대한밍사선의학호 1;;:11998;38:15-20 패혈성뇌색전증의방사선학적소견 1 이지영 검상준 검태훈 검승철 김재숭 배현주 2. 검동익 3. 장기현 4. 최우석 5 목 적. 패혈성뇌색전증의치료원칙은통상적인혈전성뇌경색과다르므로, 혈전성뇌 경색과의감별에도움이되는패혈성뇌색
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1 대한밍사선의학호 1;;:11998;38:15-20 패혈성뇌색전증의방사선학적소견 1 이지영 검상준 검태훈 검승철 김재숭 배현주 2. 검동익 3. 장기현 4. 최우석 5 목 적. 패혈성뇌색전증의치료원칙은통상적인혈전성뇌경색과다르므로, 혈전성뇌 경색과의감별에도움이되는패혈성뇌색전증의자기공명영상및전산화단층촬영소견을 알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 패혈성뇌색전증으로진단된총 8 명의환자를대상으로하였으며, 6 명은혈 액배양에서, 2 명은부검에의한조직검사에서진단되었다. 저자는환자들의자기공명영상 및전산화단층촬영에서나타난병변의수, 크기, 분포, 조영증강및출혈여부등을후향적으 로분석하였다. 그중 4 명은 1 주에서 7 개월사이에추적검사를시행하였다. 결 과 : 패혈성뇌색전증환자 8 명중 5 명은강염성심내막염, 3 명은다른원인에의한패 혈증이그원인이었다. 병변의수는 6 명에서 3-7 개, 1 명에서 10 개이상, 나머지한명에서는 무수히많았으며, 병변의크기는정상의작은것에서 6cm 까지다양하였다. 병변이나타나는위치는매우다양하였으며, 병변은대뇌피질을침범하는뇌경색양상 (gyral pattern) 이 5 예에서관찰되였고, 백질이나기저핵에조영증강되지않는결절성병변이 5예, 대뇌피질이 나백질에고립성의결절양또는환상형조영증장이 3 예, 백질과기저핵에환상형조영증강 이있는크기가큰병변이 1 예, 대뇌및소뇌피질에미만성의결절양조영증강이 1 예로다 양한병변형태를보였다. 출혈은 8 예중 6 예에서있었으며, 추적검사가이루어진 4 명에서선 행된병변의크기가커진경우가 2 예, 병변이나타났다. 결 작아진경우가 2 예였으며, 그리고 2 예에서는새로운 론 : 패혈성뇌색전증에서일반적으로병변의숫자가많고, 동일환자에서도대뇌피질 에뇌경색양상이나대뇌피질, 백질, 기저핵에다양한크기의결절성병변이나타날수있고, 고립된작은원형또는결절형이냐환상형조영증강이있었으며, 출혈성경향이높다. 이러 한소견은통상적인혈전성뇌경색과는구별되는소견으로패혈성뇌색전증의방사선학적 진단에도움이될것으로생각된다. 패혈성뇌색전증 (cerebral septic embolism) 은주로감염 성심내막엽의합병증으로나타나는드물지않은질환이지만 이에대한방사선학적소견은확립되어있지않다 (1-4). 통상적인혈전성뇌경색 (usual thrombotic infarction) 의 경우와는달리패혈성뇌색전증의치료에서항응고제사용은 금기이며, 감염성심내막염등의원발병소를찾아치료하는것 이예후에결정적인역할을할뿐아니라, 진균성동맥류나뇌 농양등의합병증이없는경우개두술보다는적절한항생제치 료에대한반응이좋은편으로알려져있어조기진단과치료가 l 단국대학교의과대학방사선과학교실 2 단국대학교의과대학내과학교실 3 연세대학교의과대학방사선과학교실 4 서울대학교의과대학방사선과학교실 5 경회대학교의과대학방사선과학교실이논문은 년 2 월 25 일접수하여 년 10 월 3 1 일에채택되었음 매우중요하다 (1, 4-6). 이에저자는패혈성뇌색전증으로진 단된환자의자기공명영상 (MR) 및전산화단층촬영 (CT) 소 견을후향적으로분석하여진단에도움이되는소견을알아보 고통상적인혈전성뇌경색과의감별점을찾고자하였다. 대상및방법 패혈성뇌색전증으로진단된총 8 명의환자를대상으로하였 으며나이는 1 세에서 68 세까지다양하였다. 감염성심내막염 환자 5 명, 패혈증을동반한당뇨환자 1 명, 패혈증을동반한전 신성흥반성낭창환자 1 명, 기타패혈증환자 1 명이었으며, 그 중 6명은혈액배양에서, 2명은부검에의한조직검사에서원인 균을확인하였다. 원인균주는 Staphylococcus aureus 가 4 예로가장많았으며, Streptococcus mi tis, Enterococcus avi 15 -
2 이지영오 I : llh훨성뇌색전증의망시선학적소견 um, Escherichia coli, aspergillus 등이각각 1 예씩있었다 (Table 1). 임상증상으로는고열이 7예로서가장많았고, 근무력감이 3예, 두통이 2예, 그리고기변 (lethargy) 이 2예이었다. 감염성심내막염환자 5명중증례 1과 3은개싱술및성장초음파검사에서, 그리고증례 2, 4, 5는심장초음파검사에서감염성심내막염이확인되었다. 개싱술이이루어진 2명에서심장판막증식증이관찰되었다. MR만시행한경우가 5례, MR과 CT를시행한경우가 3례이었으며, 4례 ( 증례 1, 2, 3, 6) 에서는 1주에서 7개월사이에 1-2회의추적검사가시행되었다. 추적검사로는 4례모두 MR 을시행하였고, 1례는 CT를 1회시행하였다.MR영상은 1.5T 초전도형자기공명영상장치 (Signa ; GE Medical system, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.) 