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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 69 권부록 3 호 2005 Rituximab 으로치료한불응성특발성혈소판감소성자반증 1 예 가톨릭대학교의과대학내과학교실 1, 가톨릭조혈모세포이식센터 2 서석민 1 임창훈 1 최선욱 1 김희제 1, 2 이종욱 1, 2 민우성 1, 2 김춘추 1, 2 =Abstract= A case of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura treated with rituximab Suk-Min Seo, M.D. 1, Chang-Hoon Lim, M.D. 1, Son-Ook Choi, M.D. 1, Hee-Je Kim, M.D. 1, 2, Jong-Wook Lee, M.D. 1, 2, Woo-Sung Min, M.D. 1, 2 and Chun-Choo Kim, M.D. 1, 2 Department of Internal Medicine 1, Catholic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center 2, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune disorder in which platelets are opsonized by autoantibodies and prematurely destroyed by the reticuloendothelial system. Among adult patients, approximately 25~30% develop a chronic disease that will become refractory to corticosteroids and splenectomy, as well as other available agents. Rituximab is a human-murine chimeric monoclonal antibody specific for the CD20 antigen, found on the surface of B lymphocytes. It acts via complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis. We report a case of 32-year-old female with severe, refractory ITP, who presented with generalized petechiae, intractable vaginal bleeding, and pulmonary hemorrhage. After multiple conventional therapeutic trials, the patient was finally placed on weekly infusion of rituximab that resulted in a favorable response.(korean J Med 69:S934-S938, 2005) Key Words : Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Rituximab, Refractory 서론 특발성혈소판감소성자반증 (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 이하 ITP로약함 ) 은자가항체나면역복합체에의해혈소판이조기에파괴되어자반증, 비출혈, 치은출혈등의증상이생기는비교적흔한질환으로말초혈액내혈소판수가감소되어있고, 골수검사에서거대핵세포는정상이거나다소증가하면서혈소판감소를 유발하는다른원인들을배제할수있을때진단이가능하다 1). 혈소판이 30,000/μL 이하이거나출혈이있는경우에치료의적응이되며부신피질호르몬, 정주용감마글로불린, anti-d 면역글로불린을 1차치료로사용할수있으며이에반응이없을경우비장절제술을시행할수있다 2). 하지만 25~30% 는부신피질호르몬과비장절제술에반응이없는불응성 ITP로 10년사망률이 10~20% 로다른치료가요구된다 3). 접수 : 2004 년 11 월 24 일 통과 : 2005 년 1 월 19 일 교신저자 : 김희제, 서울시영등포구여의도동 62, 가톨릭대학교성모병원가톨릭조혈모세포이식센터혈액내과 ( ) cumckim@catholic.ac.kr - S 934 -
