Original article J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2012;16: DOI: ISSN (print) ISSN (
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1 Original article J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2012;16: DOI: ISSN (print) ISSN (online) 대구지역소아청소년과의사들의요로감염관리실태분석영남대학교의과대학소아청소년과, 순천향대학교의과대학구미병원소아청소년과 * 경북대학교의과대학소아청소년과 이상수 강석정 * 이재민 조민현 박용훈 Sang Su Lee, M.D., Seok Jeong Kang, M.D.*, Jae Min Lee, M.D., Min Hyun Cho, M.D., and Yong Hoon Park, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Department of Pediatrics *, Soon Chun Hyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Kyungpook, Korea Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Corresponding Author: Yong Hoon Park Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Tel: , Fax: yhpark@med.yu.ac.kr Received: 15 September 2012 Revised: 25 September 2012 Accepted: 8 October 2012 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecom mons.org/licenses/bync/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Children: A Survey of Pediatricians in Daegu City Purpose: Recently, many evidence-based guidelines for the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) have been developed because of the importance of proper management. However, there is a lack of data regarding how pediatricians manage UTIs in Korea. Therefore, we surveyed pediatricians to determine whether they manage UTIs in an appropriate manner. Methods: A postal questionnaire survey of 78 pediatricians practicing in Daegu city was performed. Subjects were asked about diagnosis, imaging studies, treatment, and prevention of UTIs. Results: Most of the respondents (94.8%) performed urinalysis to diagnose UTI in febrile children with an unknown fever focus. However, many preferred inaccurate collection methods, such as bagged urine collection, and did not obtain urine cultures. The most frequently performed imaging modality was renal-bladder ultrasonogram. Orally administered antibiotics were preferred unless admission was needed. After diagnosis of UTI, the pediatricians usually provided information to caregivers about the disease itself and supplementary treatment. Of the respondents, only 28.6% had their own guidelines for management of vesicoureteral reflux. Conclusion: Most pediatricians suspected UTI in febrile children with an unknown focus appropriately. Nevertheless, the fact that many pediatricians preferred inaccurate urine collection methods and did not perform sufficient imaging studies to