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1 J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2016; 11(4): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 수직점프시비탄력테이핑이발목발등굽힘과하퇴삼두근의근활성도에미치는영향 김근수 원종혁 1 정도영 1 중부대학교인문산업대학케마치료학과, 1 중부대학교물리치료학과, 운동병리과학연구소 Effect of Non-elastic Taping on Ankle Dorsiflexion and Activity of the Triceps Surae Muscles While Vertical Jumping Geun-Su Kim, PT Jong-Hyuck Weon 1 Do-Young Jung 1 Department of KEMA Therapy, Graduate School of Humanities Industry, Joongbu University 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Kinesiopathologic Institute, Joongbu University Received: May 11, 2016 / Revised: May 24, 2016 / Accepted: June 16, 2016 c 2016 J Korean Soc Phys Med Abstract 1) PURPOSE: There are several standard interventions for managing Achilles tendinitis, including eccentric exercise and calf muscle stretches, orthoses, electrotherapy, and taping. However, no study has determined the effect of non-elastic taping on deloading the Achilles tendon while vertical jumping. Therefore, this study determined the effect of non-elastic taping on ankle dorsiflexion and the triceps surae muscle activity while vertical jumping in healthy subjects. METHODS: The study recruited 17 participants. A motion analysis system was used to measure the angle of ankle dorsiflexion and wireless surface electromyography was used to measure the soleus and gastrocnemius activities while Corresponding Author : ptsports@joongbu.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. vertical jumping. Non-elastic taping was applied on randomized leg side. All subjects performed maximal effort vertical jumps without and with non-elastic taping, with three trials for each condition. The mean peak dorsiflexion and muscle activities during the three trials were calculated and paired t-tests were used to compare the mean values without and with non-elastic taping. Significance was defined as (p<.05). RESULTS: The maximum angle of ankle dorsiflexion and activity of the gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly when non-elastic tape was applied (p<.05), while there was no significant difference in the soleus activity between no-taping and taping (p>.05). CONCLUSION: We introduce non-elastic taping as a method to decrease maximum ankle dorsiflexion and gastrocnemius activity while vertical jumping. Key Words: Achilles tendinitis, Calf muscles, Taping, Vertical jumping

