한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 4 호 pp J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 31, No. 4, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) April 2014 / 359

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1 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 4 호 pp J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 31, No. 4, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) April 2014 / 근골격계통증질환의진단과치료를위한주사바늘형복합온도프로브의개발 Needle Type of Hybrid Temperature Probe for Both Diagnosis and Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome 남성기 1, 김형일 2, 변창호 1, 이선규 1, Sung-Ki Nam 1, Hyung-Il Kim 2, Chang-Ho Byun 1, and Sun-Kyu Lee 1, 1 광주과학기술원기전공학부 (School of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology) 2 광주과학기술원의료시스템학과 (Department of Medical system Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology) Corresponding author: skyee@gist.ac.kr, Tel: Manuscript received: / Revised: / Accepted: This paper describes the development of needle type probe that measures temperature and injects medicine for both diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal pain syndrome (MPS). The size of trigger points is from several micrometers to millimeter. Therefore, it is required to develop a medical device that is capable of not only finding the trigger points by temperature measurement, but also injecting medicine at the exact location for treatment. To challenge these difficulties, thermocouple was fabricated on the surface of a needle using metal deposition process. Special type of stainless-constantan thermocouple was achieved from the stainless body of a needle itself and deposited constantan metal film. In particular, parylene coating enables to limit the temperature sensitive area to the end of the needle tip. Fabricated needle type probe produces 3.25 mv/ of thermoelectric sensitivity and compared its performance with commercial T-type thermocouple in animal muscle sample. Key Words: Musculoskeletal pain syndrome ( 근골격계통증질환 ), Trigger point ( 통점 ), Needle type probe ( 주사바늘형프로브 ), Thermocouple ( 열전대 ), Parylene insulation ( 파릴렌절연 ) 기호설명 S Cu = Seebeck coefficient of copper wire S St = Seebeck coefficient of stainless steel S CuNi = Seebeck coefficient of constantan T t = Temperature of terminal on measurement equipment T r = Temperature of connector on thermocouple T j = Temperature of junction on thermocouple 1. 서론 최근들어급격한컴퓨터작업의증가로많은직장인들이목, 어깨, 허리, 손목등의근골격계통증을호소하고있다. 근골격계통증 (Musculoskeletal pain syndrome) 이란근골격계에포함되는조직이물리적자극을받았거나, 통증을야기하는물질을생성또는그물질에반응하고있음을의미하는신호로, 반복적인활동으로인한피로누적이주된원인이다. 수근관증후근, 손목터널증후군, 테니스엘보우, 그리고섬유근육통등이이에해당한다. 통증유발점 (Trigger point) 의크기는수μm에서 10mm 까지다양하며정확한위치확인이중요한