detect associated abnormalities likely resulted in overtreatment due to false-positive diagnosis of UTI and a low probability of ruling out genitourinary anatomical problems. To improve the quality of management of UTI, pediatricians should follow scientific and evidence-based guidelines. Key words: Urinary tract infections, Pediatrics, Guideline, Primary health care, Data collection Copyright 2012 The Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology
2 96 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 16, No. 2, , 2012 서론요로감염은소아에서가장흔한세균감염중하나로서요로기형이동반될수있음을시사하는소견이며신반흔을형성하는경우에는고혈압이나신장기능저하등의장기적인문제의원인이될수도있다 [1]. 따라서정확한진단과적절한치료가중요하며, 아울러동반질환을확인하기위한검사가반드시필요하지만, 소아는요로감염의특이증상이없는경우가많기때문에간과하기쉬워서진단과정에서주의를기울일필요가있다. 그러나요로감염의관리에는의견이분분하여서이에대한지침이지속적으로개발되고있다. 근래에는여러근거중심의요로감염관리가이드라인들이만들어져서진료에적용되고있다. 하지만소아청소년과의사들이시행하고있는요로감염관리실태에대한조사가매우드문실정이다. 이에이연구에서는소아청소년과의사들의요로감염에대한인식을알아보고적절한관리가이루어지고있는지를평가하여개선점을찾고자하였다. 대상과방법대구시지역의소아청소년과전문의들을대상으로설문조사를하여요로감염의진단, 영상검사, 치료와예방을위한환자교육의현황을알아보았다. 응답자를근무형태별로개인의원, 연합의원, 준종합병원과종합병원으로나누어집단간에어떠한차이가있는지알아보고, 기존의지침과비교하여차이점을알아보았다. 모든자료는 SPSS for Windows version 19.0 으로통계분석하였으며 P 값이 0.05 미만일때유의한값으로정의하였다. 결과전체응답자 78명중 1명이불완전한응답으로분석에서제외되었다. 분석에포함된 77명의응답자는개인의원 (29%), 연합의원 (27%), 준종합병원 (17%) 과종합병원 (27%) 근무자로구성되었다. 요로감염을의심하는경우로가장많은응답을한것은무병소발열이며요로감염의과거력과배뇨증상이그다음을차지했는데응답자간의유의한차이는없었다 (Table 1). 요로감염의진단을위해서소변검사만을시행하는경우는 45.5%, 소변배양을함께시행하는경우는 54.5% 였는데, 배양검사를시행하지않는경우의 77.1% 는개인의원과연합의원근무자이고, 22.9% 은준종 합병원과종합병원근무자였다. 소변검사만시행할경우소 변을가릴수있는환자에서의채뇨방법으로전체응답자 의 89.6% 는청결중간뇨채취를그리고 10.4% 는채뇨백채 취를선택하였고소변을가릴수없는환자에서는응답자 의 89.5% 는채뇨백채취를그리고 10.5% 는치골상부천자 또는도뇨관채취를선택하였다. 배양검사를함께시행하 기위한채뇨시에는치골상부천자또는도뇨관채취를선 호하는응답자가소변을가릴수있는환자에서 2.6%, 소 변을가릴수없는환자에서 18.2% 로소변검사만시행할 때보다더많았다. Complete Blood Cell count (CBC) 와 C-reactive protein(crp) 등의혈액검사는전체의 62.3% ( 병원단위근무자의 100%, 의원근무자의 35%) 가시행하 였고 (Table 2), 영상검사는전체의 46.8% ( 병원단위근무 자의 90%, 의원근무자의 14%) 가시행하였다. 영상검사중 초음파검사는영상검사를한응답자전원이시행하였고 그중고식적인회색조초음파 (gray scale ultrasonogram) 는 83.3%, 도플러초음파는 22.2% 가시행한다고하였다. 그다음은배뇨방광요도조영술 (VCUG) 또는동위원소방 광조영술 (58.3%), Tc-99m-Dimercapto-succinic acid) scintigraphy (DMSA 신스캔 ) (47.2%), 단순방사선촬영 (47.2%) 순이었다 (Table 3). VCUG 또는동위원소방광조 영술의적응증은 DMSA 신스캔에서신반흔이있는경우 (76.2%), 재발되는요로감염 (57.1%), 산전초음파에서신우 의확장이있을때 (23.8%), 모든첫번째요로감염 (4.7%) 이 었으며방광요관역류가있는경우가족에대한선별검사를 Table 1. When Pediatricians Suspect Urinary Tract Infection Suspect UTI Yes (%) No (%) Fever without focus 73 (94.8) 4 (5.2) Past history of UTI 56 (72.7) 21 (27.3) Urinary symptoms 54 (70.1) 23 (29.9) Every febrile episode 2 (2.6) 75 (97.4) Abbreviation: UTI, urinary yract infection Table 2. Laboratory Studies Private Union General Hospital Practice Clinic Hospital CBC* Diff count* ESR* CRP* BUN, Cre* Electrolyte* Abbreviations: CBC, complete blood cell count; Diff, differential; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-Reactive protein; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cre, creatinine. *P<0.05.