2 12 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 11, No. 4 Ⅰ. 서론아킬레스건염 (Achilles tendinitis) 은다양한스포츠활동시발과발목부위에서가장흔히발생되는손상이다 (Sobhani 등, 2013). 아킬레스건염발병률은달리기활동을주로하는사람들중 1,000명당일주일간노출시 7.8명, 일년간노출시 83.3명그리고운동경기시즌동안노출시 107.1명으로높다 (Sobhani 등, 2013). 단지운동선수들뿐만아니라일반인들에게도아킬레스건염의발병률은 1,000명당 2.35명이다 (Jonge 등, 2011). 아킬레스건염은중간지점 (mid-portion) 과닿는지점 (insertional) 의건염으로분류하며통증, 종창, 그리고수행능력의손상을특징으로하는과사용손상이다 (Järvinen 등, 2005; Komi 등, 1992; Maffulli 등, 1998). 아킬레스건염의증상은아킬레스건주위의분산된통증, 염증, 두꺼워진건, 마찰음등이며, 이는족저근막염 (plantar fasciitis), 뒤쪽정강신경포착, 장딴지근과가자미근의파열, 뒤쪽구획증후군 (posterior compartment syndromes) 과비슷한증상을보인다 (Clement 등, 1984). 아직까지아킬레스건염발생기전에대해명확한보고는없지만일부연구들에서는과사용, 조직의불충분한혈액공급그리고하지의역학적인불균형때문이라고보고하였다 (Courville 등, 2009). 아킬레스건염치료를위한방법으로는주사치료및열, 초음파, 전기치료와같은물리적인자치료 (Jozsa와 Kannus, 1997), 발보조기 (Roos 등, 2004), 항염증성약물 (Sandmeier와 Renström, 1997), 그리고수술 (Paavola 등, 2002) 과같은다양한중재방법들있지만급성기아킬레스건염의경우에는 3개월동안은운동치료가유용하며 (Kingma 등, 2007; Malliaras 등, 2013; Alfredson, 2003; Kader 등, 2002), 일부근거중심연구들에서운동치료중에서도원심성운동방법이가장효과적이라고권고하였다 (Kingma 등, 2007; Magnussen 등, 2009; Malliaras 등, 2013; Sussmilch-Leitch 등, 2012). 이러한다양한중재방법들중아킬레스건의하중관리는과사용건염을관리하는데매우중요한역할을한다. 아킬레스건의하중감소는통증을완화하고손상받기전건의정상적인구조와기능으로되돌아갈수있도록 건의적응을허락한다 (Cook와 Purdam, 2009). 이전연구들에서달리기시추진기에서아킬레스건에가해지는하중은걸음당체중의 8배를초과한다고보고하였다 (Komi 등, 1992; Giddings 등, 2000). 따라서아킬레스건은달리기와보행활동과같은기능적활동동안반복적인과부하로인해매우손상받기쉽다. 최근연구들에서아킬레스건염환자에게탄력테이핑이통증과하지기능에미치는영향에대해알아보았다. 한연구에서는아킬레스건염환자를대상으로탄력테이핑적용전과직후에한발로멀리뛰기시거리, 통증그리고기능에서유의한차이가없었다고보고하였으며 (Firth 등, 2010), 또다른사례연구에서는 5주간탄력테이핑을적용한결과건의두께의감소, 발목관절가동범위의증가, 통증감소, 그리고기능향상을보였다 (Lee 와 Yoo, 2012). 이러한결과는탄력테이핑의탄성재질이피부를들어올림으로써피부아래의공간을증가시켜혈액순환을향상시켜통증을감소시켰을것이라고언급하였다 (Kase 등, 2003). 이와같이이전연구들의상반된연구결과에따라아킬레스건염을치료하기위한탄력테이핑적용은논란의여지많다. 반면에비탄력테이핑은강한접착힘에의해서신체분절의움직임을제한하는목적으로사용된다 (Huang 등, 2011). 또한이전연구에서만성발목불안정성환자들에서비탄력테이핑이탄력테이핑보다착지 (drop landing) 시중족부 (midfoot) 의움직임을더많이제한을주어발목의안정성을증진시킨다고보고하였다 (Kuni 등, 2015). 비록임상및스포츠분야에서아킬레스건에가해지는반복적인과부하를줄이는위해흔들의자신발 (rocker shoe), 뒤꿈치올림 (heel lift), 그리고발보조기를흔히사용하고있지만아직까지아킬레스건에과부하를줄이기위한비탄력테이핑방법에대한연구는없는실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는수직점프시비탄력테이핑적용전 후발등굽힘각과하퇴삼두근의근활성도를비교하고자하였다. 본연구의가설로비탄력테이핑적용시발등굽힘각과하퇴삼두근의근활성도는감소할것이다라고설정하였다.