2 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 4 호 pp April 2014 / 360 이슈이다. 1,2 통증부의진단에는혈액검사, X-ray, 자기공명영상 (MRI), 초음파진단, 적외선체열검사, 전기장진단등의다양한방법이있지만, 근육속에존재하는작은통증부위를정확히찾아내는데에는어려움이있다. 3,4 또한통증부진단과치료약물주입이개별적으로이루어져정확한통증부위에약물이전달되기어렵다. 이를해결하기위해바늘형온도측정장치에대한연구가활발히진행되었다. Cui 5 는실시간으로피부내부의온도를측정하기위한마이크로센서를제안하였다. 주사바늘내부에써미스터온도계를삽입한후레진에폭시로채워서고정하였다. 하지만, 센서가측정면에직접적으로접촉하지않으므로, 낮은온도민감도를나타내었고, 주사바늘내부가막혀있으므로, 치료약물의전달이불가능하였다. Shrestha 6 은마이크로피펫을이용하여세포수준의온도측정이가능한프로브를개발하였다. 유리로된피펫의내부에주석 (Sn) 으로된납땜합금을채우고표면에니켈 (Nickel) 박막을코팅하였다. 이를통해니켈-주석으로이루어진열전대를구성하였고, 피펫구멍을통해돌출된주석을가공하여날카로운팁을가진열전대접점을형성하였다. 이때, 니켈은인체에유해하므로, 세포삽입부분에는은 (Silver) 을코팅하였다. 하지만, 치료약물의전달이불가능하고, 은코팅으로형성된보호층은전기적외란및노이즈에취약하며, 역기전력에의한샘플손상의위험성이존재하게된다. Watanabe 7 는피펫의기능을유지하기위해두번의금속코팅을하였고, 마이크로피펫의표면에박막형열전대를제작하였다. 이때두금속면사이에 Diamind-Like-Carbon (DLC) 코팅을통하여절연막을형성하였고, 집속이온빔엣칭을이용하여피펫의끝단에열전대접점을형성하였다. 하지만, 여러단계의제작과정이필요하고, 외부측정기기와연결하기위한커넥터가취약한단점이있었다. 본논문에서는주사바늘의표면에절연코팅과금속코팅을이용하여치료제주입이가능한주사바늘형프로브를제작하였다. 제작공정을줄이고, 인체삽입을위한강도확보를위하여주사바늘자체를열전대의한재료로사용하였다. 또한파릴렌 (Parylene) 절연층과콘스탄탄 (CuNi) 금속층을증착하여바늘끝단면을온도측정부로한정하였다. 마지막으로파릴렌을프로브전면에코팅하여전기적, 화학적, 물리적보호층의형성및생체적합성을확보하였다. Fig. 1 Dielectric test for parylene coated needle 2. 설계및제작 2.1 파릴렌코팅주사바늘의끝단에열전대의접점을형성하기위해서는나머지부분의전기적절연이필수적이다. 파릴렌은 3.15의절연계수를가진재료로박막상태에서도절연특성을얻을수있다. 8,9 파릴렌코팅은 Dimer상태의고형재료를기화시켜 Monomer 상태로만든후, 냉각에의한폴리머화를통해표면증착을할수있다. 그러므로, 기체가접촉할수있는모든표면에증착이가능하다. Fig. 1과같이주사바늘의표면에 1.5 µm 두께의파릴렌을증착한후전기적저항을비교하였다. 그결과 2.5 Ω의저항을나타내던주사바늘은파릴렌코팅후완벽한절연이이루어졌음을확인하였다. 주사바늘의끝단면을연마하여절연층을제거한후콘스탄탄을증착하면, 노출된면에열전대의접점형성이가능하며, 국부적인온도측정점이된다. 2.2 열전대 MEMS 공정을통해제작가능한온도센서는써미스터, RTD, 그리고열전대등이있다. 주사바늘표면의곡률을고려하면미세패턴의제작이필요한써미스터나 RTD 보다는열전대가제작이용이하다. 또한외부전류의흐름이없이열전대자체의열전전압으로온도를측정하므로, 과전류에의한사고위험성도낮다. 열전대는두재료의접점부분에서온도를측정하게되므로, Fig. 2 와같이주사바늘의끝단에접점을형성하였다. 열전대의재료는 Stainless steel 로이루어진주사바늘과표면코팅을통해증착된콘스탄탄이다. 주사바늘자체

3 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 4 호 pp April 2014 / 361 Fig. 2 A schematic of needle type temperature probe Fig. 4 PDMS coating block (a: for parylene electrical insulation layer, b: for constantan layer, c: for parylene passivation layer) Fig. 3 Electrical circuit for needle type probe 를열전대의한재료로사용할경우제작공정을줄일수있을뿐만아니라, 인체삽입시센서의전기적, 물리적안정성을향상시킬수있다. 더나아가주사바늘을이용한기존의치료장비에온도측정기능을추가하여바로활용이가능한장점이있다. 열전대의또다른재료는 stainless steel이가진 4.4 µv/ o C의낮은 Seebeck 계수를고려하여 µv/ o C의성능을가진콘스탄탄을선정하였다 W의 DC 스퍼터링공정을이용하여주사바늘표면에 0.2 µm 두께의균일한콘스탄탄박막을제작하였다. T T T T T T r j r t E = S dt+ S dt+ S dt+ S dt 15 Cu St CuNi Cu T T T T t r j r j = ( S S ) dt= ( S S ) ( T T ) r St CuNi St CuNi j r 제작된열전대는 Fig. 3 과같이전기회로로표현된다. 구리선을통해외부의측정장치까지연결되고, 측정기터미널의온도 (T t ), 열전대연결부의온도 (T r ), 그리고열전대접합점의온도 (T j ) 가중요하게작용한다. 열전대에서출력되는전압 (E 15 ) 은식 (1) 과같이두열전대재료의 Seebeck 계수차이와열전대접점과커넥터의온도차이에비례하게된다. 이때, 커넥터부분의온도는대기온도를통해정해진다. 2.3 보호층및커넥터 (1) 파릴렌은무독성물질로생체적합성뿐만아니라, 화학적안정성및물리적강도도우수하다 콘스탄탄증착을통한열전대제작후 3 µm 두께의파릴렌을증착하여보호층을형성하였다. 이를통해주사바늘의내부까지증착이가능하여전체면에대해절연막을형성하였고, 외부의전기적노이즈나인체삽입시역기전력에의한위험성을줄일수있다. 주사바늘표면에제작된열전대는외부기기와의연결을통해신호의선형화및증폭이가능하다. 그러므로, 파릴렌으로형성된절연층과보호층에외부신호선의연결을위한노출부가필요하다. 파릴렌은가스상태의 Monomer 를이용한증착이므로코팅블록을증착전에주사바늘에장착하여노출부를제작할수있다. 코팅블록은주사바늘에장착시틈새가없으면서도표면에긁힘이없어야한다. 경화된 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 는연질의폴리머재료이면서도펀칭작업이가능하여, 주사바늘의외경보다작은구멍을뚫고, 코팅블록으로사용이가능하다. 14 Fig. 4 는주사바늘에장착된세개의코팅블럭을나타낸다. 파릴렌절연층을증착시, 콘스탄탄증착시, 그리고파릴렌보호층증착시각각코팅블록을순차적으로장착하였다. 코팅블록을제거하면주사바늘의 stainless steel 부분과콘스탄탄층이노출된다. 이때도선을연결하기위하여납땜을할경우박막의콘스탄탄층이손상을입게되어또다른접점을형성할수있다. 전기전도성에폭시 (Chemtronics 社 ) 는상온에서물리적손상없이박막에도선을연결할수있을뿐만아