2 - 서석민외 6 인 : Rituximab 으로치료한특발성혈소판감소성자반증 - Table 1. Summary of past treatment Chief Complaints WBC (/μl) Initial CBC Hemoglobin(g/dl) Platelet (/μl) Petechiae Petechiae Dizziness Petechiae Vaginal bleeding Vaginal bleeding Pulmonary bleeding 4,300 7,300 8, ,000 12,000 8,000 Treatment Steroid, IVIG *, Plasmapheresis -> Splenectomy Plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide ->IVIG Steroid, Danazole, Vincristine, Cyclosporine, Cyclophosphamide Post CBC WBC (/μl) Hemoglobin (g/dl) Platelet (/μl) 6, ,000 14, ,000 6, ,000 IVIG *, Intravenous immunoglobulin G Post CBC, follow up CBC on 2 weeks after treatment Rituximab은 B 림프구의표면에발현되는 CD20 항원에특이적인인간-생쥐키메라단클론항체로세포용해작용에의해 B 림프구의고갈을유도해서혈소판에대한자가항체를감소시켜혈소판을정상화시킬수있어 ITP의새로운치료로연구되고있다 4). 저자들은기존의치료에반응이없던불응성 ITP로계속되는질출혈이있었던 32세의여자환자에게서 Rituximab을사용하여치료에성공한증례를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 증례환자 : 이〇〇, 여자, 32세주소 : 내원 15일전부터시작된질출혈과전신의점출혈현병력 : 1999년 5월어지러움, 질출혈, 전신의점출혈을주소로내원하여말초혈액검사에서백혈구 4,300/ μl, 혈색소 10.2 g/dl, 혈소판 8,000/μL 이었으며, 골수검사에서거대핵세포의증식이보였으며자가항체는음성이면서혈소판감소증의다른원인이없어 ITP로진단받고부신피질호르몬, 정주용감마글로불린치료를받았으나반응이없어외과에서비장절제술을시행받았다. 이후외래경과관찰을하면서혈소판은 300,000/μL 이상을유지하던중에 2001년 7월전신에멍이잘생기면서혈소판이 10,000/μL 으로감소해서입원하여시행한비장스캔에서부비장과잔류비장이없는것을확인하고 시클로포스파미드와정주용감마글로불린을투여한후에프레드니솔론과다나졸을복용하면서혈소판은 400,000/μL 이상을유지하였으나 2002년 5월부터외래추적을임의로중단하였다. 2003년 5월전신에멍이잘생기는것을주소로내원하여말초혈액검사에서백혈구 4,200/μL, 혈색소 12.5 g/dl, 혈소판 15,000/μL 이었으나프레드니솔론, 다나졸, 빈크리스틴, 시클로포스파미드, 시클로스포린을사용하면서외래에서경과관찰하면서도혈소판감소증의호전이없던중에내원 15일전부터질출혈이지속되어 2003 년 11월입원하였다 ( 표 1). 신체검사소견 : 입원당시혈압 120/70 mmhg, 맥박분당 80회, 호홉수분당 20회, 체온은 36.6 이였고, 전신상태는비교적양호하였으며, 결막창백, 치은출혈및팔다리에점출혈이관찰되었다. 과거력 : 1997년 11월갑상선기능항진증진단받고 PTU 18개월치료후에갑상선기능정상이어서투약중단. 가족력, 사회력 : 특이소견없음. 검사실소견 : 말초혈액검사에서백혈구 5,100/μL, 혈색소 8.2 g/dl, 혈소판 7,000/μL 이었고, 요검사에서혈뇨가있었으나혈청생화학검사에서는특이소견은없었으며, 혈액응고검사, 갑상선기능검사도정상범주였다. 치료및경과 : 입원하여 2병일부터 5일간정주용감마글로불린을사용하였으나혈소판은 10,000/μL 이하로호전없이질출혈이계속되었고, 6병일부터호흡곤란및 - S 935 -
3 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 69 권부록 3 호 Figure 1. Platelet counts after rituximab administation in a patient with refractory ITP (A: Immunoglobulin G, B: Plasmapheresis+cyclophosphamide, C: Rituximab). 객혈을호소하여시행한단순흉부방사선소견에서폐출혈의소견이보여산소치료및혈소판수혈을하였으나큰호전이없었다. 17병일째혈장반출법에이은시클로포스파미드 (500 mg/m 2 /day 정주 ) 투여이후에도혈소판수치의개선반응은없었다. 25병일시행한추적골수흡인검사에서거대핵세포증식증의소견외에는특이소견은없었다. 29병일부터 Rituximab 을 375 mg/m 2 / day로 1주간격으로총 4회투여하였다. 투여전처치로아세트아미노펜과덱사메타손을사용하였으며급성부작용은없었다. Rituximab 의 4주치료를마치고 1주일후혈소판은 23,000/μL이었고, 4주후에는 51,000/μL, 8주후에는 244,000/μL, 28주후에는 182,000/μL로잘유지되었고, 환자는출혈및멍이드는증상은없었다 ( 그림 1). 고찰 ITP는원인을찾을수없이혈소판의수적감소로발생되는질환으로발생기전은혈소판표면당단백질에대한자가항체가형성되어항체와결합한혈소판이세망내피계에서파괴됨으로써생기는것으로설명되고있다. 