에서두부코일을이용하여시행하였다. MR 영상기법으로는스핀에코방식의 T1 강조영상 (TR/TE/ excitations ; msec/20-4이nsec/ 3-4) 과 T2 강조영상 (TR/ TE / excitations, 2,000-2, 5 이nsec /80-10아nsec / 1-2 ) 의횡단영상을얻었다. Field of view (FOV) 18-19cm, matrix 크기 256x192 (T1 강조영상 ), 256x256 (T2 강조영상 ), receive band width 1 6 khz로하였고일곱명의환자에서 gadopenetate dimeglumine (Magnevist, Schering AG, Germany) 을정맥주입후 T1 강조영상을얻었다. 사용된 CT 기기는 GE highlight advantage (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U. S.A. ) 이였고, 안 와외이선에서약 15 각도를주어 10mm 절편두께로단층촬영하였으며 1Q -117B 의영상을얻었고, 조영증강은비이온성조영제인이오파미로 (Bracco, Milano, It aly) 를 1 이nl사용하여이중 60ml를급속주업후나머지는점적주입하면서시행하였다. 저자는환자들의 MR 및 CT에서병변의수, 크기, 분포, 조영증강, 출혈여부등을후향적으로분석하였다. 결과패혈성뇌색전증환자 8명중 5영은감염성심내막염, 3명은다른원인에의한패혈증이그원인이었다. 병변의수는모든예에서 3개이상으로서 6명에서 3-7개, 1 명에서 1Q 7B 이상, 나머지 1예에서는무수히많았다. 병변의크기는정상의작은병변부터장경 6cm까지다양하였다 (Table 2). 병변의분포는피질하백절, 대뇌피질, 뇌실주위백질등에서주로나타났고, 또한, 기저핵, 뇌간, 소뇌에서도나타났다.8예중 5예에서는각각의환자에서다양한부위가침범되는산발적인분포양상이었으나, 나머지 3예에서는다수의병변이비교적일정한해부학적위치에분포하는것을관찰하였다. 즉, 증례 1의경우는다발성으로대뇌피질에국소적뇌경색형태로만보이고 (Fig. 1), 증례 7의경우는피질에만, 증례 6의경우는 Table 1. Underlying Condition, ConfIrm Method, Etiologic Agent of Cerebral Septic Embolism Case Age/Sex Underlying Condition ConfIrm Method 1 ζj1i 311M 14 1O/F 58/F Infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis A냥171M Infective endocarditis ro 4û/M Infective endocarditis 68/F Sepsis with DM 7I 251M 11M SLE with sepsis Sepsis Autopsy Autopsy Table 2. Patterns of the Lesions in Each Patients of Cerebral Septic Embolism Etiologic Agent S. mitis E. avium E. coli Aspergillus Patterns of Lesions gyral infarction WM/BG non-enhancing large rim enhancing Cortical/wM isolated tiny enhancing Cortical disseminated enhancing Parenchymal hemorrhage Casel 4 1 c Case2 2 numerous Case3 No. of Lesions Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8 Note; No.=number, WM=white matter, BG=basal ganglia, a=contains 1 medullary infarction, b=enhancement was not done, c=hemorrhage related to infarction 2" c l 3 2 C 3 b 1 c numerous
3 [H 한밤시선의학호 1);:11998;38:15-20 A B c Fig. 1. Case 1, 31 years old male patient with infective endocarditis. A & B. Multifocal gyral infarctions and hemorrhagic lesion are noted in the both cerebral hemispheres on precontrast CT. C. Seven month follow up Tl-weighted MR shows cortical high signal in the old infarct areas. A B C Fig. 2. Case 6, 68 years old female patient with diabetes mellitus and sepsis. A & B. T2-weighted MR images show multifocal large areas of high signal in the right basal ganglia and the left deep white matter. Note hypointense area (arrow) representing hemorrhage. C. Gadolinium enhanced Tl-weighted image shows thin rim enhancement of the lesions 뇌실주위심부백질및기저핵에만 (Fig. 2) 병변이분포하였다. 