Original article J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2012;16: ISSN (print) ISSN (online

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1 Original article J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2012;16: ISSN (print) ISSN (online) 발열성소아요로감염에서 Extended-Spectrum β- Lactamase 생성 Escherichia coli 의임상적의의 고려대학교의과대학소아과학교실박철 김민상 김미경 임형은 유기환 홍영숙 이주원 Cheol Park, M.D., Min Sang Kim, M.D., Mi Kyung Kim, M.D., Hyung Eun Yim, M.D., Ph.D., Kee Hwan Yoo, M.D., Ph.D., Young Sook Hong, M.D., Ph.D., and Joo Won Lee, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pediatrics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Corresponding Author: Hyung Eun Yim Department of Pediatrics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Tel: , Fax: he-yim@hanmail.net Received: 8 March 2012 Revised: 27 March 2012 Accepted: 5 April 2012 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribu tion Non- Commercial License ( tivecom mons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Clinical Significance of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection Purpose: The incidence of community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI) due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL(+) E. coli) has increased worldwide. ESBL causes resistance to various types of the newer β-lactam antibiotics, including the expanded spectrum cephalosporins and monobactams. We aimed to investigate the severity of UTI and associated genitou rinary malformations in children with febrile UTI caused by ESBL(+) E. coli. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 290 patients diagnosed as febrile UTI caused by E. coli between January 2008 and October 2010 at Korea University Medical center. We classified the patients into two groups with ESBL(+) and ESBL(-) E. coli group according to the sensitivity of urine culture. Fever duration, admission period, white blood cell (WBC) counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral blood, the presence of hydronephrosis, cortical defects, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scar were compared between the two groups. Results: Patients with ESBL(+) E. coli were 32, and those with ESBL(-) E. coli were 258. If we excluded those tested with a sterile urine bag, patients with ESBL(+) E. coli were 22, and those with ESBL(-) E. coli were 212. Whether the results of sterile urine bag tests were included or not, there was no significant difference in all parameters between the two groups statistically. Conclusion: Our data shows that ESBL(+) E. coli may not be related to the severity of UTI and associated genitourinary malformations. Key Words: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase, Escherichia coli, Urinary tract infection Copyright 2012 The Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology

2 Park C, et al.: Clinical Significance of ESBL Producing E. coli in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection 39 서론소아에서의요로감염은흔한세균성감염질환중하나로생후 8세이전에각각여아에서는 7-8%, 남아에서는약 2% 정도의발병률을보인다 [1, 2]. 적절히치료되지않으면단기적으로는패혈증으로진행되거나신반흔이생길수있고, 장기적으로는고혈압이나말기신부전등으로이환될수있어요로감염의조기진단과영상의학적검사를통한요로계동반기형의발견및반복적인요로감염의예방이매우중요하다 [3-5]. 치료는광범위항생제의정맥내투여나경구복용으로 7-14 일동안진행하는데, 새로운항생제의개발과항생제의광범위한사용에따라원인균의변화와균주의항생제감수성의변화를가져왔고 [6, 7], 특히광범위베타락탐분해효소 (extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ESBL) 를생성하는균주의증가가관찰되고있어그에따른초기항생제선택의어려움과함께치료실패, 합병증증가, 치료기간의증가등의문제점이생기고있다 [8]. 이에저자들은발열성요로감염으로진단된소아환자들에서, 요로감염의가장흔한원인균인 Escherichia coli 중 ESBL 을생성하는 E.coli 의감염여부와요로감염의중증도및비뇨기계통의동반기형과의연관을알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 1. 대상 2008 년 1월부터 2010 년 10 월까지고려대학교구로병원과안산병원의응급실과외래를통해입원한소아요로감염환자 1,210 명중에서특별히요로감염외에는다른발열의원인을찾기힘든발열성요로감염환자를대상으로하였다. 정확한발열기간과항생제사용기간을알수없는소아, 이전요로감염과거력이있는소아, 원내감염소아, 입원후시행한영상검사에서수신증과방광요관역류외의다른신장기형이있는소아는제외하였다. 요배양검사에서 E.coli 가각각무균채뇨백뇨의경우 10 5 CFU/ ml 이상, 도뇨관채뇨의경우 10 4 CFU/mL 이상, 치골상부천자에의해채취한소변의경우 10 3 CFU/mL 이상배양되었고, 입원기간중에혈액검사, 요검사, 복부초음파, 신스캔, 배뇨중방광요도조영술을모두시행한소아를대 상으로한결과총 290 명의소아가 1차연구대상에포함되었으며, 이대상군에서위양성가능성을줄이기위해무균채뇨백으로검사를진행한소아 56명을제외한 234 명을 2차연구대상으로하여, 이들의의무기록을후향적으로조사하였다. 2. 방법대상환자 290 명을요배양검사에서항생제감수성검사와 ESBL 생성여부에따라서 ESBL 생성 E.coli (ESBL(+) E.coli) 군과대조 (ESBL(-) E.coli) 군으로분류하였다. 입원전후발열기간, 입원기간, 말초혈액내백혈구수, 혈청 C- 반응성단백, 농뇨의동반여부, 수신증의유무, 신스캔에서초기신결손의유무, 신반흔의유무, 방광요관역류의유무등의항목들에대하여두군간에후향적비교분석을시행하였다. 혈액채취는입원직후수액치료전에이루어졌고, 요검체는입원당일에채취되었으며, 항생제투여는요검체채취후에시작되었다. 발열은액와체온계로 37.5 이상인경우로정의하였고, 농뇨는요분석검사에서백혈구수가 5/high power field (HPF) 이상인경우로정의하였다. 복부초음파검사는입원 2-3 일이내에시행되었으며, Society for fetal Urology grade (SFU) 지수를참조하여 SFU 지수가 1 이상시에수신증으로진단하였다 [9]. 99m Technetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 신스캔을입원일주일이내에시행하였으며그중결손이있는소아는 3-6 개월이후에재시행하였다. 초기신결손은요로감염진단시에처음시행한신스캔에서피질음영의감소가있거나미만성으로신장섭취가감소한경우로정의하였고 [10], 신반흔은초기신결손을보이는소아에서 3-6 개월후 DMSA 신스캔을시행하여결손이보이는경우로정의하였으며 [11, 12], 후기 DMSA 신스캔을시행하기까지의기간동안에요로감염이재발된소아는제외하였다. 배뇨중방광요도조영술은요로감염후 1-2 주사이에시행하였다. 수신증과방광요관역류는한명이상의소아신장전문의와영상의학전문의의판독을따랐으며, 신스캔역시한명이상의소아신장전문의와핵의학전문의의판독을따랐다. 3. ESBL 검사방법입원당시시행한소변배양검사에서자란 E.coli 에서 ESBL 생산여부의선별은미국 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) 의 2002 년도기

3 40 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 16, No. 1, 38-45, 2012 준에따라 Kirby-Bauer 디스크를이용한디스크확산검사에서 cefotaxime 억제대지름 27 mm 이하, ceftazidime 억제대지름 22 mm 이하또는 aztreonam 억제대지름 27 mm 이하로하였다 [13]. ESBL 생산의확인은 Mueller-Hinton 한천에균액을바른후 ceftazidime 30 µg과 ceftazidime/ clavulanate 30/10 µg, cefotaxime 30 µg과 cefotaxime/ clavulanate 30/10 µg의 disc 억제대를비교하여억제대가 5 mm 이상차이가나거나, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, aztreonam 디스크와 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 디스크를이용한 double disk synergy test 를시행하여 amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid 디스크와접한영역에억제대가증가하는경우로하였다 [13]. 4. 통계분석 통계적분석은 SPSS (Window version 15.0) 통계프로그램을사용하여통계처리와자료분석하였고중앙값 ( 분포범위 ) 으로표시하였다. 