병의경과에따라서급성형과만성형으로분류할수있으며, 급성형은출혈증상이 2~6주사이에회복되고, 소아에서흔하며, 만성형은성인에서주로발생하여치료에잘반응하지않고장기간에걸쳐관해와재발을반복한다 5). ITP의치료는혈소판이 30,000/μL 이하이거나출혈이있는경우에요구되며, 일반적으로부신피질호르몬을 1차로사용하는데 65~75% 의환자에서부분반응이상을보이지만, 치료를중단한후에지속적으로반응을유지하는경우는 10~20% 에불과하다 6, 7). 또한고용량을장기간사용할경우당뇨병, 골다공증등의부작용이많 아사용이제한되는문제가있다. 부신피질호르몬을충분한기간을투여하였음에도혈소판감소가지속되거나부신피질호르몬을감량하는중에재발하는경우에는비장절제술을고려할수있는데반응은 60~90% 로보고되며, 이중에서도 10~20% 가재발하게되며 8, 9) 수술후에심한염증으로인한 1% 정도의치명률이보고되고있다. 이두가지치료에반응이없는경우를불응성 ITP라고하며 25~30% 의환자에서보고되고있으며 10 년사망률이 10~20% 로보고되고있다. 불응성 ITP에대해 azathioprine, vinca alkaloids, 시클로포스파미드, 시클로스포린등의면역억제제를투여할수있으나반응이 20~50% 에불과하며감염및 2차성신생물, 탈모증, 다발신경병증의합병증의발생위험성이있다 10). 이외에혈장반출법, 고용량면역글로불린, 다나졸, 콜키친을사용할수있으나반응이매우낮은반면부작용이큰문제점이있다. 그밖에요즘실험적인단계에서시도되는 Rituximab, Mycophenolate mofetil, 자가조혈모세포이식이있다 2). Rituximab 은 B 림프구의표면에발현되는 CD20 항원에특이적인인간-생쥐키메라단클론항체로, 기존의일반적인치료에반응이없는 B 세포림프종에처음으로사용되어효과가입증된이후에재발성또는불응성비호지킨림프종의치료로이용되고 11, 12), 최근들어서는자가면역성용혈성빈혈및자가면역질환의치료에도성공적인사용이보고되고있으며, 만성 ITP에서는 50% 이상에서반응을보이며 25~30% 에서지속적인관해를유지하는것으로보고되고있다 13, 14). Rituximab 은 CD20 이발현된세포에부착하여보체결합에의한세포막공격복합체를형성하는기전, Fc- 수용체에의해표현되는작동세포에의한항체의존적인세포독성의기전및세포자멸을유도하여 B 림프구를파괴함으로써혈소판에대한자가항체를감소시켜혈소판을정상화시킨다 15). Rituximab의흔한부작용은주입과관련된발열, 오한, 강직, 저혈압, 기관지수축, 혈관부종등이있으나매우경한정도이며생명에영향을주는부작용의보고는적다 16). 하지만 Rituximab 에도반응이없는환자가있으며치료된환자에게서도시간이지나면서재발하는경우가상당수에서보고되고있기때문에보다많은예를통한대규모연구가필요하겠다. 본환자와같이고식적치료에불응성이며생명을위협하는심각한출혈합병증이촉발하는경우이와같은새로운면역요법에이은조혈 - S 936 -
4 - 서석민외 6 인 : Rituximab 으로치료한특발성혈소판감소성자반증 - 모세포이식등의치료도소개되고있으므로향후고려가필요하겠다 17). 저자들은 ITP 진단후에부신피질호르몬에반응이없어비장절제술을시행하였다가 2년만에재발하여면역억제제를포함한복합적인치료를시행하였으나혈소판수치가 10,000/μL 이하이면서전신의점출혈및치은출혈, 질출혈등이간헐적으로있었던불응성 ITP 환자에게서 Rituximab 을 375 mg/m 2 /day로 1주간격으로총 4회투여한후 1주부터혈소판수치가상승하기시작하여 28주까지혈소판수치가정상으로유지되면서출혈없이외래추적중인환자를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 요약 ITP는원인을찾을수없이혈소판의수적감소로발생되는질환으로혈소판이 30,000/μL 이하이거나출혈이있는경우에치료가요구된다. 부신피질호르몬, 비장절제술이대표적인치료방법이며이에반응이없을경우면역억제제, 혈장반출법, 고용량면역글로불린, 다나졸, 콜키친등의다양한치료방법을시도할수있으나반응이매우낮은반면부작용이문제가된다. Rituximab은 B 림프구의표면에발현되는 CD20 항원에특이적인인간-생쥐키메라단클론항체로만성 ITP에서반응이좋은것으로보고되고있다. 저자들은기존의치료에반응이없던불응성 ITP로계속되는질출혈과폐출혈이있었던 32세의여자환자에게서 Rituximab을사용하여치료에성공한증례를경험하였기에보고하는바이다. 색인단어 : 특발성혈소판감소성자반증, Rituximab, 불응성 REFERENCES 1) George JN, Woolf SH, Raskob GE, Wasser JS, Aledorf LM, Ballem PJ, Blanchetto VS, Bussel JB, Cines DB, Kelton JG, Lichtin AE, McMillan R, Okerbloom JA, Regan DH, Warrier I. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a practice guideline developed by explicit methods for the American Society of Hematology. Blood 88:3-40, ) Stasi R, Provan D. Management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in adults. Mayo Clin Proc 79: , ) Stasi R, Stipa E, Masi M, Cecconi M, Scimo MT, Oliva F, Sciarra A, Perrotti AP, Adomo G, Amadori S. Long-term observation of 208 adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med 98: , ) Zaja F, Iacona I, Masolini P, Russo D, Sperotto A, Prosdocimo S, Patriarca F, de Vita S, Regazzi M, Baccarani M, Fanin R. B cell depletion with rituximab as treatment for immune hemolytic anemia and chronic thrombocytopenia. Haematologica 87: , ) Gerbauer E, Vijatov G. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Med Progl 51: , ) Pizzuto J, Ambriz R. Therapeutic experience on 934 adult with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: multicentric trial of the Cooperative Latin American Group on hemostasis and thrombosis. Blood 64: , ) Schiavotto C, Rodeghiero F. Twenty years experience with treatment of idopathic thromcytopenic purpura in a single department: results in 490 cases. Hematologica 78:22-28, ) 신경순, 이정림, 조선주, 신동건, 김상경, 백진호, 김동환, 손상균, 이규보. 성인만성특발성혈소판감소성자반증환자의장기관찰. 대한혈액학회지 35: , ) Schwartz J, Leber MD, Gillis S, Giunta A, Eldor A, Bussel JB. Long term follow up after splenectomy performed for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Am J Hematol 72:94-98, ) Figueroa M, Gehlsen J, Hammond D, Ondreyco S, Piro L, Pomeroy T, Williams F, McMillan R. Combination chemotherapy in refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 328: , ) Maloney DG, Liles TM, Czerwinski DK, Waldichuk C, Rosenberg J, Grillo-Lopez A, Levy R. Phase I clinical trial using escalating single-dose infusion of chimeric anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody (IDEC- C2B8) in patients with recurrent B-cell lymphoma. Blood 84: , ) Leget GA, Czucuzman MS. Use of rituximab, the new FDA-approved antibody. Curr Opin Oncol 10: , ) Faurschou M, Hasselbalch HC, Nielsen OJ. Sustained remission of platelet counts following anti-cd20 antibody therapy in two cases of idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Eur J Haematol 66: , ) Zecca M, de Stefano P, Nobili B, Locatelli F. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of - S 937 -
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