3 수직점프시비탄력테이핑이발목발등굽힘과하퇴삼두근의근활성도에미치는영향 13 Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구의대상자는정상성인 17명 ( 남성 15명, 여성 2명 ) 을대상으로선정조건은다음과같다. 첫째, 최근 6개월이내하지에영향을줄수있는외상이나신경학적인병력이없으며둘째, 보행장애가없고발목관절관절가동범위가정상이며발통증이없는자, 셋째, 스포츠와같은동적인활동에제한이없는자, 넷째, 테이핑에대해피부에민감한지않는자로하였다. 연구의목적과방법에대해대상자에게실험전본연구의충분한설명을한다음자발적동의를얻었다. 대상자의일반적특성은 Table 1에제시하였다. 뼈 (lateral malleolus) 중앙, 그리고다섯번째발허리발가락관절 (metatarsophalangeal joint) 에부착하였다 (Fig. 1). 장딴지근과가자미근의근활성도를알아보기위해장딴지근의근전도는뒤꿈치와종아리뼈머리사이의 1/3 지점그리고가자미근의근전도는가쪽복사뼈와넙다리뼈의가쪽관절융기 (lateral condyle) 사이 2/3 지점에표시한후맨손근력검사 (manual muscle testing; MMT) 에따라최대근수축시뚜렷이보이는근복에근전도전극부착부위를최종적으로확인하였다 (Kwon과 Song, 2013)(Fig. 1). Table 1. General characteristics of subjects (N=17) Height ( cm ) Weight ( kg ) Age (yrs) BMI ( kg / m2 ) ±7.61* 69.21± ± ±2.38 *Mean±SD 2. 측정도구수직점프시비탄력테이핑적용전 후의최대발목관절발등굽힘의각도를측정하기위해삼차원동작분석기 CMS20 (Zebris, Medical GmbH, Germany) 을사용하여시상면에서의각도를측정하였고, 데이터를수집하기위해 Windata 2.22 프로그램을이용하였다. 장딴지근 (gastrocnemius) 과가자미근 (soleus) 의근활성도를알아보기위해무선표면근전도시스템 TeleMyo system (Noraxon, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) 을사용하였고, 근전도자료는 Noraxon MyoResearch 1.06 XP software 를사용하여분석하였다. 본연구에서사용된테이핑은폭 4 cm의흰색비탄력테이핑 (PerformPlus, Muller Sports Medicine, USA) 이다. 3. 실험절차본실험을수행하기전에대상자에게실험절차를설명하였다. 수직점프시발목관절의최대발등굽힘각도를측정하기위해 3개의단일표식자 (single marker) 를선자세에서종아리뼈머리 (head of fibula), 가쪽복사 Fig. 1. Location of three single markers and EMG electrodes for triceps surae 대상자는수직점프를 3회정도의예비연습을하였으며 3분간휴식후본실험을실시하였다. 수직점프는편안히선자세에서아랫방향으로의반동을준다음도약하는반동점프를최대로실시하였다 (Bang 등, 2009). 대상자는비탄력테이핑전 후조건에서시작신호에따라각각 3회의최대수직점프를하였으며, 대상자의근피로를예방하기위해조건마다 5분간휴식하도록하였고반복시마다 1분의휴식기간을갖도록하였다. 측정다리는제비뽑기를통해무작위로선정하여비탄력테이핑적용전 후조건에서최대

4 14 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 11, No. 4 Fig. 2. Sequence of taping application for deloading of Achilles tendon 수직점프 동안 발목관절의 발등굽힘 각도와 장딴지근 프를 적용한다(Fig. 2D). 테이프가 제대로 부착되었는 과 가자미근의 근전도 신호량을 측정하였으며, 데이터 지 최종확인 한다. 는 점프 추진기 시 최대 발등굽힘 각과 최대 근활성도로 수집하였다. 4. 통계방법 표면근전도 신호의 개인차 및 개인 내 부위별 차이를 테이핑 적용 전 후의 발목관절 최대 발등굽힘 각도 최소화하기 위해 정량화(normalization) 하였다. 정량화 와 장딴지근과 가자미근의 근활성도 차이를 비교하기 를 위해 맨손근력검사 최대 등척성수축(maximal 위해 짝비교 t-검정(paired t-test)을 실시하였으며, 유의 voluntary isometric contraction; MVIC) 시 각 근육의 근활 수준 P=.05로 하였다. 자료의 통계처리를 위해 Window 성도를 3회 반복 측정하였고 5초 동안의 RMS 자료값을 SPSS 19.0 프로그램을 이용하여 처리하였다. 처음과 마지막 1초를 제외한 중간 3초 동안의 평균 근전 도 신호량을 %MVIC로 사용하였다. 최대 등척성수축 Ⅲ. 연구결과 자세 시 장딴지근은 치료용 테이블 위에서 엎드린 자세 (prone position), 가지미근은 네발기기자세(quadruped position)에서 스트랩을 이용하여 발등굽힘 방향으로 발 본 연구 결과, 발목관절 최대 발등굽힘 각은 테이핑 허리머리(metatarsal head)에 저항을 주어 대상자는 최 적용 전 후 각각 평균 25.05(표준편차=6.72)와 대로 발바닥굽힘 하였다. (표준편차=6.86)로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05)(Fig. 비탄력 테이핑을 적용하기 위해 대상자는 엎드린 3). 또한 장딴지근육의 근활성도는 테이핑 전후 각각 자세에서 침대 끝에 발이 나오도록 하였다. 종아리의 평균 (표준편차=110.45)%MVIC와 (표준 몸쪽 1/3지점에 앵커 테이프를 적용한다(Fig. 2A). 