3 Lee SS, et al.: Management of UTI in Children 97 Table 3. Imaging Modalities Modality Private Practice Union Clinic Hospital General Hospital % (of positive answers) Gray scale USG* Doppler kidney USG* VCUG or RNC* DMSA scintigraphy* Simple X-ray* Abbreviations: USG, Ultrasonography; VCUG, Voiding cystourethro graphy; RNC, Radionuclide cystography; DMSA, Tc-99m-Dimercapto-succinic acid. *P<0.05. Table 4. Education for Caregivers Contents % Importance of UTI* 90.9 Adequate hydration 55.8 Prevention and treatment of constipation 27.3 Probability and importance of recurrence 87.0 Hygiene 70.1 Voiding habitus 26.0 Bladder empting 11.7 Abbreviation: UTI, urinary tract infection 시행한다고선택한응답자는없었다. 치료시해열제는근무 병원의형태와관계없이경구용해열제를선호하며 (98%) 주 사용해열제를처방하는경우도 16% 나되었다. 첫치료에 경구용항생제사용은 62% ( 의원 79%, 병원 21%) 가하였 고주사용항생제는 48% ( 의원 30%, 병원 70%) 가사용하 며, 응답자모두주사용항생제의적응증은입원치료가필요 할때로응답하였다. 항생제사용기간은근무병원형태에따 른차이없이경구용항생제만사용할경우평균 11 일, 주사 용항생제만사용할경우평균 7.5 일, 병행할경우는평균 6.7 일간주사용항생제투여후 5.6 일간경구용항생제를투여 하였다. 요로감염으로진단된경우에는항생제와해열제의 사용외에도보조치료와부모에대한교육을함께시행한다 고응답하였다. 보조치료로는프로바이오틱스처방 (26.0%) 과변비치료 (16.8%) 를시행하였다. 포경수술을시행한다고 한응답자가없었으나, 남아포경의관리에대한질문에서는 경과관찰 (55.8%), 포경수술권유 (16.9%), 스테로이드연고마 사지 (14.3%) 순으로응답하였다. 부모를대상으로하는교육 에는요로감염의중요성 (90.9%), 적절한수분섭취 (55.8%), 변비의예방과치료 (27.3%), 재발의가능성과중요성 (87.0%), 위생 (70.1%), 배뇨습관 (26.0%), 방광비우기훈련 (11.7%) 이있 었다 (Table 4). 방광요관역류가있는경우치료지침을정해 놓은경우는 28.6% 이었고나머지는무응답자였다. 일정기 간예방적항생제를사용한후에도방광요관역류가남아있 는경우, 10 명이장기간예방적항생제투여, 17 명이치료중 단후경과관찰을선택했으며 deflux 시술을선택한응답자 는 2명이었으나수술적치료를선택한응답자는없었다. 고찰소아기의요로감염은특이증상이없는반면에동반된요로기형이있을수있고적절하게치료를하지않을경우고혈압, 신기능저하등의원인이될수있다 년에보고된스웨덴의연구에따르면요로감염환자들에대한적절한관리가되는경우에는비폐쇄성신우신염 (non-obstructive pyelonphritis) 으로인한만성신질환이새로생기지않았다고하였다 [2]. 이는정확한진단및치료를해서장기적인이환율을낮추자는주장에좋은근거가될수있는데, 한편으로는불필요한검사를하지않도록하는것도간과해서는안된다. 이러한소아기요로감염의중요성으로인해적절한관리가이루어지는지를조사한보고들이있는데아일랜드의 Kennedy 등 [3] 은일차진료의들을대상으로한설문조사에서일차진료의들이요로감염의위험요인들과흔한증상및징후에대해서인식을하고있으나초기치료이후의상급병원으로의전달의필요성과추가적검사의필요성에대해서는응답자간의차이가크다고보고하였다. 반면에네덜란드의 Harmsen 등 [4] 은일차진료의들을대상으로한코호트연구에서일차진료의들이요로감염을의심하지못한경우가많고요로감염으로진단후에도상급병원으로추가적검사를위한위탁을하지않는경우가많다고보고하였다. 그러나이는일반의들을대상으로한것으로대부분의일차진료를소아청소년과전문의들이맡고있는국내실정과는차이가있어보인다. 한편국내에서는 Kang 등 [5] 이소아신장전문의와비뇨기과전문의를대상으로조사를한보고가있는데요로감염의진단, 치료그리고추가적인검사시행여부가일정한기준없이다양한방식으로이루어지고있다고보고하였는데이연구에서는일반적인소아청소년과전문의들을대상에포함시키지않았다. 소아의요로감염관리에있어서오랫동안논란이되고있
