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1 Vol 39:(3):2005 GEMINI PET/ 의 X-ray, 기반 511 kev 광자감쇠계수의정량적차이 서울대학교의과대학핵의학교실 1, 진단방사선과학교실 2, 방사선응용생명과학협동과정 3 김진수 1,3 이재성 1,3 이동수 1,3 박은경 1 김종효 2,3 김재일 1 이홍재 1 정준기 1,3 이명철 1,3 Quantitative Differences between X-Ray -Based and -Based Attenuation Correction in Philips Gemini PET/ Jin Su Kim, M.S. 1,3, Jae Sung Lee, Ph.D. 1,3, Dong Soo Lee, M.D. 1,3, Eun Kyung Park, M.D. 1, Jong Hyo Kim, Ph.D. 2,3, Jae Il Kim, B.S. 1, Hong Jae Lee, B.S. 1, June-Key Chung, M.D. 1,3, and Myung Chul Lee, M.D. 1,3 Departments of Nuclear Medicine 1 and Radiology 2 and Interdisciplinary Program in Radiation Applied Life Science Major 3, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: There are differences between Standard Uptake Value (SUV) of attenuation corrected PET and that of. Since various causes lead to difference of SUV, it is important to know what is the cause of these difference. Since only the X-ray and transmission data are used for the attenuation correction, in Philips GEMINI PET/ scanner, proper transformation of these data into usable attenuation coefficients for 511 kev photon has to be ascertained. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy in the measurement and compare the and -based attenuation correction in this scanner. Methods: For all the experiments, was set to 40 kev (120 kvp) and 50 mas. To evaluate the accuracy of the measurement, performance phantom was scanned and Hounsfield units (HU) for those regions were compared to the true values. For the comparison of and -based attenuation corrections, transmission scans of the elliptical lung-spine-body phantom and electron density phantom composed of various components, such as water, bone, brain and adipose, were performed using and. Transformed attenuation coefficients from these data were compared to each other and true 511 kev attenuation coefficient acquired using 68 Ge and ECAT EXA 47 scanner. In addition, and -derived attenuation coefficients and SUV values for 18 F-FDG measured from the regions with normal and pathological uptake in patients' data were also compared. Results: HU of all the regions in performance phantom measured using GEMINI PET/ were equivalent to the known true values. based attenuation coefficients were lower than those of 68 Ge about 10% in bony region of NEMA E phantom. Attenuation coefficients