8예중 5예에서대뇌피질을침벙히는국소적뇌경색병변을보였다 (Fig. 1). 8예중피질하백질 (Fig. 3), 심부백질또는기저핵에조영증강되지않는다말성병변이 4예에서있었고, 증례 7은위와비슷한병변을보였으나조영제주업을하지않았다. 대뇌피질과백질에주위에부종은별로없는고립된작은크기의원형또는결절형조영증강을보인경우가 3예있었다 (Fig.4). 증례 6은비교적크기가큰병변의둘레로앓은환상의조영증강을보였다 (Fig.2). 증례 8은대뇌및소뇌피질에 결절양또는환상의조영증강병변이미만성으로관찰되었다 (Table 2). 8예중 6예에서병변내출혈이있었는데, 모두증상발생후 1주내의초기에관찰되었다. 급성기에시행한 MR 또는 CT에서출혈은주로피질하백질또는심부백질에서보였는데 4예에서는뇌경색으로생각되는병변과관련되어나타났으며, 뇌경색과관련없이백질내매우큰혈종을보인경우도 2예있었다. 이중 l예는혈관조영술을시행하여혈종의반대쪽에서만전뇌동맥의가지에서동맥류가발견되었고, 출혈이있는부위에서는혈관조영술에서동맥류가발견되지않았다 (Fig.5). 냐 7 I
4 이지영오 1: 매혈성뇌색전증의밤시선학적소견 Fig. 3. Case 3, 58 years old female patient with infective endocarditis. A. T2-weighted MR shows multifocal subcortical high signal intensities with hemorrhage within anterior lesions. B. Two month follow up enhanced Tl weighted MR shows a new lesion in the right temporal area with ring and nodular enhancement. Previous lesions in left frontal lobe decreased or improved(not shown here). A B A B Fig. 4. Case 5, 40 years old male patient with infective endocarditis. A. T2-weighted image shows a gyral infarction in the right parietal lobe and focal high signal lesions in the splenium of corpus callosum and left peritrigonal area. The callosal lesion contains a small hypointense ring with central high signal (arrow) and left peritrigonal lesion shows central hypointensity (white arrow). B. After gadolinium infusion the callosal lesion reveals a ring enhancement and left peritrigonal white matter lesion reveals punctate enhancement, which might represent microabscesses. 머지 l예는혈관조영술을시행하지않았으나 MR에서동맥류로생각되는병변과함께지주막하출혈이동반되어있었다. 급성기에나타난출혈은여러개의병변중 1-2 부위에서관찰되었다. 무수히많은작은병변을보였던증례원 } 고립된작은조영증강되는병변이있던증례 5에서는출혈성병변을확인할수없었다. 추적검사가이루어진 4명에서선행된병변의크기가커진경우가 2예, 작아진경우가 2예였으며, 그리고 2예에서는새로운영변이나타냐는양상을보였다 ( 증례 2). 3개월동안 3회의 MR을시행한증례 3은내원당시유방종괴가만져지고갑작스런연하장애등의신경학적이상소견이있어초기의진단은전이성뇌암을먼저감별하였지만유방의종괴는양성종양으로진단되었고, 추적검사상기존병변은크기가감소되고다른부위에새로운병변이생겨패혈성뇌색전증의가능성을제시하였고, 심장초음파검사를시행하여승 모판증식증을확인하였던경우이다. 감염성심내막염환자중에서판막증식층이있어판막이식술과적절한항생제치료를받은증례 1과 3은더이상의새로운신경학적이상소견은발생되지않았으며임상적으로도호전되었고, 추적검사상병변은크기가감소되고만성기에는일반적인뇌경색과유사하게대뇌피질을따라 T1 강조영상에서선상의고신호강도를보였다. 고찰뇌경색증중패혈성뇌색전증이차지하는빈도는정확히밝혀져있지않지만감염성심내막염과밀접한관계가있고, 실제로감염성심내막염환자의 20-40% 는뇌졸중이나일과성뇌허혈증, 독성뇌증, 뇌막염, 뇌농양, 시력상설, 경련, 두통, 요통등의신경학적증상을호소하며이중뇌색전증에의한뇌졸중 18