독립양표본 t검정, Mann-Whitney test, Pearson's chi-square test 를이용하였으며, P value 가 0.05 미만인경우에통계적으로유의한것으로판단하였다. 결과 1. 대상소아의특성 2008 년 1월부터 2010 년 10 월까지고려대학교구로병원과안산병원소아청소년과를내원하여요로감염으로진단된소아는모두 1,210 명이었으며그중연구기준을만족하는소아는 290 명으로남아는 176 명 (60.68%) 이었고, 연령의중앙값은 5개월 (1 개월 -12 세 7개월 ) 이었다. 이중에서 ESBL(+) E.coli 군은 32 명으로남아가 20명 (62.5%), 연령의중앙값은 6개월 (1 개월 -8 세 3개월 ) 이었고, ESBL(-) E.coli 군은 258 명으로남아가 156 명 (60.47%), 연령의중앙값은 5개월 (1 개월 -12 세 7개월 ) 로두군간의성별과연령에따른유의한차이를보이지않았다 (P>0.05) (Table 1). 무균채뇨백으로검사를진 Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of 290 Febrile Urinary Tract Infec tion Due to Either ESBL producing or ESBL non producing E.coli ESBL(+) E.coli ESBL(-) E.coli P value Number Age, month (median) Sex (M:F) 20:12 156: Abbreviation: ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase 행한 56명의소아를제외하면, 각각 ESBL(+) E.coli 군은 22 명, ESBL(-) E.coli 군은 212 명으로이경우에서도두군간의성별과연령에따른유의한차이는보이지않았다 (P>0.05). 2. 임상결과 1) ESBL 의생성여부와발열기간, 입원기간, 말초혈액의백혈구수, C-반응성단백, 농뇨의동반여부의관계총환자 290 명의발열기간의중앙값은 3일 (1-18 일 ) 이었고, 입원기간의중앙값은 8일 (3-21 일 ), 말초혈액내평균백혈구수의중앙값은 14,150/mm 3 (1,900-40,280/mm 3 ), 혈청 C- 반응성단백의중앙값은 mg/l ( mg/ L) 이었다. 농뇨가확인된소아는 235 명 (81.03%) 이었다. 32 명의 ESBL(+) E.coli 군과 258 명의 ESBL(-) E.coli 군의발열기간의중앙값은 4일 (1-18 일 ) vs 3일 (1-15 일 ), 입원기간의중앙값은 8일 (6-18 일 ) vs 8일 (3-21 일 ), 말초혈액내평균백혈구수의중앙값은 12,810/mm 3 (4,700-39,200/mm 3 ) vs 14,215/ mm 3 (1,900-40,280/mm 3 ), 혈청 C- 반응성단백의중앙값은 17.1 mg/l ( mg/l) vs mg/l ( mg/l) 으로모두통계학적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (P>0.05) (Table 2). 두군에서농뇨가확인된소아는각각 22 명 (68.75%) vs 213 명 (82.56%) 으로농뇨의동반여부에서도두군간에통계학적으로유의한차이는보이지않았다 (P>0.05). 무균채뇨백으로검사를진행한소아를제외한경우에도두군간에통계학적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (P>0.05). 2) ESBL 의생성여부와수신증, 신결손, 신반흔, 방광요관역류의관계 32 명의 ESBL(+) E.coli 군에서초음파에서수신증을동반한경우는 9명 (28.1%) 이었다. 258 명의 ESBL(-) E.coli 군에서는수신증을동반한경우가 106 명 (41.0%) 으로두군사이에통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다 (P>0.05). 두군간의 DMSA 신스캔결과를비교해보면 ESBL(+) E.coli 군에서 Table 2. Comparison of Fever Duration, Duration of Admission, WBC Counts and CRP in Peripheral Blood, Severity of Pyuria between Two Study Groups ESBL(+) E.coli ESBL(-) E.coli P value Fever duration, day (median) Admission duration, day (median) WBC counts, /mm 3 (median) 12,810 14, CRP, mg/l (median) Abbreviations: ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; WBC, white blood cell; CRP, C-reactive protein

4 Park C, et al.: Clinical Significance of ESBL Producing E. coli in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection 41 Table 3. Comparison of the Results of Ultrasonogram, Initial DMSA Scan, Follow up DMSA Scan, VCUG between Two Groups ESBL (+) E.coli ESBL (-) E.coli No of patients (%) No of patients (%) P value Hydronephrosis 9 (28.1) 106 (41.0) Defects 6 (18.7) 73 (28.2) Scar 3 (60.0) 30 (51.7) VUR 4 (12.5) 44 (17.0) Abbreviations: ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; Defects, cortical defects on initial DMSA scan; Scar, cortical defects on follow up DMSA scan after 3-6 months; VUR, vesicoureteral reflux 신결손을동반한경우가 6명 (18.7%), ESBL(-) E.coli 군에서신결손이동반된경우가 73명 (28.2%) 으로통계학적으로유의한차이를보이지않았고 (P>0.05), 초기신결손을보였던 79명중 3-6 개월후추적 DMSA 신스캔을시행한결과추적소실된 16 명의환자를제외한 63명중에서 33 명 (52.3%) 이신결손이확인되어신반흔을확인할수있었다. 