4 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 4 호 pp April 2014 / 362 Fig. 5 Wire connected needle type probe 니라경화후쇼어경도 70 이상의안정적인커텍터를형성할수있다. Fig. 5 는전기전도성에폭시를통해완성된주사바늘형프로브를나타내고, 열전대와연결된도선을통해외부기기와연결이가능하다. (a) Before non-linear calibration 3. 실험 3.1 보정제작된주사바늘형프로브를온도센서로사용하기위해서는열전성능실험을통한보정작업이필요하다. 열전대의접점이있는주사바늘의끝단에상용 T 타입열전대를최대한근접시킨후초순수물에넣어서온도에따른출력전압을비교하였다. 물은자체열용량이크고, 온도변화가서서히나타나므로, 주사바늘의끝단온도와상용열전대의온도는동일하다고가정하였다. 인체의온도를고려하여 30 ~40 의온도범위에서실험을수행하였다. 미세전압측정장치 (Keithley 2182A) 를이용하여 33.6 µv/ 의열전성능을확인할수있었고, 100 배신호증폭을통해 Fig. 6(a) 와같이비선형적인열전성능결과를얻을수있었다. 이는열전대로사용되는두재료의 Seebeck 계수가온도의함수이므로, 측정온도범위에서변하기때문이다. AD594 IC 는 J 타입열전대용소자이지만, 가변저항을통해다른열전대가가진비선형성을보정할수있고, 신호의증폭또한가능하다. Fig. 6(b) 는비선형성을보정한후의열전성능으로, 보정전보다더넓은온도범위에서 mv/ 의선형적인신호보정이이루어졌음을알수있다. 3.2 표면안정성주사바늘표면에제작된열전대는파릴렌보호층을통해외부로부터의전기적, 물리적, 화학적충격으로부터보호된다. 특히온도를측정하여정 (b) After non-linear calibration Fig. 6 Calibration results of temperature sensitivity (a) Before experiment (b) After 10 times experiment Fig. 7 Surface inspection after 10 times experiment on animal meat sample 확한통증부를찾는과정에서표면코팅의안정성이매우중요하다. 주사바늘의인체삽입을모사하기위하여동물의근육샘플에 10 회삽입을하였다. 파릴렌보호층의긁힘과벗겨짐을확인하기위하여실험후에절연성실험을하였고, 프로브센서부의외경지름을측정하여코팅막의두께변화를확인하였다. 그결과 10 회의실험후에도절연