5 대한밤시선의학회지 1998;38:15-20 A B c Fig. S. Case 4, 17 years old male patient with infective endocarditis A. Large subacute hematoma is noted in the left centrum semiovale on T1-weighted image. 8. After gadolinium infusion, multiple cortical and subcortical ring or punctate enhancements are seen in the right par ietal lobe(arrows). C. Right cerebral angiogram reveals a mycotic aneurysm in distal portion of anterior cerebral artery (arrow), opposite to the site of a hematoma. Left cerebral angiography revealed no aneurysms (not shown here). 이가장흔한합병증으로약 50% 를차지한다 (1, 3, 4). 뇌경색은 90% 이상이동맥경화증및그합병증에의한것으로발생빈도가낮은패혈성뇌색전증을진단하기위해서는고열, 싱잡음등의임상정보가중요하다 (1, 3, 7). 패혈성뇌색전증은뇌동맥의폐쇄뿐아니라, 진균성동맥류의확장, 누출이나파열, 뇌막염이나뇌농양등을일으킬수있고, 적절한항생제치료나원인병소를치료하지않을경우치명적이기때문에 (3) 일반적인뇌경색과구멸되는방사선학적소견이중요하다. 일반적인뇌경색과는달리패혈성뇌색전증에서는특정적으로여러개의동시다발성병변이있었고같은환자에서도다 % 댁 } 병변형태를확인하였으며이들은뇌의여러부위에서나타나는다양한분포양상을보였다. 이러한다양한분포양상은색전의크기, 각개인에서혈관내경의점감정도, 혈류속도등과상관관계가있을것으로생각된다 (1, 3, 5). 병변형태중에서대뇌피질을침범한뇌회양상은일반척혈전성경색과유사한병변으로 8예중 5예에서관찰된흔한소견이었으며다른보고에서와마찬가지로중뇌동맥영역에주로분포히-였다 (1, 3, 4). 조영증강되지않는피질하백질, 심부백질이나기저핵에다발성병변은전형적인혈전성뇌경색의위치외는다르며동액의내경이급격히감소하는부위에서색전에의한동맥폐쇄때문에생긴뇌경색으로생각된다. 패혈성뇌색전증에서조영증강은뇌경색이후혈류재관통뿐만아니라병변의염증성변화와도관련이있을것으로생각된다. 감염성심내막염환자에서뇌농양이나타날수있는데이들은주로다수의미세농양이고거대농양은적다고알려져있다 (1, 3, 4). 저자들이관찰한원형이나결절양조영증강을보이는고립성의작은병변들은 T2 강조영상에서중심부에저신호강 도, 주변부에고신호강도를보여미세농양 (Fig 4) 으로추정되며이러한소견은저자들이아는바로는영상소견상보고된것이없었으며이것은패혈성뇌색전증의특징적인소견으로생각된다. 그러나병변자체의성격은병리학적으로확진되지는않았고미세색전이나혈관염에의한미세경색의가능성을배제할수없다. 병변내출혈은혈전성경색에서약 40% 이며호화관류시기에대뇌피질에서잘생기는것으로알려져있는데, 이연구의경우패혈성뇌색전증의출혈빈도가 75% 로서상대적으로높았고, 출혈의위치는뇌경색부위의백질쪽이나심부백질에서더흔하였다. 패혈성뇌색전증과동반되는출혈의원인으로는경색의출혈성전환뿐만아니라패혈성동맥염, 진균성동맥류등이있기때문에 (1, 5, 8) 혈전성경색에비해출혈빈도가높을뿐아니라출혈이발생 "ð} 는위치에도영향이있을것으로생각된다. 실제로증례 4에서병변은심부백질에위치하는거대혈종이있였고, 혈관조영술에서다른부위에서진균성동맥류가확인되어상기한거대혈종도역시동맥류의파열에의한것일가능성이많고, 증례 2에서는 MR에서동맥류로생각되는병변을관찰하였으나혈관조영술을시행하기전에이부위에거대혈종이생겨사망하였으며부검은시행되지않았다. 이러한뇌경색과관계없는출혈은일반적인혈전성뇌경색과감별점이될것이다. 결론적으로패혈성뇌색전증의방사선학적소견으로는일반적으로병변의숫자가많고, 동일환자에서도대뇌피질에뇌경색양상이나대뇌피질, 백질, 기저핵에다양한크기의결절성병변이나타날수있고, 고립된작은원형또는결절형이나환상형조영증장이있었으며, 출혈성경향이높다. 이러한소견은통상적인혈전성뇌경색과는구별되는소견으로패혈성뇌
6 이지영오 1: 매혈성뇌색전증의방사선학적소견 색전증의방사선학적진단에도움이될것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 1. Jones HR Jr, Siekert RG. Neurological manifestations of infective endocarditis; Review of Clinical & Therapeutic Challenges Brain 1989 ; 112 : Jones HR Jr, Siekert RG, Jeraci JE. Neurologic manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. Ann Int Med 1969; 71(1) : Lerner PI. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis Med Clin North Am 1985; 69(2): Pruitt AA, Rubin RH, Karchmer AW, Duncan GW. Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. Medκ ine 1978 ; 57(4): Hart RG, Kagan-Hallet K. Jones SE. Mechanisms of intracranial hemorrhage in infective endocarditis. Stroke 1987 ; 18(6): Kanter MC, Hart RG. Neurologic Complications of infective en docarditis. Neurology 1991; 41: Osborn AG. Diagnostic Neuroradiology 1st ed. St.Louis : Mosby, 1994: Molinari GF. L Smith BS, Goldstein MN, Satran R. Pathogenesis of cerebral mycotic aneurysms. Neurology 1973 ; 23( 쇠 : J Korean Radiol Soc 1998; 38 : Radiologic Findings of Cerebral Septic Embolism 1 Jee Young Lee, M.D., Sang Joon Kim, M.D., Tae Hoon Kim, M.D. Seung Chul Kim, M.D., Jae Seung Kim, M.D., Hyun Joo Pai, M.D. 2 Dong 1k Kim, M.D. 3, Kee Hyun Chang, M.D. 4, Woo Suk Choi, M.D. 5 1 Department of Radiology, Dankook University College of Medicine 2Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine 3Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine 4Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine 5Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Purpose: To determine the MR and CT findings which differentiate cerebral septic embolism from thrombotic infarction. Materials and Methods: Cerebral septic embolism was confirmed by in six patients and autopsy in two. The number, size, distribution, contrast enhancement, and hemorrhage of the lesions, as seen on MR and CT, were retrospectively analyzed, and four patients were followed up for between one week and seven months. Results: 1n a total of eight patients, infective endocarditis (n=5) and sepsis (n=3) caused cerebral septic embolism. The number of lesions was 3~7 in six patients, over 10 in one, and innumerable in one; these varied in size from punctate to 6cm and were distributed in various aseas of the brain. Gyral infarction was noted in five patients; non-enhancing patchy lesions involving the basal ganglia or white matter were found in five, tiny isolated nodular or ring-enhancing small lesions involving the cortex and white matter in three, peripheral rim-enhancing large lesions in one, and numerous enhancing nodules disseminated in the cortex in one. Hemorrhage had occurred in six. F이 low-up studies in four patients showed that initial lesions had enlarged in two and regressed in two; new lesions had appeared in two. Conclusion: Multiple lesions of different sizes and various patterns which include gyral infarction, patchy or nodular lesion in the cortex, white matter or basal ganglia, and isolated small ring-like or nodular enhancement or frequent hemorrhage are findings which could be helpful in the radiologic diagnosis of cerebral septic embolism. Index words: Brain, MR Brain, infarction Embolism, cerebral Address reprint requests to: Sang Joon Kim, M.D., Department of Radiology, Dankook University Hospital # 29, Anseodong, Chonan, Choongnam, , Korea. Tel Fax
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