4 98 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 16, No. 2, , 2012 는주요문제점들은정확한진단과적절한치료및적절한영상검사와관련된것들이다. 이러한쟁점에대한근거중심의가이드라인들이개발되고있는데미국의 American Aca demy of Pediatrics (AAP) 에서는 1999 년에이어 2011 년에 24개월이하의영유아를대상으로한개정된요로감염과무병소발열에대한관리지침을발표하였고, 영국의 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 에서는 2007 년에소아요로감염의진단, 치료와장기추적에대한지침을발표하였다 [6-8]. 전반적으로 NICE 가이드라인은요로감염의진단기준부터치료방법및영상검사지침까지상황별로지침을정리하여쉽게따를수있게하고있으나과학적인근거가부족하다는비판이있다 [9, 10]. 한편국내에서는 Lee [11] 가 2004 년에발표된대한소아신장학회의임상지침을보완하여 2009 년에제안한지침이있다. 요로감염의위양성진단으로인한과잉검사를억제하기위해무균적인채뇨를통한정확한진단을하기위해채뇨방법의선택이중요하다. 채뇨백을통한채뇨는오염에의한위양성률이높기때문에 AAP에서는소변을가릴수없는경우치골상부천자또는도뇨관채뇨를시행할것을권장하는반면 NICE 에서는소변을가릴수없는환자에서도청결중간뇨를채취할수있다며이를권장하고있다. 청결중간뇨채취가불가능한경우에는채뇨패드 (collection pad) 를우선적으로사용할수있으며치골상부천자는마지막으로고려하도록하고있다. 또한 NICE 에서는요로감염을진단하는데는배양검사없이 dipstick 검사만으로도충분하며반드시소변배양검사가필요한경우는 dipstick 검사결과가불충분하거나재발성요로감염, 3세미만의영유아, 많이아파보이는경우, 상부요로감염으로진단된경우로따로제시하고있다. 한편 Lee [11] 는요로감염의확진을위해서는치골상부천자또는도뇨관채뇨를통한소변배양검사결과가필요함을강조하고있다. 소아, 특히영유아에서는상부요로감염과하부요로감염의구별이힘들기때문에적절한항생제투여기간이필요한데상부요로감염을배제할수없을경우 7-14 일동안항생제투여가필요하다는것에의견이모아져있다. 요로감염의진단후에는동반된요로계기형또는신반흔의유무를확인하기위한검사가시행되어야하는데신장-방광초음파, VCUG 와 DMSA 신스캔이우선고려되는영상검사들이다. 시행검사의종류와시행의적절한시점은지속적으로논란이되고있다. 방광요관역류가신반흔형성의유일한위험인자라는과거의생각과는달리방광요관역류가있는환자들에게도신반흔이일어나지않을수있다는것과방광요관역류가없는환자들에게서도급성신 우신염이후에신반흔이형성되는증거들이제시되고있다 [12]. 또한방광요관역류의자연사가많이밝혀지면서이에대한치료방침도완화되고있는경향이다. 따라서과잉검사를억제하자는의견들이대두되고전통적인상향식접근법 (bottom-up approach) 과하향식접근법 (top-down approach) 을비교한연구들이소개되고있으나잘짜여진연구가부족한실정이다 [13]. DMSA 신스캔은방광요관역류의동반유무와관계없이신반흔고위험군의신우신염환자를밝혀낼수있어서배양으로확인된요로감염환자와산전초음파에서정상이었던환자는 DMSA 신스캔을우선시행할수있으며, 검사에서병변이있으면 VCUG 를시행하도록하는하향식접근법이근래에주목받고있는데스웨덴의 Hansson 등 [14] 은 DMSA 를먼저시행하면 48.5% 의환자에서불필요한 VCUG 의시행을줄일수있다고보고하였다. 최근의주요임상지침에서도가장두드러지게달라진점은완화된영상검사의시행방침이다 년개정된 AAP가이드라인에서는치료시작후 2일이내에신장 -방광초음파를시행하도록하고있고일상적인 VCUG 의시행은더이상권장하지않으며 VCUG 는신장초음파에서수신증이나신반흔등의고등급의방광요관역류가의심되는상황에서만시행할것을권장하고있다. 한편 NICE 가이드라인에서는보다완화된영상검사지침을제시하는데임상경과가양호한월령 6개월미만의초회감염영아들은진단후 6주이내에신초음파를시행하면된다고하며월령 6 개월이상의환자에서는임상적으로가벼운증상일경우에는영상검사를하지않아도된다고한다. 급성기에신초음파를시행하는적응증은비전형적인양상의요로감염, 재발성요로감염이다. VCUG 는 6개월미만의영아에서비전형적인양상을보일때만시행할것을권고하는데 6개월이상의영아및유아에서는비전형적인양상을보이더라도 VCUG 의시행을권장하지않는다. 비전형적요로감염은많이아파보이는환자, 소변흐름의장애 (poor urine flow), 복부종괴, 혈중크레아티닌농도의상승, 패혈증, 48시간이내에항생제치료반응이없을경우, 대장균이외의원인균에의한감염으로정의하였다. 그러나 6개월이상, 3세미만의소아에서초음파에서요로의확장, 소변흐름의장애, 대장균이외의원인균, 방광요관역류의가족력이있을경우에는 VCUG 를시행할것을권하고있다. AAP에서는 DMSA 신스캔은신우신염과신반흔을찾는민감한검사이지만급성기치료에영향을미치지않기때문에모든첫번째요로감염에서일상적으로시행하는것은권장하지않고있고, NICE 에서는 3세이하의소아에서비전형적또는재발성요로감염의경우에급성기에서 6개월가량지난후시행하기를권