derived from data was slightly higher than those from data also in the images of electron density phantom and patients' body with electron density. However, the SUV values in attenuation corrected images using were lower than images corrected using. Percent difference between SUV values was about 15%. Conclusion: Although the HU measured using this scanner was accurate, accuracy in the conversion from data into the 511 kev attenuation coefficients was limited in the bony region. Discrepancy in the transformed attenuation coefficients and SUV values between and -based data shown in this study suggests that further optimization of various parameters in data acquisition and processing would be necessary for this scanner.(korean J Nucl Med 39(3): , 2005) Key Words: attenuation coefficient, PET/, SUV Received: Accepted: Address for reprints: Jae Sung Lee, PhD., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, #28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , jaes@snu.ac.kr 본연구는과학기술부및한국과학기술기획평가원의지원을받아 2005 년도원자력연구개발중장기계획사업 ( 의료영상물리및표준화기술 : 물리적왜곡보정을통한정량적 PET, SPE 영상분석기술연구 ) 을통해수행되었음. 서론 기반감쇠보정영상의표준섭취계수 (Standard Uptake Value:SUV) 가 기반감쇠보정영상의 SUV보다높은사실이알려져있다. 1) 재구성된영상에서 SUV는최종결과에서측정한값이므로이러한오차가발생한원인이영상재구성단계에서생긴것인지, 감쇠지도획득및구성단계에서생긴오차인지밝히는것이중요하다. 이연구에서는이러한 182
2 김진수외. GEMINI PET/ 의 X-ray, 기반 511 kev 광자감쇠계수의정량적차이 Table 1. Specifications of Philips GEMINI PET/ Scanner Description PET subsystem Crystal material Number of rings Ring diameter (mm) Patient port (mm) Crystal number PMTs number Crystal size (mm 3 ) Coincidence window (ns) Acquisition mode Transaxial FOV (mm) Axial FOV (mm) Slice thickness (mm) Transmission source subsystem Gantry aperture (mm) Variable scan speed Anode heat storage capacity (MHU) Minimum slice thickness (mm) Helical reconstruction time (sec) Type or Dimension GSO flat modules of a array D only 576(whole body)/256(brain) 180 2(brain)/4(whole body) sec/rotation SUV의차이의원인을밝히기위하여가장기본적인단계인감쇠계수변환단계에서각각의감쇠계수값들이정확하게변환되었는지알아보았다. 감쇠계수가정확하게변환되었는지여부를알아보는것은다음과같은이유때문이다. 감쇠계수 (μ) 란광자 (photon) 가물질을투과하면서단위길이의매질과광전효과 (photoelectric effect) 혹은컴프턴산란 (compton scattering) 등의반응을일으킬확률을표시한것이다. 감쇠계수는광자의에너지에반비례하고물질의원자번호와전자밀도에비례하므로에너지가작을수록많은광자가감쇠되는데폐와같이원자번호와전자밀도가낮은물질은광자가감쇠되는정도가작아서많은양의광자가투과되고뼈와같이원자번호와전자밀도가큰물질은광자의감쇠되는정도가커서적은양의광자가투과된다. 2) 이러한물리적현상은에너지영역에따라그영향이달라지는데 50 kev 이하의에너지영역에서광전효과, 30~130 kev의에너지영역에서는광전효과와컴프턴산란효과, 200~1000 kev 영역에서는컴프턴산란이지배적이다. 