장축 편차=79.22)%MVIC로 유의한 차이가 있었지만(p<.05), 테이프 스트랩을 하퇴삼두근 근복 위의 앵커 뒷부분에 가자미근의 근활성도는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>.05) 서 시작하여 장축 방향으로 적용하고, 먼쪽 테이프 끝 (Fig. 4). 을 장축 방향으로 반을 잘라서 잘리지 않는 부분이 아킬 레스 건의 중간 지점에 오게한다(Fig. 2B). 최대 발바닥 굽힘 상태에서 잘린 두 개의 테이프 중 하나의 끝은 Ⅳ. 고 찰 발꿈치뼈 외측에서 발등쪽을 향하게 하며, 다른 한 쪽 은 발의 내측부를 지나 발등쪽을 향하게 하여 앞에 적용 본 연구는 비탄력 테이핑 적용이 수직점프 하는 동안 한 테이프의 끝과 만나 8자 모양을 만들게 한다(Fig. 발목관절의 최대 발등굽힘 각과 하퇴 삼두근의 근활성 2C). 장축 테이프를 보강하기 위해 앵커 위에 고정 테이 도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 비

5 수직점프시비탄력테이핑이발목발등굽힘과하퇴삼두근의근활성도에미치는영향 * No taping Taping 300 * No taping Taping Degree ( o ) %MVIC Angle of ankle dorsiflexion 0 Gastrocnemius Soleus Fig. 3. Maximum angles of ankle dorsiflexion during jumping with or without taping *Significant difference at p<.05 탄력테이핑적용후발목관절최대발등굽힘각과장딴지근육의근활성도는유의하게감소하였지만가자미근의근활성도는유의한차이가없었다. 몇몇연구자들은아킬레스건염환자에게보행시웨지 (wedge) 를이용한뒤꿈치들기 (heel lift) 와흔들의자신발 (rocker shoe) 을적용하여아킬레스건의하중에미치는영향을알아보았다 (Sobhani 등, 2015; Johanson 등, 2010; Wulf 등, 2016). Sobhani 등 (2015) 은일반신발과흔들의자신발을비교하여보행과달리기시최대발등굽힘각, 최대발바닥굽힘모멘트와그리고하퇴삼두근의최대근활성도를알아보았다. 연구결과, 일반신발에비해흔들의자신발이달리기시와보행시최대발등굽힘각을모두 3.2 로유의하게감소시켰으며, 최대발바닥굽힘모멘트는각각.28 Nm/kg,.20 Nm/kg 로유의하게감소시켰다. 하지만하퇴삼두근의최대근활성도는유의한차이가없었다. 본연구에서의체중지지활동과아킬레스건에하중을줄이기위한방법이이전연구와다르기때문에직접적으로비교할수없지만, 본연구결과, 비탄력테이핑적용시최대발등굽힘각을 2.2 유의하게감소시켰으며, 장딴지근육의근활성도를 29.06%MVIC 유의하게감소시켰다. 비록 Sobhani 등 (2015) 과본연구에서흔들의자신발과비탄력테이핑적용시적용전과비교시최대발등굽힘각이각각, 3.2 와 2.2 로최대발등굽힘각을감소시켰으나본연구와달리이전연구에서는최대발바닥굽힘모멘트는감소했음에도불구하고장딴지근육의근활성도는유의한차이가없었다. 그이유는이전연구에서는보행시뒤꿈치들기전까지장딴지근육은원심성수축을 Fig. 4. Electromyographic data in calf muscles during jumping with or without taping *Significant difference at p<.05 하게되는데수축성조직보다는비수축성조직의긴장도가최대발바닥굽힘모멘트의감소에더많은기여를했을것이라사료된다. 반면에본연구에서는보행보다는수직점프시더많은발바닥굽힘모멘트가요구되지만비탄력테이핑이비수축성뿐만아니라수축성조직의긴장도를감소시켜근활성도가감소되었을것이라추측된다 (Johanson 등, 2010). 아킬레스건의하중을줄이기위한또다른방법인뒤꿈치들기에대한 Johanson 등 (2010) 의연구에서는보행시 6 mm, 9 mm웨지를이용한뒤꿈치들기가발바닥굽힘근육에미치는영향을알아보았다. 연구결과, 6 mm, 9 mm웨지적용전 후에보행중입각기시최대발등굽힘각이각각.6 와 1.4 차이를보였으며입각기동안의장딴지근육의근활성도는차이가없었다. 반면에본연구의결과와유사하게 Lee 등 (1990) 은뒤꿈치들기가보행시안쪽장딴지근의최대근활성도를감소시켰다고보고하였다. Johanson 등 (2010) 의연구결과와다른이유는이전연구에서는최대근활성도가아닌뒤꿈치닿기에서뒤꿈치들기시까지의평균근활성도를알아보았기때문에본연구의결과와차이가있었다고사료된다. Huang 등 (2011) 의연구에서는점프수행능력을향상시키기위해하지와발목에적용한탄력테이핑이근활성도에미치는영향을알아보았다. Huang 등 (2011) 은탄력테이핑적용시점프하는동안하지의근활성도를알아보았는데가자미근의근활성도는차이가없었지만탄력테이핑적용시장딴지근육의근활성도는유의하게증가하였다. 하지만본연구에서는수직점프

