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1 대한치주과학회지 2008; 38: 1-6 치주치료후발생하는치아민감성에대한민감성예방효과 * 김민수, 채경준, 최성호, 채중규, 김종관, 조규성 연세대학교치과대학치주과학교실, 치주조직재생연구소 hydroxyapatite 첨가치약의 Effect of Hydroxyapatite containing dentifrice on teeth hypersensitivity after periodontal therapy Min-Soo Kim, Gyung-Joon Chae, Seong-Ho Choi, Jung-Kiu Chai, Chong-Kwan Kim, Kyoo-Sung Cho* Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste for patients who received periodontal therapy and felt hypersensiptivity. Material and Methods: After application of toothpaste, patients were evaluated for VAS(Visual Analog scale) scores to a cold stimulate on baseline, 1 week, and 4 weeks. VAS scores were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: The results of this study were as follows. 1. VAS scores in control group on baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks were 5.39±2.05, 4.75±2.00, 4.21± VAS scores in experimental group on baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks were 5.61±2.37, 4.81±2.46, 4.08± Decrease of VAS scores on hypersensitivity after 1week was 0.64±0.49(p<.0001) in control group, 0.80±1.65 (p<.0001) in experimental group. 4. Decrease of VAS scores on hypersensitivity after 4weeks was 1.18±1.60(p<.0001) in control group, 1.53±1.88 (p<.0001) in experimental group. 5. When compared, decrease of VAS scores after 1 week between 2 groups were not statistically different(p=0.2622). 6. When compared, decrease of VAS scores after 4 weeks between 2 groups were not statistically different(p=0.1219). Conclusion: It was confirmed that hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste have the similar effect with pre-existing proven dentifrice for relieving teeth hypersensitivity. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:1-6) KEY WORDS: teeth hypersensitivity; hydroxyapatite; toothpaste; periodontal therapy. 서론 치아민감성의원인은치주질환과그치료에따르는술식뿐아니라치아우식, 수복물의미세누출, 부착조직의퇴 1) 축, 치경부치질의부식등으로매우다양하며, 원인에따라다양한치료방법이동원되고있다. 대개는수주내에이 Correspondence: Dr. Kyoo-Sung Cho Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 134 Shin-Chon dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, , Korea. kscho@yuhs.ac, Tel: , Fax: * 본연구는 디오의연구비지원으로수행되었음. 접수일: 2007년 12월 20 일; 채택일: 2007년 12월 27일 러한과민증이사라지는것이보통이나심각한문제로지속될수도있다. 이러한치아과민증을설명하는이론으로는 hydrodynamic theory 2) 가대표적이며상아세관이노출된경우에물리적, 화학적, 열자극등이상아세관내액체의갑작스런이동을유발하여그에따른동통을유발시킨다고한다. 이경우나타나는민감성의정도는일반적으로비교적심하지않은경우가대부분이나환자에따라서는예민하게반응하는환자도있는등매우예측하기힘든편이다. 따라서만약민감성을정확히예측할수있는방법이있다면미연에이러한일이발생하지않도록예방하는것이최선의방법이라고할수있으나, 아직까지는이를예측할수있는 1