한편 Philips GEMINI PET/ 는 X-ray ( 평균에너지 40 kev), 선원 (662 kev) 을이용하여투과영상을얻는데광자의에너지가 40~140 kev인 X-ray 는광전효과와컴프턴산란의영향을모두고려하여야하지만에너지가 511 kev인 PET 은주로컴프턴산란만고려하면된다. 3,4) 이때, X-ray 투과영상은빠른시간안에잡음이적은영상을얻을수있고, 68 Ge 혹은 선원보다훨씬광자량 (photon flux) 이크기때문에방사성의약품을체내에주입한후에도방출선원에의한영향이거의없는투과영상을얻을수있다는장점이있지만광자의에너지차이만큼감쇠계 Fig. 1 GEMINI PET/ scanner. 수를변환해주어야하는복잡한과정이필요하다. 원자번호와전자밀도가큰뼈영역에서는광전효과에의한영향이원자번호와전자밀도가낮은연조직, 뇌등의뼈를제외한다른영역보다크기때문에단순한선형관계변환을사용하지않고 bilinear 방법혹은 hybrid 방법을사용하여감쇠계수를변환한다. 4-6) 반면 은 662 kev의에너지를갖는데이에너지대역에서는 511 kev PET 감마선에너지대역과마찬가지로컴프턴산란이지배적인현상이기때문에단순한비례관계를이용하여감쇠계수를변환한다. 7) 이러한감쇠계수변환방법의차이때문에 X-ray 및 투과영상에서얻은감쇠계수가 511 kev 에너지에해당하는감쇠계수로정확하게변환되었는지평가하는것이재구성된영상에서 SUV의오차원인를밝히기위하여선행 183
3 Jin Su Kim, et al. Quantitative Differences between X-Ray -Based and -Based Attenuation Correction in Philips Gemini PET/ A B Fig. 2. (A) System performance phantom composed of aculon, perspex, lexan, teflon, polyethylene. (B) image of the system performance phantom 되어야할중요한연구라할수있다. 이연구에서는각각의감쇠지도의감쇠계수를측정하고추가적으로 18 F-FDG PET 영상의 SUV를측정하여비교하였다. 대상및방법 GEMINI PET/ (Philips medical systems, Andover, MA, USA) 스캐너는 X-ray ( 평균 40 kev) 와 (662 kev) 선원을이용하여감쇠보정을하는데각각의감쇠계수는 GEMINI PET/ 내부에장착된감쇠계수변환알고리즘에의하여 511 kev 광자에해당하는감쇠계수로자동으로변환된다. 이연구에서는변환된감쇠지도에관심영역을그려감쇠계수가정확하게변환하였는지측정하였다. 이실험에서사용한 에너지는 120 kvp, 50 mas인데 에너지 120 kvp를평균에너지로계산하였을때평균 40 kev로계산되므로이실험에서 에너지는 40 kev라기술하였다. 1. GEMINI PET/ 스캐너 GEMINI PET/는 ALLEGRO PET과 MX8000 D multi-slice 를결합한 3D 전용 PET/ 스캐너 (Fig. 1) 로서기본사양은 Table 1과같다. 스캐너의중심에서 1 cm 벗어난지점에서횡축방향, 축방향공간분해능은 5.3, 6.5 mm 이고감쇠매질이없는이상적인상황에서의민감도는횡단면의중심에서 3,620 counts/sec/mbq 이다. 8) GEMINI PET/ 스캐너는 선원 (662 kev, 20 mci) 혹은 X-ray 영상을사용하여투과영상을얻고영상재구성은 3D Row Action Maximum Likelihood Algorithm (RAMLA) 9) 와여과 Fig. 3. NEMA E elliptical phantom composed of lung, soft tissue, and spine equivalent material. 후역투사방법 (filtered back projection), OSEM 등을사용하는데이연구에서는여과후역투사방법을사용하여영상을재구성하였다. 2. 의정확성측정 시스템평가팬텀 (Marconi Medical Systems, Cleveland, Ohio, USA)(Fig. 2) 을사용하여 GEMINI PET/ 에서얻은 의감쇠계수가정확한지평가하였다. 이팬텀은물, 애큘론, 폴리에틸렌, 테플론, 퍼스펙스, 렉산등서로다른전자밀도를갖는물질로구성되어 HU의정확성을평가할수있다. 시스템측정팬텀의 영상을얻은후 영상에서각각의영역에관심영역을그리고 HU를측정하였다. 184