5 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 4 호 pp April 2014 / 363 Needle type probe Injected paint Fig. 8 Real time demonstration Fig. 10 Cross-section of animal meat sample with blue paint injection Fig. 9 Measurement results for real time demonstration 성은유지되었고, 0.551mm 의외경지름또한그대로유지됨을확인하였다. 더나아가표면의코팅상태를 Fig. 7 과같이현미경으로확인하였다. 10 회의삽입실험이후에도표면의파릴렌코팅이안정적으로주사바늘표면을보호하고있고, 열전대의접점또한안정적으로유지됨을알수있었다. 3.3 인체모사실험인체내에는수분을비롯하여체액및전해질등이용해되어있다. 이러한환경에서주사바늘형프로브의온도측정성능을실험하고자 Fig. 8 과같이인체모사실험을하였다. 동물의근육샘플에주사바늘형프로브와상용 T 타입열전대를삽입하여가열시온도반응을비교하였다. Fig. 9 는시간에따른온도변화와주사바늘형프로브의전압출력을나타낸다. 전자가열판을이용하여 26 와 35 까지샘플을가열하였고, 이후상온에서서냉을하였다. 측정점의차이로인한오차를최소화하기위해상용열전대의접점과 주사바늘형프로브의접점을최대한근접하여설치하였다. 그결과두신호는가열판의온도변화에따라서 의 R-Square 유사도를나타내었고, 실시간측정이가능함을확인하였다. 주사바늘형프로브는국소부위온도측정과함께약물주입이가능하다. Fig. 10 과같이파란색염료를주사바늘형프로브를통해샘플안으로주입하였다. 그결과온도측정부위인주사바늘끝단부분에서국소적인부분에약물전달이이루어짐을확인하였다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는표면증착공정을이용하여주사바늘의표면에온도센서를제작하였고, 온도측정을통한근골격계통증질환의진단과치료를위한기초실험을수행하였다. 주사바늘자체를활용한열전대제작은금속박막증착기술과함께안정적인센서구조를만들수있었다. 또한, 파릴렌증착을통해절연층을형성함으로써, 주사바늘의끝단에열전대접점을만들수있었고, 국부적인온도측정을가능하게하였다. 또한파릴렌보호층은센서의화학적, 물리적안정성을높여줄뿐만아니라, 인체에대해서무독성의센서제작을가능하게하였다. 동물의근육샘플을통한코팅막의안정성및온도반응성실험을통해실시간측정이가능함을확인하였다. 표면증착형열전대제작기술은디바이스의본래기능을유지하면서온도측정기능을추가할수있으므로, 온도측정이필요한의료분야에서다양한형태로활용이가능할것으로생각된다.

6 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 4 호 pp April 2014 / 364 후기 This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (No ) and partially supported by the Basic Research Projects in High-tech Industrial Technology Project through a grant provided by GIST in REFERENCES 1. Gerwin, R. D., A Review of Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia-Factors that Promote their Persistence, Acupunct. Med., Vol. 23, No. 3, pp , Huguenin, L. K., Myofascial Trigger Points: the Current Evidence, Phys. Ther. Sport., Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 2-12, Hildebrandt, C., Raschner, C., and Ammer, K., An Overview of Recent Application of Medical Infrared Thermography in Sports Medicine in Austria, Sensors, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp , Hakgüder, A., Birtane, M., Gürcan, S., Kokino, S., and Turan, F. N., Efficacy of Low Level Laser Therapy in Myofascial Pain Syndrome: an Algometric and Thermographic Evaluation, Lasers. Surg. Med., Vol. 33, No. 5, pp , Cui, R., Liu, J., Ma, W., Hu, J., Zhou, X., and et al., A Needle Temperature Microsensor for in Vivo and Real-Time Measurement of the Temperature in Acupoints, Sensor. Actuat. A-Phys., Vol. 119, No. 1, pp , Shrestha, R., Choi, T. Y., Chang, W., and Kim, D., A High-Precision Micropipette Sensor for Cellular- Level Real-Time Thermal Characterization, Sensors, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp , Watanabe, M., Kakuta, N., Mabuchi, K., and Yamada, Y., Micro-thermocouple Probe for Measurement of Cellular Thermal Responses, Proc. of the 27th IEEE Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 5, pp , Kahouli, A., Sylvestre, A., Jomni, F., Yangui, B., Legrand, J., and et al., Ac-conductivity and Dielectric Relaxations above Glass Transition Temperature for Parylene-C Thin Films, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process., Vol. 106, No. 4, pp , Chun, W., Chou, N., Cho, S., Yang, S., and Kim, S., Evaluation of Sub-Micrometer Parylene C Films as an Insulation Layer using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Prog. Org. Coat., Vol. 77, No. 2, pp , Arman, M., Simple Demonstration of the Seebeck Effect, Sc. Educ. Rev., Vol. 9, No. 3, pp , Lee, D. S., Kim, S. J., Kwon, E. B., Park, C. W., Jun, S. M., and et al., Comparison of in Vivo Biocompatibilities between Parylene-C and Polydimethylsiloxane for Implantable Microelectronic Devices, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 36, No. 6, pp , Yu, W., Wang, X., Zhao, C., Yang, Z., Dai, R., and Dong, F., Biocompatibility of subretinal Parylene- Based Ti/Pt Microelectrode Array in Rabbit for Further Artificial Vision Studies, J. Ocul. Biol. Dis. Inform., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp , Laird, J., The Right Coat for Effective Protection, Renew. Energ. Focus, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp , Kim, J., Lee, J., and Choi, B., Fabrication and Characterization of Strain Gauge Integrated Polymeric Diaphragm Pressure Sensors, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 14, No. 11, pp , 2013.

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