2 김민수, 채경준, 최성호, 채중규대한치주과학회지 2008년 38권 1호 방법이없다 3,4). 치아민감성을탈감작하는기전으로는노출된상아세관을막는것(e.g stannous fluoride), Pain Synapse 의pain signal 을방해하는기전(e.g potassium nitrate) 등이소개되어있다. 만약민감성을효과적으로예방할수있는약제가있다면치주치료를하면서동시에이약제를사용하도록하는방법이임상적으로가장합리적인대안이된다고할수있겠으나, 아직까지치주치료시효과적으로사용할수있는약제는없는실정이고, 다만노출된상아세관을막는기전을가진치약을통상적으로처방하고있다. 치주질환환자중치아민감성을호소하는환자들을치료하는방법들은여러문헌들에의해보고되어왔으며실제임상에서적용되고있다. 그중에서치아민감성에효과가있는성분들로 strontium chloride, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, flutaraldehyde, potassium nitrate, stannous fluoride 등이있으며 metacrylate / 5% glutaraldehyde dentine desensitizer, 2% chlorhexidine-based cavity disinfectant 등의약제와 5% potassium nitrate, hydroxyapitite 등이함유된치약이사용되어왔다 5,6). 이중, 본임상연구에서는 strontium chloride 함유치약을대조군으로, hydroxyapatite 함유치약을실험군으로적용하였다. 대조군에사용한치약은 strontium chloride, titanim oxide, calcium carbonate가주요성분으로함유되어있으며 5) 여러문헌을통하여치아과민증완화에효과가있음이입증된바있다 7). 특히 strontium chloride 는상아질에친화성이있어유기결합조직과상아세관돌기에흡착되고특히석회화된조직에흡착되며 8) strontium apatite complex 를형성한다고알려져있다 7,9,10). 실험군으로사용한치약은 hydroxyapatite를함유하고있으며재광화효과 11), 상아세관내의침착등의방법을통한탈감작효과를기대할수있다. 본연구의목적은치주치료후에발생할수있는치아과민성에대한 hydroxyapatite 첨가치약의치료및예방효과를 strontium chloride 함유치약과비교평가해보고자하는것이다. 1. 연구대상및재료 1) 연구대상 연구재료및방법 연세대학교치과대학병원치주과에내원한환자중치주치료 ( 소파술및판막거상치주수술) 후유지기치료시치아과민증을호소하는환자 100 명(503 개치아) 을대상으로하였다( 본연구는연세대학교치과대학병원의약품 Institutional Review Board 위원회의승인(2006-3) 을받아진행되었음). 또한모든환자에게본임상실험의목적및과정에대한상세한설명후실험에대한자발적참여의내용을담은동의서를통해동의를구하였다. 단, 유지기치주치료외에부가적인치료를필요로하는활성기치주염환자는제외시켰으며치주치료원인외에치경부마모, 치아우식, 치근파절등의민감성을유발할수있는인자를가진환자들도제외시켰다. 전체실험군 100 명중남 여비율은 52:48 로성별간의차이는뚜렷하게나타나지않았다. 환자들의평균연령은 47.2세였으며그중최저연령은 22 세, 최고연령은 69세였다. 평균연령이 47.2세로다소높게나타났는데이는치주치료를받은환자를대상으로했기때문으로사료된다. Figure 1. Age distribution of patients 2) 사용재료 대조군과실험군으로나누어각각다른종류의치약을처방하였으며대조군치약의주기능성분은 strontium chloride, 실험군치약은 hydroxyapatite 를주성분으로하였다. 상세한구성성분은 Table 1 에기술하였다. 2. 실험군설정및연구방법 1) 실험군설정 치아과민증을호소하는환자들을무작위로두집단으로나누어두종류의치약을사용하였다. a. 대조군 : strontium chloride 함유치약 - 50명 b. 실험군 : hydroxyapatite 함유치약 - 50명 2
3 J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008; 38(1) 치주치료후발생하는치아민감성에대한 hydroxyapatite 첨가치약의민감성예방효과 Table 1. Toothpastes Used in This Experiment Name Company Ingredient Sensodyne Dio ME plus PRTC GlaxoSmithKline Colma Korea Purified Water, Sorbitol solution, Glycerol, Calcium Carbonate, Strontium Chloride, Silicon Dioxide, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate, Peppermint Oil, Titanium Dioxide, PEG-40 Stearate, Saccharin Sodium, Methyl Hydroxybenzonate, Propyl Hydroxybenzonate allantoine chlorohydroxy aluminum, sodium Monofluorophosphate, hydroxyapatite, D-sorbitol solution, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium sulfate, artificial flavor, xylitol, citric acid, Purified water 2) 연구방법 초진시에치약및칫솔 Gum #333(Butler, Chicago, Illinois, USA) 을함께처방한후follow up 하며초진, 1주후,4 주후에각각재내원하여임상지수를측정하였다. 