이들을두군으로나누어살펴보면각각 ESBL(+) E.coli 군이 3명 (60%), ESBL(-) E.coli 군이 30명 (51.7%) 으로신반흔역시두군간에통계학적으로의미있는차이를관찰할수없었다 (P>0.05). 배뇨중방광요도조영술결과에서도 ESBL(+) E.coli 군은방광요관역류가있는환자가 4명 (12.5%), ESBL(-) E.coli 군에서는방광요관역류가있는환자가 44명 (17.0%) 으로통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다 (P>0.05) (Table 3). 무균채뇨백으로검사를진행한소아를제외한경우에도두군간에통계학적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (P>0.05). 고찰요로감염은소아에서매우흔한감염성질환으로재발율이약 10-30% 에이른다 [14]. 이중발열성요로감염은남녀소아모두 3개월이하에서유병율이가장높고, 남아의경우특히포경수술을받지않은소아들에서유병율이높으며, 여아의경우에서는상대적으로 1세이하까지유병율이높다가 2세까지는낮아지는양상을보인다 [15]. 2세미만의영유아에서는발열이외에는특이적인증상을보이지않는경우가흔하며이런경우에신손상의잠재성이더욱높기때문에, 원인불명의발열을보이는영유아에서는항상요로감염의가능성을생각해야한다 [4, 33]. 요로감염을일으키는원인균주는지역과시대에따라다르며, 그와함께항생제에대한감수성도변화한다 [16]. 따라서지역사회의균주분포나항생제의감수성에대한다각적인연구가필요하며, 이는곧치료효과, 항생제내성과과남용등의문제와직결된다고하겠다. 그동안요로감 염의원인균에대해많은연구보고가있었으며, 일반적으로요로감염의가장흔한균주는 E. coli 이다. 이중에서 ESBL 을생성하는 E.coli 의증가가전세계적으로큰문제가되고있으며, 아시아 -태평양지역의여러나라에서도이균주에의한유병율의증가를보이고있다 [17]. ESBL 은플라스미드매개성기전에의해 oxyimino기를가진 β-lactam 항생제를가수분해하여 oxyiminocephalosporins (e.g. cefotaxime,ceftriaxone, ceftazidime) 과 monobactams (aztreonam) 등에대한광범위항생제내성을일으키며 β-lactamase 억제제인 clavulanic acid 에의해서억제되는효소이다 [18]. 광범위 oxyimino β-lactams 항생제에내성을가진장내세균속은 1980 년대초에독일에서가장먼저발견되었으며 [19], 이런유형의내성은주로 E.coli 와 Klebsiella 에서관찰되나다른장내세균속에서도관찰된다 [20]. 현재알려진 β-lactamase 는적어도 400 가지가넘게보고되고있으며모체가되는 TEM- 1, TEM-2, SHV-1, 혹은 CTX-M, PER 효소등에서 1개이상의염기서열의변화로 ESBL 이발현하게된다 [21]. 플라스미드에의해쉽게전파될수있기때문에다른계열의항생제에도내성을일으킬수있으며, ESBL 대부분이 TEM 형과 SHV 형효소로 cephamycin 과 imipenem 은분해하지못하지만 [22] 최근에는 cephamycin 과 β-lactamase 억제제도분해할수있는 AmpC 형이출현함으로써 ESBL 의검출과항균제의선택에서더욱더어려움을겪고있다 [23]. 그동안 ESBL 중 TEM 형과 SHV 형 ESBL 이병원내감염의주요원인이었으나, 지난 10 여년사이에지역사회획득요로감염의원인균주로서특히 CTX-M 형 ESBL(+) E. coli 발생의증가가국가별, 지역별로다양하게보고되고있으며 [24], 이는 ceftriaxone 뿐아니라요로감염에흔히 1차약제로사용되는 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin 등에도내성을보인다 [25]. 우리나라의 ESBL 발생은 E.coli 의경우 1998 년 Pai 등 [26] 의연구에서 % 로보고된이후, 2004 년에 Lee 등 [27] 의연구에서는지역사회획득소아요로감염소아중 ESBL(+) E.coli 가 10.8% 까지보고되었다. 본연구에서는무균채뇨

5 42 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 16, No. 1, 38-45, 2012 백환자군을포함한경우 290 명중 32 명, 무균채뇨백환자군을제외한경우에는 234 명중 22명으로각각 11.03% 와 9.4% 로타연구와비교하여비슷한유병율을보였다. ESBL(+) E.coli 에의한소아요로감염의위험인자에대한여러연구들이진행되어왔으며, Topaloglu 등 [28] 은 ESBL(+) E. coli 혹은 Klebsiella 에의한요로감염소아 155 명과동수의 ESBL(-) 균주에의한요로감염소아들을비교분석한결과, 남아에서는 1세이하, 여아에서는 1세이상에서 ESBL(+) 균주에의한감염이두드러졌으며, 기저질환 ( 해부학적 / 기능적요로기형, 재발성요로감염, 패혈증등의전신질환 ) 과최근 3개월내의입원력이 ESBL(+) 균주에의한요로감염의위험인자라고하였다. 국내연구를살펴보면 2004 년 Kim 등 [29] 은 ESBL(+) 균주요로감염에대한위험인자로서이전 6개월이내의입원력, 이전 1개월이내 3세대 cephalosporin 복용력을꼽았으며, Lee 등 [26] 은 6개월이내의영아의경우만위험인자로꼽았다. 또한위에서제시한명백한위험인자없이도지역사회에서많은수의 ESBL(+) E.coli 감염이일어난다. 