아탈구소견을보였으나수술직후에는약 16% 로감소하였고 6주내에 92% 에서아탈구가회복된다고보고하였다. 이결과는술전보다수술후에아탈구가호전되었다는것인데저자들의결과는이와다르게나타났다. 저자들은술전에는비록아탈구가있더라도그정도가경하지만수술후에는, 특히관혈적정복을시행한경우에술전보다아탈구가심하게진행되는것을관찰하였다. Lee 7) 등은술후요인과술후얼마간의기간이경과한후에일어나는아탈구에미치는영

4 46 문준규, 남혁우, 김종오, 하종경 A B C D Fig. 3. (A) Initial anteroposterior radiograph shows 3 part fracture without subluxation. (B) Immediate postoperative radiograph shows a grade I subluxation. (C) Ap radiograph taken two months after operation shows grade II subluxation. (D) Ap radiograph taken at 6 months after operation shows full recovery of subluxation. 향을비교분석하였는데, 수술직후나타나는아탈구는관절낭이나회전근개근육과같은정적견관절안정대들의손상이주원인이고최소 3일이후에나타나는아탈구는근육의일시적피로현상또는근육의강도의감소와같은동적견관절안정대의손상이라고주장하였다. 저자들은술후발생하는견관절하방아탈구가주로어떤요인에의해발생하는지를알아보기위해여러가지골절의요인및치료방법등과의연관성을조사하였다. 그결과로 Neer의상완골근위부골절분류와아탈구발생률과의비교에서는이분골절에서아탈구는 35예중 8예 (23%), 삼분골절은 10예중 5예 (50%) 로삼분골절에서현저히발생율이높은것을확인할수있었으나통계학적으로표본수가많지않아유의한결과로는보기는힘들었다. 수술시정확한상완골경부의정복의정도와아탈구발생과의비교에서는 1 cm 미만의전이로비교적정확한정복을시도한경우에는 17% 에서만아탈구가발생하였으나, 정복이불만족한경우는모두에서아탈구가일어나는결과를보였고이는통계학적으로도유의한결과를보였다 (p<0.05). 이는상완골경부의부정확한정복이경부의길이감소를일으키고삼각근등의근긴장도에영향을미치는것으로설명할수있겠다. 따라서상완골경부골절이노인층에호발하고경부의분쇄가있는경우가많다고볼때, 상완골경부의충분한길이를유지못하는경우가많다고여겨지고이에따라아탈구발생도증가할수있을것으로예상된다. 따라서상완골경부의최소한길이유지가아탈구발생방지에중요함을알수있었다. 이는상완골의길이가견부의연부조직긴장도에영향을미치는것을볼때, 삼각근근육등이아탈구발생에중요한역할을담당한다는것을역으로유추해볼수있었다. 특히이요인은술후적극적인재활치료를통한근력의회복이중요하다는 것을알수있는데본연구에서도술후지속적인아탈구를보였던증례중, 1예는 3분골절로관혈적수술및내고정을시행받았던고령의여자환자로술후재활치료에협조가전혀안되었던경우로관절운동및근력운동을하지못하여점차로근력이악화되어최종추시에는거의탈구에가까운소견을보였던경우였다. 또한 1예는 3분골절로도수정복및경피적핀고정술을시행받았던환자로수술직후에는아탈구소견이경미했으나핀부착부의동통및고정력의요인으로적극적인재활을못하여수술후 1개월때는오히려아탈구가악화되었던경우였다 (Fig. 3). 견관절하방아탈구를일으킨다고생각되는요인중관절내음압의소실이원인이되는지를평가하기위하여재발성견관절탈구환자중개방적방카르트술식을시행한환자 15예를대상으로아탈구를비교하였을때거의아탈구를일으키지않는결과로보아관절내음압의역할은크지않음을생각할수있었다. 이상과같이아탈구를유발하는데관여하리라생각한여러가지요인중골절및수술후발생하는삼각근등의근긴장도감소가가장크게하방아탈구에관여한다고생각되어지며, 이를위해충분한상완골경부의길이유지가중요하다고생각하였다. 결론상완골근위부골절의수술적치료후발생한아탈구는술후 2개월까지는의미있게나타났고, 상완골경부의길이나삼각근의긴장도등이영향을미치는것으로보여수술적치료시충분한정복및술후적극적인재활치료가중요할것으로보였다.

5 근위부상완골골절의술후하방아탈구 47 참고문헌 1) Chaco J and Yosipovitch Z: Fracture of the humerus with delayed subluxation of the shoulder joint. J Trauma, 12: , ) De Palma A: The management of fractures and dislocation. Philadelphia, Saunders, vol 1, ) Dameron TB. Jr: Complication of treatment of injuries to the shoulder. In complication in orthopaedic surgery. Vol , Philadelphia, Lippincott, ) Favero KJ, Hawkins RH and Jones MW: Neuralgic amyotrophy. J Bone Joint Surg, 69-B: , ) James P: Pritchett: Inferior subluxation of humeral head after trauma or surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 6: , ) Laskin RS and Schreiber S: Inferior subluxation of the humeral head. The drooping shoulder. Radiology, 98: , ) Kim I, Rhee SK, Kim Yand and Lee KH: Inferior subluxation of the humeral head after trauma to the shoulder. J Korean Fracture Soc, 3, May: , ) Neer CS II: Displaced proximal humeral fractures. Part II Treatment of a three part and four part displacement. J Bone Joint Surg, 52-A: , ) Roper BA: Rehabilitation after a stroke. J Bone Joint Surg, 64-B: , ) Park SW and Lee SH: The clinical analysis of treatment of fracture of proximal humerus. J Korean Fracture Soc, 13, , ) Syrneonides PP: The significace of the subscapsularis muscle in the pathogenesis of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg, 54-B: , ) Turkel SJ, Panio MW, Marshall JL and Girgis FG: Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the gleno-humeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg, 63-A: , ) Yosipovitct Z, Tikva P and Goldberg I: Inferior subluxation of the humeral head after injury to the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg, 71-A: , June, ) Zoltan JD: Injury th the suprascapular nerve associated with anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Case report & review of the literature. J Trauma, 19: , 1979.

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