내원시마다 #13,14,15#23,24,25치아치경부에각각 cold test 하여 VAS(Visual analogue scale 0 : no pain~ 10 : extreme pain) 값을측정하였다. 3) 평가방법 Test 방법은 ice test(cold test) 를시행한후환자들이 12,13) 느끼는정도를 VAS로표시하게하였으며 ice stick을치경부에약 2~3 초간대고나서뗀후 11개의고정된눈금이있는눈금자를이용, 해당하는눈금에표시하도록하였다. 실험에서얻어진 VAS값을이용통계학적으로분석하였다. 분석도구로는 SAS 9.1 version(sas Inc, Cary, North Carolina, USA) 을이용하였으며먼저 Paired t-test 를이용, 각치약사용 group 내에서의초진과일주일후, 초진과한달후의치아과민증감소효과를분석하였다. 또한 Table 2. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 0 전혀아프지않다 1 별로아프지않다 2 아주아주조금아프다 3 아주조금아프다 4 조금아프다 5 참을만하게아프다 6 제법아프다 7 아프다 8 아주많이아프다 9 참을수없이아프다 10 죽을것같이아프다. Independent Two-samples t-test를이용하여각시점에서치약의효과차이를비교하였고, Repeated measures ANOVA 를이용하여두치약간의시점별치아과민증감소량을비교, 검정하였다. 1. VAS 결과 치주치료후지각과민도를 VAS에따라기록했으며대조군에서의초진,1 주후,4주후에서의평균값은각각 5.39± 2.05, 4.75±2.00, 4.21±1.75 이었다. 실험군에서초진, 1주후, 4주후에서의평균값은각각 5.61±2.37, 4.81±2.46, 4.08±2.54 이었다. 2. 각군사이의임상지수감소량의비교 초진과일주일사이의실험군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 0.80±1.65 이었으며, 대조군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 0.64±1.49 이었다. 또한일주일과한달사이의실험군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 0.73±1.35 이었으며, 대조군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 0.54±1.35 이었다. 고찰 치주치료중치석제거술과치근활택술을받은환자는기구조작후에종종건조시키거나온도자극을줄경우치아가예민해지는증상을느끼게된다 14~16). 이러한증상은치료후 1주일동안발생하여최고조에이르렀다가몇주내에소실된다. 이는가끔만성동통의원인이되어수개월또는수년간지 3
4 김민수, 채경준, 최성호, 채중규대한치주과학회지 2008년 38권 1호 Table 3. VAS scores (mean ± SD) Group baseline 1 week 4 weeks Cont ± ± 2.00* 4.21 ± 1.75* + Exp ± ± 2.46* 4.08 ± 2.54* + * : Statistically significant difference from baseline (p<0.0001) + : Statistically significant difference from 1 week (p<0.0001) Table 4. Decrease of VAS value (mean ± SD) Group 1week-baseline 4weeks-baseline 1week-4weeks Cont ± ± ± 1.35 Exp ± 1.65* 1.53 ± 1.88* 0.73 ± 1.35* * Statistically not significant difference compared to control group (p>0.1) 속되기도한다. 특히오랜기간지속되는동통의경우치주수술을받은환자에서많이나타나게되며치료후 6 개월~5 년간 26% 의환자에서심한통증을보이는반면에비외과적으로치료한경우 16% 에서동통을호소한다. 이렇게나타나는동통의증상은대개빨리시작되는날카로운통증의양상으로나타나며자극제거시사라지는경우가대부분이나심한경우짧게또는길게지속되는둔통이나쑤시는듯한느낌의통증이발생하기도한다. 또한칫솔이접촉될시에강한통증을느끼게되므로칫솔질을게을리하게되어구강내위생관리까지도어려워진다. 치아과민증 17) 은 sensitive dentin, cervical dentin sensitivity, root sensitivity 라고도하며이의발생기전은아직논란이많다 3,18). 치주치료후치근면은외부에서유입된다양한자극에민감하게반응하게되는데특히상아세관이구강내로노출되고이는 hydrodynamic force 를받게된다. 특히탈수, 촉진, 온도, 삼투압등의자극에의해노출된상아세관이갑작스러운액체의이동을일으켜서통각을유발하게된다고보고하고있다 2,19). Kerns 등 20) 은특히치석제거술후치아, 치근표면에형성된도말층이수일내에용해되면서치주치료후에통증의강도가증가된다고보고하였는데이는이같은현상에관여하는상아세관의 hydraulic conductance를증가시키고상아질을가로지르는용액의흐름에대한주변저항성이감소됨으로인해통각이쉽게발생되기때문이다 19). 또한노출된상아세관이타액속의세균성물질과노출된상아질에형성되기시작하는세균성치태속의세균의통로가되어국소적치수염증반응이생기기쉬워진다 21,22) 23).Narhi 등 은실험을통해치수염증이반응하는신경섬유의민감성을 최대로증가시켰을때정상적으로활성화되지않은많은수의치아내 A-델타섬유가자극에반응하고개개섬유의 receptive field 가더넓어짐을확인할수있었다. 