이는건강한보균자의꾸준한증가에의한것으로생각되며, ESBL(+) E.coli 를음식혹은대변내보균자에의한사람 -사람간의전파등에의해얻게되어이것이환경에퍼지게되고애완동물이나야생동물들까지보균하게됨으로써지역사회전체적으로빠르게퍼지게되는것으로생각된다 [8]. 후향적연구로인해정확한입원력이나항생제사용력을파악하는데에한계가있었으며, 대상소아모두기저질환은없었다. 연령별분포상 6개월이내의영아의비율은무균채뇨백환자군을포함했을경우 ESBL(+) E.coli 군은 32 명중 18 명, ESBL(-) E.coli 군은 258 명중 165 명으로각각 %, 63.95% 였고, 무균채뇨백환자군을제외했을경우에는 ESBL (+) E.coli 군은 22명중 14 명, ESBL(-) E.coli 군은 212 명중 147 명으로각각 63.64%, 69.33% 의비율을보였으며, 두군간에통계학적인차이를보이지않았다 (P>0.05). 요채취방법에있어무균채뇨백뇨는요가리기가불가능한영유아에서가장손쉽게시행할수있고음성배양의경우의미가있지만, 오염의가능성즉높은위양성율 (50-57%) 때문에분석결과에영향을미칠수있어서무균채뇨백으로검사를시행한환자들을포함했을때와제외했을때로나누어분석하였다. 두경우에서모두성별과연령에있어서두군간에차이가없었으며발열기간과입원기간역시통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았는데, 경험적항생제인 cefotaxime (150 mg/kg/day) 으로치료를시작하였다가투여 48시간이후에도발열이지속되거나요배양검사상항생제감수성결과에서 cefotaxime 에내성을보일경우 amikacin 이나 gentamicin 등의 aminoglycoside 계열의항생제를추가하였기때문에발열기간과입원기간에서두군간에유의한차이가있을것으로생각되었으나결과는그렇지않았다. 말초혈액내백혈구수는일반적으로세균성감염과연관이많다고알려져있고, 혈청 C- 반응성단백은신질환에는직접적인관계는없으나세균감염시매우예민한염증지표이며중증감염을예측하는데사용할수있는인자로알려져있다 [30]. 또한발열성소아요로감염에대한 Jung 등 [31] 의연구에따르면말초혈액내백혈구수와혈청 C- 반응성단백수치가높은군에서신결손과신반흔이모두증가하였기때문에, 두항목을요로감염의중증도와의연관성을알아보기위한항목으로사용하였으나여기에서도무균채뇨백으로검사를시행한소아들의포함여부와상관없이두군간에유의한차이는보이지않았다. 요로감염의심환자에서시행하는요분석검사에서보이는농뇨소견은요로감염의큰증거가된다고알려져있으나농뇨단독으로는신장의염증을시사하는소견은될수없으며, 요배양검사결과를확인하기전에요로감염의선별검사나배양검사의신뢰도를확인하는방법으로이용되고있다 [32]. 본연구에서는농뇨의동반여부에대하여두군간에비교하였는데통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. 신반흔이나방광요관역류를포함한여러이상소견들이신손상에선행하기때문에첫발열성영유아요로감염에서는신초음파, 신스캔, 배뇨중방광요도조영술등의영상검사가권장된다 [4, 33]. 신초음파는첫발열성영유아요로감염에서일반적으로모든환자에서시행되는것이권장되며, 수신증, 원위요관확장, 방광벽의비후, 요관낭종의유무등의비뇨기계구조이상유무를알아볼수있고, 신실질과신크기를평가할수있다 [4, 33]. DMSA 신스캔은급성신우신염과신반흔을진단함에있어신초음파나배뇨중방광요도조영술에비해훨씬높은민감도를가지지만 [33] 첫발열성영유아요로감염에서통상적으로시행되는것은권장되지않고있다 [34]. 방광요관역류는발생학적기형으로써방광내점막하요관의길이가짧아져생긴비정상적인판막기능으로인해발생한다 [35]. 소아에서약 1-2% 의유병율을보이며인종에따른차이를보이는데, 흑인에서더낮은유병율을보인다 [36]. 방광요관역류의유무와정도를국제소아방광요관역류연구회에서 1-5 등급으로분류하였으며이중확장성역류, 즉 3-5 등급의경우역류성신질환과의미있는연관성을보인다 [37]. 배뇨중방광요도조영술역시첫발열성영유

6 Park C, et al.: Clinical Significance of ESBL Producing E. coli in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection 43 아요로감염에서통상적으로시행되지는않으며, 신초음파나신스캔결과들을종합하여폐쇄성혹은역류성요로병증, 급성신우신염등이의심되거나비전형적이고복잡한임상양상을보일때시행된다. 본연구에서는영상검사상수신증, 신스캔상초기신결손, 신반흔, 방광요관역류의유무에있어서무균채뇨백으로검사를시행한소아들의포함여부와상관없이두군간에통계학적으로의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 이는 ESBL 의생성여부가동반비뇨기계기형과연관성이없음을나타내는결과이나, 신초음파의경우수신증의파악에있어경도의단계 (e.g. SFU 지수가 1) 일경우에는검사자의주관이개입할가능성이있고, 급성감염기에너무빨리시행했을경우급성감염에따른일시적현상일수있으며 [33], 본연구의디자인상영상검사를모두시행하지않아연구대상에서제외된환자중신초음파만시행한소아들을포함하여비교했다면수신증의유무에대한두그룹간의비교결과가달라질수도있을것이다. 신반흔에있어서는초기신결손을보였던소아들중 16 명이추적소실되었기때문에분석자료가미흡한면이있다. 결론적으로본연구에서는발열성소아요로감염의가장흔한원인균인 E.coli 의 ESBL 생성여부와요로감염의중증도와동반비뇨기계기형사이에는연관이없는것으로나타났다. 특히요로감염의중증도와의연관성에있어서이러한결과를보인것에대해생각해보면, 항생제의혈중농도보다요중항생제농도가고농도로농축되어유지되는효과와신요로기관내국소적인방어기전때문에내성을갖는항생제로도치료효과가있기때문인것으로생각되나 [38], 본연구에서는 ESBL(-) E.coli 군에비해 ESBL(+) E.coli 군의대상소아숫자가훨씬적었고 ESBL 을생성하는 E.coli 에대해서만비교분석하였기때문에 ESBL 을생성하는 Klebsiella 같은장내세균속을모두포함하는 ESBL 자체의연관성과발열성소아요로감염의연관성은본연구로는알수없으며포함했을경우결과또한다를수있을것이다. 