5 Lee SS, et al.: Management of UTI in Children 99 고하고있다. 그러나 Tse 등은 NICE 가이드라인을따를경우상당수의신반흔및방광요관역류를조기에진단할수없었다는보고를하였다 [15]. 한편, Lee [11] 는급성기에신장- 방광초음파를시행후목적에따라차등적으로 DMSA 신스캔을시행할것을권장하는데신우신염진단을위해서는급성기에, 신반흔진단을위해서는 3-6 개월후에시행하며 DMSA 신스캔에서이상소견이있을경우에 VCUG 를시행할것을권장하고있다. Lee 의지침은다른임상지침에서강조하지않고있는생리적포경의치료와위생, 기타예방방법들이소개되어있는것이특징이다. 이번조사결과를통해시행하는혈액검사, 소변검사및영상검사는응답자군간의유의한차이가있었으나요로감염을의심하는경우, 요로감염의치료그리고보호자에대한교육에대해서는응답자군간의유의한차이가없음을알수있었다. 발열의원인이뚜렷하지않은소아에서대부분 (94.8%) 의응답자가요로감염을의심하는것으로나타났으나다수의응답자 (89.5%) 들이소변을가릴수없는환자에서채뇨백을사용하고있어위양성진단이증가해과잉치료를할수있다는점이우려되었다. 이는대부분의응답자가신생아기이후의환자들에게청결중간뇨채취를시행한다고응답한 Kang 등 [5] 의연구와차이가있는데응답자집단의차이로인한선택오차 (selection bias) 로보인다. 한편, 영상검사를시행하지않는응답자가 53% 로많아동반된요로기형의진단이조기에되지않을수있다는것도우려되었다. 이는개인의원에서는영상검사를시행하기어려운여건때문이라생각되지만적극적인상급병원으로의전달체계를확립할필요가있다고생각된다. 동위원소방광조영술은 VCUG 보다민감도가높으며방사선노출이적은장점이있어반복적인검사가필요하거나, 계속적인추적관찰이필요할때유용하며방광요관역류환자의형제에게시행하는선별검사로가장좋지만 51% 의소아과응답자가방광요관역류환자의형제에게선별검사를시행한다고한 Kang 등 [5] 의연구와는달리본연구에서는방광요관역류환자의형제에게선별검사로서시행하는응답자가없어동위원소방광조영술을초기검사로시행하는이유를정확히확인할수없었다 [16]. 방광요관역류의관리는응답자가적고 (24 명 ) 방법이다양해일정한경향을발견할수없었는데대개 3, 6 또는 12 개월마다추적관찰을하고신초음파또는 DMSA 로모니터링을하는것으로나타났다. 방광요관역류의관리에대한미국비뇨기과학회 (AUA) 의임상지침이 2005 년제시된후이를바탕으로한 update 들이지속적으로보고되고있어참고할수있겠다 [17]. 성별, 포경, 음순유착, 방광요관역류, 배변습관, 변비, 신경성방광, 욕조목욕, 꽉끼는옷, 균주의특성등은이미잘알려진요로감염의위험인자이다 [16]. 그리고이들에대한보조적치료의효과도여러보고에서증명이되고있다 [18]. 따라서이들위험인자에대한보조치료및부모를대상으로하는교육을조금더적극적으로시행할필요가있으나본설문조사의결과를보면요로감염의중요성에대한교육에그치고실천적인내용에대해서는소극적임을확인할수있었는데 (Table 4) 조금더적극적이고실천적인교육이필요하다. 근거중심의요로감염관리가이드라인에따라진단, 영상검사, 치료및예방에대해좀더과학적이고표준화된접근을하여요로감염관리의질을높이기위한소아청소년과전문의모두의노력이필요하다. 감사의글성실히설문에응해주신대구경북지역소아청소년과전문의선생님들께감사의말씀을드립니다. 요약목적 : 소아의요로감염은적절히관리되지않는경우에여러문제를일으킬수있어다양한관리지침이계속개발되고있고, 근래에는근거중심의지침들이만들어져서진료에적용되고있다. 하지만소아과의사들의요로감염관리실태에대한조사는매우드문실정이다. 이연구에서는소아과의사들의요로감염에대한인식을알아보고, 적절하게관리가이루어지는지를평가하고개선점을찾고자하였다. 방법 : 대구시지역의 78명의소아청소년과전문의들을대상으로요로감염의진단, 영상검사및치료와예방을위한환자교육을어떻게하는지를설문조사로알아보았다. 결과 : 대부분의응답자들은발열의원인을찾을수없는경우에요로감염을감별하기위하여소변검사를하였다. 환자가소변을가릴수없는경우상당수의응답자가무균채뇨백을사용하여채뇨를하였으며, 소변배양검사를하지않는경우도많았다. 가장많이시행하는영상검사는초음파였다. 항생제는입원한경우에만주사로투여하고외래통원시는경구투여를하였다. 요로감염의중요성, 재발과예방등에대한환자교육을선택적으로하고있었다. 방광
6 100 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 16, No. 2, , 2012 요관역류의관리지침을가지고있는경우는 28.6% 로서 많지않았다. 결론 : 요로감염을진단하기위한시도는적절하게이루 어지고있었으나, 무균채뇨백을사용하여소변배양을하는 경우가많아위양성진단율이높아져서과잉치료가우려되 었다. 또한영상검사를하지않는경우가많아동반된요로 기형의진단이조기에되지않을수있다는것도우려되었 다. 근거 - 중심의요로감염관리지침에따른보다적절한 관리를하기위한노력이필요하다. References 1) Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG, Lins LE, Tidgren B, Winberg J. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ 1989;299: ) Esbjorner E, Berg U, Hansson S. Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: a report from Sweden Swedish Pediatric Nephrology Association. Pediatr Nephrol 1997;11: ) Kennedy KM, Glynn LG, Dineen B. A survey of the management of urinary tract infection in children in primary care and comparison with the NICE guidelines. BMC Fam Pract 2010; 11:6. 4) Harmsen M, Wensing M, Braspenning JC, Wolters RJ, van der Wouden JC, Grol RP. Management of children's urinary tract infections in Dutch family practice: a cohort study. BMC Fam Pract 2007;8:9. 5) Kang HK, Kim KM, Cheong HI, Choi H, Choi Y. Treatment for urinary tract infection of children in Korea. J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2001;5: ) Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-term Management. London: RCOG Press, ) Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 2011;128: ) Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Pediatrics 1999;103(4 Pt 1): ) Coulthard MG. NICE on childhood UTI: Nasty processes produce nasty guidelines. BMJ 2007;335(7618):463; author reply ) Tullus K. What do the latest guidelines tell us about UTIs in children under 2 years of age. Pediatr Nephrol 2012;27: ) Lee SJ. Guidelines for childhood urinary tract infection. Korean J Pediatr 2009;52: ) Koyle MA, Elder JS, Skoog SJ, Mattoo TK, Pohl HG, Reddy PP, et al. Febrile urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal scarring: current controversies in approach to evaluation. Pediatr Surg Int 2011;27: ) Prasad MM, Cheng EY. Radiographic evaluation of children with febrile urinary tract infection: bottom-up, top-down, or none of the above? Adv Urol 2012;2012: ) Hansson S, Dhamey M, Sigstrom O, Sixt R, Stokland E, Wennerstrom M, et al. Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol 2004;172:1071-3; discussion ) Tse NK, Yuen SL, Chiu MC, Lai WM, Tong PC. Imaging studies for first urinary tract infection in infants less than 6 months old: can they be more selective? Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24: ) Kliegman R, Nelson WE. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders, ) Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS, Jr., Copp HL, Elder JS, Hudson RG, et al. Summary of the AUA Guideline on Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. J Urol 2010;184: ) Nickavar A, Sotoudeh K. Treatment and prophylaxis in pediatric urinary tract infection. Int J Prev Med 2011;2:4-9.
7 부록 1. The Questionnaire Lee SS, et al.: Management of UTI in Children 101
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