다양한원인으로인해발생하는치아과민증을진단하고치료하는데에는증상의원인, 기여인자, 증상에대한상황의정확한분석이필요하다. 특히교두파절, cracked 23) tooth, 수복물의파절이나누출, 치아우식등에대한철저한검사가필요하며치아과민증치료시수복물을대체해주거나 24) 외상성교합의제거, 식습관의교정등을병행하면치료의효과는더높아진다. 또한치근표면의상아질은세관입구가 mineral 침착에의해이미막혀있으므로 25) 치근부의치태조절은치근상아질의지각과민증치료에가장기초적인단계라할수있다. 이러한치아과민증을치료하는대표적인방법으로는 astringent 또는응고작용을하는약제로상아세관의입구를막아주는것이다. 주로쓰이는약제로는 strontium chloride, sodium monoflouorophosphate, stannous fluoride, cavity varnish, dentin bondng agent 등이있다 4,26,27). 하지만이러한약제를이용한치료법은여러가지한계점을갖는데첫째로 gingival fluid 때문에완전히상아질표면을건조시킬수없다는것이다. 둘째로는 astringent agent 적용시상아세관내보다도삼출물의단백질이먼저응고된다는것인데이는칫솔질로쉽게제거가되므로상아세관을막아주는기능을하지못한다. 셋째로대부분의약제들은표면을막는것에그치고시간이지날수록용해가일어난다는것을들수있다. 넷째로 potassium salt 를포함하는약제의경우최근 potassim ion 이상아세관을따라확산되어 intradental nerve activity를불활성 4
5 J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008; 38(1) 치주치료후발생하는치아민감성에대한 hydroxyapatite 첨가치약의민감성예방효과 시키는기전을통해 intradental nerve 의흥분을감소시킨다는보고 18,28) 가있는데전기생리학적인실험에서밝혀진바에의하면국소적도포는그효과가미약하다고한다 4). 본연구에서는치주치료후지각과민증이발생한치아에 strontium chloride 함유치약과 hydroxyapatite 함유치약을각각적용한뒤지각과민의감소여부를평가하여그임상효과를관찰하였다. 총실험대상은 100명으로 50명씩군을나누어서각기다른치약을처방한후초진,1 주후,4주후시점에서의 visual analog scale을토대로각치약의지각과민감소효과를보았다. VAS 는 10cm 선에 1cm 간격으로눈금을표시한후환자들의현상태를가장잘나타내는곳에환자로하여금표시하게하는것으로이는주로환자가느끼는주관적동통의정도를나타내는데사용한다 29). 본연구에서대조군에사용한치약은 strontium chloride, titanim oxide, calcium carbonate가주요성분으로함유되어있으며 5) 실험군으로사용한치약은 hydroxyapatite를 함유하여치약속의미세한마모제입자들이상아세관을폐쇄시키는기전으로치아과민증을완화시킨다. 대조군치약에함유된성분중strontium chloride 는특히상아질에친화성이있어유기결합조직과상아세관돌기에흡착되고특히석회화된조직에흡착되며 8) strontium apatite complex 를형성한다고알려져있다 7). Minkoff 등 7) 은10% strontium chloride hexahydrate 가첨가된치약을사용하였을때치아과민증의정도가 2주내에통계학적으로유의성있는감소를나타내었다고하였으며, Paes Leme 등 9) 은 in vitro 실험을통하여 strontium chloride 의상아세관폐쇄능력을평가하였다. 노출된치경부상아질표면을 EDTA 로처리하여상아세관을노출시킨후 strontium chloride 함유치약에 2주간담가놓았던치아표면을주사현미경으로관찰한결과 strontium chloride 함유치약으로처리한치아표면은통계학적으로유의성을가지는정도로폐쇄된상아세관을보였다.Kishore 등 10) 은임상실험을통해 10% strontium chloride 용액이과민증을감소시키는효과가있음을입증하였다. 실험군치약에함유된 hydroxyapatite는생체친화력이우수하며인간의골조직과유사한조성을지니고있다. 이러한생체친화성적인특징으로인하여인공골조직과인공치아등에응용되어왔으며현재도연구가진행되고있다 30,31). 특히치과영역에서치아우식발병후에이를치료하는과정에서발생되는치아의손상부위를치료하는데필요한수복재등으로응용이가능하며치약에함유시킬경우 마모제역할을가지며그강도는치아표면을마모시킬정도는아니다. 또한 hydroxyapatite 는우식부위의재광화효과를가지므로이러한치아우식증에대한효과가상아질지각과민증해소작용도할수있을것이라사료된다 11). 본실험의결과, 대조군에서의초진, 1 주후, 4주후에서의평균 VAS 값은각각 5.39±2.05, 4.75±2.00, 4.21± 1.75 이었으며실험군에서초진,1 주후,4주후에서의평균 VAS 값은각각 5.61±2.37, 4.81±2.46, 4.08±2.54이었다. 이를토대로계산한대조군치약사용일주일후치아과민증감소효과는 -0.64±1.49이었으며 p-value 가 <.0001 로유의한감소효과가있다고할수있다. 또한대조군치약사용한달후치아과민증감소효과는 -1.18±1.60 이었으며 p-value 가 <.0001 로유의한감소효과가있다고할수있다. 같은방법을통해계산한실험군치약사용일주일후치아과민증감소효과는 -0.80±1.65 이었으며 p-value 가 <.0001 로유의한감소효과가있다고할수있다. 