4 김진수외. GEMINI PET/ 의 X-ray, 기반 511 kev 광자감쇠계수의정량적차이 Fig. 4. (A) Gammex 467 electron density phantom composed of various electron density such as bone, adipose, water, lung, and breast. (B) attenuation map of Gammex 467 electron density phantom. (C) attenuation map of Gammex 467 electron density phantom. A B C 3. 감쇠계수변환의정확성측정 NEMA 타원형 E 팬텀 (Fig. 3) 을사용하여 X-ray 로얻은투과영상으로부터변환하여얻은감쇠계수 (μ (40 511)) 와 로얻은투과영상으로부터변환하여얻은감쇠계수 (μ ( )) 가 511 kev에너지에대한 PET 감쇠계수 (μ 511) 로정확하게변환이되었는지평가하였다. NEMA 타원형 E 팬텀 (Data Spectrum Corp., Chapel Hill, NC., USA) 은폐, 뼈, 연조직에해당하는물질로구성되어있다. 그런데 Philips GEMINI PET/ 에서 및 선원을이용하여얻은감쇠지도는모두변환된감쇠계수값을가지므로 68 Ge (511 kev) 선원을장착한 Siemens ECAT EXA 47 스캐너에서얻은감쇠계수값을기준으로, 선원투과영상에서얻은 μ (40 511) 와 μ ( ) 를평가하였다. Philips GEMINI PET/에서얻은 X-ray, 감쇠지도와 Siemens ECAT EXA 47 (Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA, U.S.A.) 스캐너에서얻은 68 Ge 감쇠지도를 SPM99 (Statistical Parametric Mapping 99; Institute of Neurology, University College of London) 를이용하여영상정합하여폐, 뼈, 연조직등각각의영역의동일한위치에관 심영역을그렸다. 이때관심영역은부분체적효과의영향을받지않을만큼충분한크기를갖고 5장이상의서로다른횡단면 ( 반경 3 cm 이상, 횡단면간격 3 mm) 에그려모든관심영역내에서감쇠계수의평균을구하였다. NEMA E 타원형팬텀은 3가지구성물질에대해서만감쇠계수를측정할수있으므로보다다양한전자밀도에대한감쇠계수변환을평가하기위하여 Gammex 467 electron density 팬텀 (Gammex RMI, Middletown, WI, U.S.A.) (Fig. 4) 을사용하여 HU와감쇠계수를평가하였다. 이팬텀은폐, 유방, 물, 뇌, 간에해당하는구성물과 HU 값이각각 300, 1000 인뼈구성물등다양한전자밀도값을갖는물질로구성되어있어각각의영역에대하여감쇠계수가정확하게변환되는지평가할수있다. NEMA E 타원형팬텀실험과동일한과정을반복하여관심영역분석을하였는데관심영역은공간분해능과영상의질이좋은 감쇠지도에그렸으며각구조물에대한각각의관심영역은동일한크기의 5장이상의서로다른횡단면에각구성물을벗어나지않는한도안에서최대의크기를갖도록하였다. 185
5 Jin Su Kim, et al. Quantitative Differences between X-Ray -Based and -Based Attenuation Correction in Philips Gemini PET/ A B C Fig. 5. (A) image, (B) attenuation map, and (C) attenuation map of a patient. 4. 감쇠계수변환평가와 SUV 측정 : 임상실험정상인의 PET/ 영상 (Fig. 5) 에서먼저 X-ray 의 HU를측정하고간, 연조직, 뼈, 폐등에관심영역을그려 μ (40 511) 와 μ ( ) 를측정하였다. 감쇠계수의차이가영상을재구성하였을때어떤영향을미치는지평가하기위하여감쇠계수를측정한동일한영역에서 SUV 평균값을측정한다음 X-ray 감쇠지도로재구성한 (AC) PET 영상과 감쇠지도로재구성한 (AC) PET 영상각각의관심영역에대하여백분율 SUV 차이 ((AC-AC)/AC) 100" 을구하였다. 병변에서 AC 와 AC 에서의최고 SUV를비교하기위하여 30명의다양한악성종양환자 ( 남 14, 여 16, 나이 :53 ±12) 를대상으로유방암, 췌장암, 간전이, 폐전이, 전이성경부림프절, 전이성종격동림프절, 전이성복부림프절등의병변을대상으로핵의학영상전문가가관심영역을그리고최고 SUV를측정하고평가하였다. 결과 1. 의정확성측정 영상에서측정한물, 애큘론, 폴리에틸렌, 테플론, 퍼스펙스, 렉산등의 HU값은각각 5.8, 111.9, -46.8, 919.5, 112.5, 136.9이고, 기준값은각각 0, , 990, 140, 120이며오차범위가각구성물별로 ±10, 내지 ±50인것을고려할때 GEMINI PET/ 의 HU는오차범위내의신뢰할수있는값이었다., y=1.04x y=0.86x y=x Ge Fig. 6. Scatter plot and regression line between (black square) or (white square) and 68 Ge attenuation coefficients obtained from NEMA elliptical E phantom. Dotted line was reference line (y=x). attenuation coefficients were compatible with those of 68 Ge(y=1.04x). However attenuation coefficients was lower than those of 68 Ge with electron density(y=0.86x). 2. 감쇠계수변환의정확성측정 X-Ray 와 선원으로 NEMA 타원형 E 팬텀의 μ (40 511), μ ( ) 를측정한후 68 Ge 선원으로얻은 μ 511 과비교하였다. μ 511 와 μ ( ) 사이에 y=1.04χ(r 2 =0.99) 의선형성이있었고, μ 511 와 μ (40 511) 사이에 y=0.86χ (R 2 =0.99) 의관계가있었다 (Fig. 6). 이는원자번호와전자밀도가큰뼈영역에서 μ (40 511) 의감쇠계수가작음을의미한다. 186