6 16 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 11, No. 4 동안도약시발등굽힘각을줄여장딴지근육의근활성도를감소시켰다. 위에서언급한탄력테이핑기능과는달리비탄력테이핑은분절의움직임을제한하기위해사용되었으므로아킬레스건염환자들에게아킬레스건하중을줄이기위해최대발등굽힘각을감소시켜장딴지근육의근활성도를줄일수있는비탄력테이핑을소개하고향후연구에서는아킬레스건염환자에게본연구에서소개한비탄력테이핑적용방법을통해통증의변화를알아볼필요가있다. 본연구는몇가지제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 테이핑적용에따른점프높이와같은점프수행능력에대해알아보지못했다. 아킬레스건염환자들은대부분운동선수들이기때문에테이핑적용에따른점프수행능력은매우중요하기때문이다. 둘째, 테이핑적용을한쪽에적용했다는점이다. 수직점프시테이핑을적용하지않는하지의기능이본연구의혼란변수로작용하기때문이다. 셋째, 아킬레스건염환자가아닌정상성인을대상으로하였기때문에본연구의결과를일반화할수없다는점이다. 따라서향후연구에서는아킬레스건염환자에게다양한체중지지활동시아킬레스건의하중을줄이기위한비탄력테이핑적용에따른통증혹은기능향상에대해알아볼필요가있다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구는수직점프시비탄력테이핑적용전과후의발목관절의최대발등굽힘각과하퇴삼두근의근활성도를비교하고자하였다. 본연구에서적용한비탄력테이핑은수직점프시최대발등굽힘각과장딴지근육의근활성도를모두유의하게감소시켰다. 따라서아킬레스건염환자들에게다양한체중지지활동시아킬레스건에하중을줄일수있는한가지방법으로본연구의비탄력테이핑방법을소개한다. References Alfredson H. Chronic midportion achilles tendinopathy: an update on research and treatment. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22(4): Bang HS, Jung BO, Kim JS. The effects of image training and vibration on performance of vertical jumping. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2009;4(1): Clement DB, Taunton JE, Smart GW. Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis: etiology and treatment. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12(3): Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? a pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(6): Courville XF, Coe MP, Hecht PJ. Current concepts review: noninsertional achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(11): Firth BL, Dingley P, Davies ER, et al. The effect of kinesiotape on function, pain, and motoneuronal excitability in healthy people and people with achilles tendinopathy. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(6): Giddings VL, Beaupre GS, Whalen RT, et al. Calcaneal loading during walking and running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(3): Huang CY, Hsieh TH, Lu SC, et al. Effect of the kinesio tape to muscle activity and vertical jump performance in healthy inactive people. Biomed Eng Online. 2011;10:70. Järvinen TA, Kannus P, Maffulli N, et al. Achilles tendon disorders: etiology and epidemiology. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(2): Johanson MA, Allen JC, Matsumoto M, et al. Effect of heel lifts on plantarflexor and dorsiflexor activity during gait. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(11): de Jonge S, van den Berg C, de Vos RJ, et al. Incidence of midportion achilles tendinopathy in the general population. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(13):

7 수직점프시비탄력테이핑이발목발등굽힘과하퇴삼두근의근활성도에미치는영향 17 Jozsa LG, Kannus P. Human tendons: anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Champaign. Human Kinetics Kader D, Saxena A, Movin T, et al. Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36(4): Kase K, Wallis J, Kase T. Clinical therapeutic applications of the kinesio taping method. Albuquerque. KinesioTaping Association Kingma JJ, de Knikker R, Wittink HM, et al. Eccentric overload training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Br J Sports. 