또한실험군치약사용한달후치아과민증감소효과는 -1.53±1.88이었으며 p-value 가 <.0001로유의한감소효과가있다고할수있다. 초진과일주일사이의실험군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 -0.80±1.65 이었으며, 대조군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 -0.64±1.49 이었다. 이때 p-value는 로이두치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은차이가없었다. 또한일주일과한달사이의실험군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 -0.73±1.35 이었으며, 대조군치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은 -0.54±1.35 이었다. 이때 p-value 는 로이두치약그룹의치아과민증감소량은차이가없었다. 실제로본실험의결과 hydroxyapatite 함유치약은기존의여러연구를통해지각과민증에유의한효과가있다고알려진 strontium chloride 함유치약과통계학적으로유의성있는유사한결과를보였다. 본연구결과를보았을때두치약모두치주치료후발생하는지각과민증에효과있는것으로생각되며, 이후좀더폭넓은임상에서의활용을위해장기간의약제효과에대한임상적연구가요구되리라사료된다. 참고문헌 1. Seltzer S, Boston D. Hypersensitivity and pain induced by operative procedures and the cracked tooth syndrome. Gen Dent 1997;45:
6 김민수, 채경준, 최성호, 채중규대한치주과학회지 2008년 38권 1호 2. Brannstrom M. Sensitivity of dentine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1966;21: Orchardson R, Gangarosa LP, Sr., Holland GR, et al. Dentine hypersensitivity-into the 21st century. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39 Suppl:113S-119S. 4. Ikola S. Dentin hpersensitivity and its treatment methods. Thesis. Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland Arrais CA, Micheloni CD, Giannini M, Chan DC. Occluding effect of dentifrices on dentinal tubules. J Dent 2003;31: Walters PA. Dentinal hypersensitivity: a review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005;6: Minkoff S, Axelrod S. Efficacy of strontium chloride in dental hypersensitivity. J Periodontol 1987;58: Uchida A, Wakano Y, Fukuyama O, et al. Controlled clinical evaluation of a 10% strontium chloride dentifrice in treatment of dentin hypersensitivity following periodontal surgery. J Periodontol 1980;51: Paes Leme AF, dos Santos JC, Giannini M, Wada RS. Occlusion of dentin tubules by desensitizing agents. Am J Dent 2004;17: Kishore A, Mehrotra KK, Saimbi CS. Effectiveness of desensitizing agents. J Endod 2002;28: Ryu SC. Study on the tooth recovery material using with hydroxyapatite. Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 2005;42: Kim YI, Nam SG, Hong ST, et al. Comparison of VIsual Analogue Scale, Categorical Scale and Satisfaction for Postoperative Pain. Journal of the Korean Pain Society 2001;14: Won CW, Yang DH, Kim SH, et al. Development of categorical rating scale about pain intensity. WebHealth Research 2001;4: Fischer C, Wennberg A, Fischer RG, Attstrom R. Clinical evaluation of pulp and dentine sensitivity after supragingival and subgingival scaling. Endod Dent Traumatol 1991;7: Chabanski MB, Gillam DG, Bulman JS, Newman HN. Prevalence of cervical dentine sensitivity in a population of patients referred to a specialist Periodontology Department. J Clin Periodontol 1996;23: Narhi M, Kontturi-Narhi V, Hirvonen T, Ngassapa D. Neurophysiological mechanisms of dentin hypersensitivity. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1992;88 Suppl 1: Holland GR, Narhi MN, Addy M, et al. Guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24: Orchardson R, Peacock JM. Factors affecting nerve excitability and conduction as a basis for desensitizing dentine. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39 Suppl:81S-86S. 19. Pashley DH. Dynamics of the pulpo-dentin complex. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1996;7: Kerns DG, Scheidt MJ, Pashley DH, et al. Dentinal tubule occlusion and root hypersensitivity. J Periodontol 1991;62: Bergenholtz G, Lindhe J. Effect of soluble plaque factors on inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp. Scand J Dent Res 1975;83: Bergenholtz G, Lindhe J. Effect of experimentally induced marginal periodontitis and periodontal scaling on the dental pulp. J Clin Periodontol 1978;5: Narhi M, Yamamoto H, Ngassapa D, Hirvonen T. The neurophysiological basis and the role of inflammatory reactions in dentine hypersensitivity. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39 Suppl:23S-30S. 24. Hovgaard O, Larsen MJ, Fejerskov O. Tooth hypersensitivity in relation to quality of restorations. J Dent Res 1991;70 (Spec issue):iadr abstract Hiatt WH, Johansen E. Root preparation. I. Obturation of dentinal tubules in treatment of root hypersensitivity. J Periodontol 1972;43: Gangarosa LP, Sr. Current strategies for dentist-applied treatment in the management of hypersensitive dentine. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39 Suppl:101S-106S. 27. Zappa U. Self-applied treatments in the management of dentine hypersensitivity. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39 Suppl: 107S-112S. 28. Markowitz K, Kim S. The role of selected cations in the desensitization of intradental nerves. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1992;88 Suppl 1: Park JJ, Park JB, Kwon YH, et al. The effects of microcrystalline hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste in the control of tooth hypersensitivity. J Korean Acad Periodontol 2005;35: Jarcho M. Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1981: Ogiso M. Reassessment of long-term use of dense HA as dental implant: case report. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;43:
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