향후좀더장기간의시간을두고이러한한계점을보완한추가적인연구들을시행하여, 이를토대로한 ESBL 생성균주들과발열성소아요로감염사이의연관성고찰과그에따른적절한항생제선택이이루어진다면내성균주의발현율을최소화하고치료효과를더욱높일수있을것이다. 요약 목적 : 광범위베타락탐분해효소 (extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ESBL) 생성 E.coli 에의한지역사회요로감염의빈도가전세계적으로증가하고있다. ESBL 은광범위 cephalosporin 계항생제와 monobactam 계항생제를포함한다양한새로운 β-lactam 계항생제에대하여내성을일으킨다. 본연구에서는발열성소아요로감염에서 ESBL(+) E.coli 의감염여부가요로감염의중증도, 동반비뇨기계기형과연관이있는지알아보고자하였다. 방법 : 2008 년 1월부터 2010 년 10 월까지고려대학교병원에서입원치료한소아중 E.coli 에의한발열성요로감염소아 290 명을대상으로하였다. 요배양검사에서항생제감수성검사및 ESBL 생성여부에따라서 ESBL(+) E.coli 군과 ESBL(-) E.coli 군으로나누어입원전후발열기간, 입원기간, 말초혈액내백혈구수와혈청 C- 반응성단백, 농뇨의동반여부, 수신증의유무, 신스캔에서초기신결손의유무, 신반흔의유무, 방광요관역류의유무등의항목들에대하여두군간에후향적비교분석을시행하였다. 결과 : 대상소아총 290 명중 ESBL(+) E.coli 군은 32명, ESBL(-) E.coli 군은 258 명이었다. 무균채뇨백으로검사를진행한소아는 56명이었으며, 이를제외한소아는총 234 명으로 ESBL(+) E.coli 군은 22명, ESBL(-) E.coli 군은 212 명이었다. 무균채뇨백으로검사를진행한소아를포함했을때와제외했을때모두두군간에통계학적으로유의한차이를보이는항목은없었다. 결론 : 저자들은발열성소아요로감염에서 ESBL 생성 E.coli 의감염여부가요로감염의중증도및동반비뇨기계기형과의관련이없음을제시하는바이다. References 1) Hellström A, Hanson E, Hansson S, Hjälmås K, Jodal U. Association between urinary symptoms at 7 years old and previous urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 1991;66: ) Mårild S, Jodal U. Incidence rate of first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection in children under 6 years of age. Acta Paediatr 1998;87: ) Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, Baskin M, Kearney DH, Wald ER. Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med 2003;348: 195-

7 44 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 16, No. 1, 38-45, ) American academy of pediatrics, committee on quality improvement, subcommittee on urinary tract infection. Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics 1999;103: ) Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG, Lins LE, Tidgren B, Winberg J. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ 1989; 299: ) Prajapati BS, Prajapati RB, Patel PS. Advances in management of urinary tract infections. Indian J Pediatr 2008;75: ) Lee SY, Lee JH, Kim JH, Hur JK, Kim SM, Ma SH, et al. Susceptibility tests of oral antibiotics including cefixime against Escherichia coli, isolated from pediatric patients with community acquired urinary tract infections. Korean J Pediatr 2006;49: ) Oteo J, Perez-Vazquez M, Campos J. Extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli : changing epidemiology and clinical impact. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23: ) Yiee J, Wilcox D. Management of fetal hydronephrosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23: ) Jaksic E, Bogdanovic R, Artiko V, Saranovic DS, Petrasinovic Z, Petrovic M, et.al. Diagnostic role of initial renal cortical scintigraphy in children with the first episode of acute pyelonephritis. Ann Nucl Med 2011;25: ) Piepsz A, Gordon I, Hahn K. Paediatric nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med 1991;18: ) Lavocat MP, Granjon D, Guimpied Y, Dutour N, Allard D, Prevot N, et al. The importance of 99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy in the follow-up of acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison with urographic data. Nucl Med Com mun 1998;19: ) Ferraro MJ, Craig WA, Dudley MN. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. An NCCLS global informational supplement. 12th. 2002;22: ) Williams G, Craig JC. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22: ) Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, Farrell MH. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27: ) Noemia PG, Angelica M. Febrile urinary tract infection: Escherichia coli susceptibility to oral antimicrobials. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17: ) Hirakata Y, Matsuda J, Miyazaki Y, Kamihira S, Kawakami S, Miyazawa Y, et al. Regional variation in the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing clinical isolates in the Asia-Pacific region (SENTRY ). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;52: ) Du Bois SK, Marriot MS, Amyes S.G.B. TEM- and SHV-derived extended-spectrum α-lactamase: Relationship between selection, structure and function. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;35: ) Knothe H, Shah P, Kremery V, Antal M, Mitsuhashi S. Transferable resistance to cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefaman dole and cefuroxime in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneu moniae and Serratia marcescens. Infection 1983;11: ) Jacoby GA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and other enzymes providing resistance to oxymino-beta-lactams. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11: ) Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18: ) Jarlier N, Nicolas M-H, Fournier G, Philippon A. Extended broad-spectrum β-lactamase conferring transferable resistance to newer β-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: hospital prevalence and susceptibility pattern. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10: ) Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA. A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamase and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39: ) Cantón R, Novais A, Valverde A, Machado E, Peixe L, Baquero F, et al. Prevalence and spread of extended-spec trum betalactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;1: ) Brigante G, Luzzaro F, Perilli M, Lombardi G, Coli A, Rossolini GM, et al. Evolution of CTX-M-type beta-lactamases in isolates of Escherichia coli infecting hospital and community patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;25: ) Pai H. The characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Korean isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Yonsei Med J 1998;39: ) Lee JW, Shin JS, Seo JW, Lee MA, Lee SJ. Incidence and risk factors for extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing Escherichia