2007;41(6):e3. Komi PV, Fukashiro S, Järvinen M. Biomechanical loading of achilles tendon during normal locomotion. Clin Sports Med. 1992;11(3): Kwon YJ, Song MY. Activation of the triceps surae during heel raising depend on the knee joint flexion angles. J Korean Soc Phys Med 2013;8(4): Kuni B, Mussler J, Kalkum E. Effect of kinesiotaping, non-elastic taping and bracing on segmental foot kinematics during drop landing in healthy subjects and subjects with chronic ankle instability. Physiotherapy Lee JH, Yoo WG. Treatment of chronic achilles tendon pain by kinesio taping in an amateur badminton player. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13(2): Lee KH, Shieh JC, Matteliano A, et al. Electromyographic changes of leg muscles with heel lifts in women: therapeutic implications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(1):31-3. Maffulli N, Khan KM, Puddu G. Overuse tendon conditions: time to change a confusing terminology. Arthroscopy. 1998;14(8): Magnussen RA, Dunn WR, Thomson AB. Nonoperative treatment of midportion achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(1): Malliaras P, Barton CJ, Reeves ND, et al. Achilles and patellar tendinopathy loading programmes: a systematic review comparing clinical outcomes and identifying potential mechanisms for effectiveness. Sports Med. 2013;43(4): Paavola M, Kannus P, Orava S, et al. Surgical treatment for chronic achilles tendinopathy: a prospective seven month follow up study. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36(3): Roos EM, Engström M, Lagerquist A, et al. Clinical improvement after 6 weeks of eccentric exercise in patients with mid-portion achilles tendinopathy - a randomized trial with 1-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004;14(5): Sandmeier R, Renström PA. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic tendon disorders in sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7(2): Sobhani S, Dekker R, Postema K, et al. Epidemiology of ankle and foot overuse injuries in sports: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(6): Sobhani S, Zwerver J, van den Heuvel E, et al. Rocker shoes reduce achilles tendon load in running and walking in patients with chronic achilles tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(2): Sussmilch-Leitch SP, Collins NJ, Bialocerkowski AE, et al. Physical therapies for achilles tendinopathy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res. 2012;5(1):15. Wulf M, Wearing SC, Hooper SL, et al. The effect of an in-shoe orthotic heel lift on loading of the achilles tendon during shod walking. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(2):79-86.

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