coli in community-acquired childhood urinary tract infection. J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2004;8: ) Topaloglu R, Er I, Dogan BG, Bilginer Y, Ozaltin F, Besbas N, et al. Risk factors in community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2010;25: ) Kim NH, Lee JA, Kim YK, Choi EH, Ha IS, Lee HJ, Choi Y. Risk factors of urinary tract infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in children. Korean J Pediatr 2004;47: ) Mo EH, Nam IH, Park KD. Protein C as a differential marker for bacterial infection among pediatric patients with fever. Korean J Pediatr 2004;47: ) Jung JI, Lim DH, Yim HE, Park MS, Yoo KH, Hong YS, et al. Fever duration and renal scar in pediatric urinary tract

8 Park C, et al.: Clinical Significance of ESBL Producing E. coli in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection 45 infection. J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2008;12: ) Lohr JA, Portilla MG, Geuder TG, Dunn ML, Dudley SM. Making a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection by using a urinalysis performed in an on-site. Laboratory J Pediatr 1993;122: ) American academy of pediatrics, steering committee on quality improvement and management, subcommittee on urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection : Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 2011;128: ) Smith T, Evans K, Lythgoe MF, Anderson PJ, Gordon I. Radiation dosimetry of technetium-99m-dmsa in children. J Nucl Med 1996;37: ) Paquin AJ. Ureterovesical anastamosis: the description and evaluation of a technique. J Urol 1959;82: ) Chand DH, Rhoades T, Poe SA, et al. Incidence and severity of vesicoureteral reflux in children related to age, gender, race and diagnosis. J Urol 2003;170: ) Rushton HG. The evaluation of acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring with technetium 99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy: evolving concepts and future directions. Pediatr Nephrol 1997;11: ) Brun-Buisson C, Legrand P, Phillippon A, Montravers F, Ansquer M, Duval J. Transferable enzymatic resistance to third-generation cephalosporins during nosocomial outbreak of multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lancet 1987;2:302-6.

안도희외 6 인 : ESBL 생성균주와비생성균주에의한지역사회획득요로감염비교 감염에서균주의항생제감수성에변화를가져왔고특히광범위세팔로스포린에대한내성균의감염이증가하고있다 2). 이러한내성균에의한요로감염은치료실패, 합병증증가및치료기간의연장등과의연관성이제기되고있어관심이증가하고있다

안도희외 6 인 : ESBL 생성균주와비생성균주에의한지역사회획득요로감염비교 감염에서균주의항생제감수성에변화를가져왔고특히광범위세팔로스포린에대한내성균의감염이증가하고있다 2). 이러한내성균에의한요로감염은치료실패, 합병증증가및치료기간의연장등과의연관성이제기되고있어관심이증가하고있다 ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn 2384-1079 eissn 2384-1087 Pediatr Infect Vaccine 2015;22:29-35 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14776/piv.2015.22.1.29 Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase 생성균주와비생성균주에의한지역사회획득요로감염비교 안도희ㆍ김규원ㆍ조혜경ㆍ차한ㆍ전인상ㆍ류일ㆍ선용한

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