6 김진수외. GEMINI PET/ 의 X-ray, 기반 511 kev 광자감쇠계수의정량적차이 y=0.93x y=0.44x Fig. 7. Scatter plot and regression line between and attenuation coefficients obtained from Gammex 467 electron density phantom Fig. 8. Scatter plot and regression line between and attenuation coefficients obtained from the normal regions. 또한다양한전자밀도값을갖는 Gammex 467 electron density 팬텀으로도 X-Ray 와 선원을이용하여감쇠계수를측정하였다. 전자밀도가큰영역에서 μ (40 511) 가 μ ( ) 보다감쇠계수가작은경향이있었다 (y=0.93χ, R 2 =0.99))(Fig. 7). Fig. 8은사람의정상조직에서 μ (40 511) 와 μ ( ) 의상관관계이다. 원자번호와전자밀도가큰영역에서 μ (40 511) 이 μ ( ) 보다작았다 (p<0.05). 3 2 y = 1.18x SUV 평가감쇠계수변환의오차가미치는영향을평가하기 AC 및 AC 영상에서 SUV를측정하였다. AC SUV 값이 AC의값보다높았으며 (p<0.05)(fig. 9), AC와 AC 의백분율 SUV의차이는최고 52.7% 이었다 (Table 2). 병소를가진조직에서 AC, AC 의최고 SUV를측정하였더니정상조직과마찬가지로 AC 의최고 SUV 값이 AC 의값보다높았다 (p<0.05)(fig. 10). 고찰 이연구에서는 PET/ 의감쇠계수변환을평가하였다. PET 감쇠지도는영상재구성에영향을미치므로감쇠계수변환이정확하게이루어졌는지평가하는것이재구성된영상을해석하는데중요하다. GEMINI PET/ 는 X-ray 와 선원을이용하여감쇠지도를얻는데이들의에너지 Fig. 9. Scatter plot and regression line between and corrected PET SUV obtained from the normal regions. 가 PET 방출스캔에쓰이는감마선의에너지 (511 kev) 와달라서정확한감쇠계수의변환이필요하다. 이연구에서는 68 Ge (511 kev) 선원을투과선원으로사용하는 ECAT EXA 47 스캐너에서얻은팬텀영상을기준으로감쇠계수변환의정확성을평가하였다. 187
7 Jin Su Kim, et al. Quantitative Differences between X-Ray -Based and -Based Attenuation Correction in Philips Gemini PET/ Table 2. Comparison of AC* and AC PET SUV Material SUV at AC Image SUV at AC Image SUV % Difference RUL RML Subcutaneous Tissue Tonsil Muscle (Right Glutens) Muscle (Right Thigh) Liver Spine Femur Head Femur Diaphysics AC* : attenuation corrected AC : attenuation corrected RUL : right upper lung RML : right middle lung y = 1.17x Fig. 10. Scatter plot and regression line between and corrected PET maximum SUV obtained from pathological regions of 30 patients' region site. 1. 감쇠계수변환 X-ray 의에너지는 511 kev 보다작기때문에같은매질을통과할때광자가투과할확률이작다. 이는같은매질에서 X-ray 감쇠계수가 68 Ge의감쇠계수보다크다는것을의미한다. 반대로 선원의에너지는 511 kev보다크기때문에같은매질을통과할때광자가투과할확률이크며이는같은매질에서 의감쇠계수가 68 Ge의감쇠계수보다작음을의미한다. NEMA 타원형 E 팬텀을사용하여 μ ( ) 와 μ (40 511) 를 μ 511 와비교한결과뼈영역에서 μ 511 보다 μ (40 511) 가 10% 정도작았는데이는곧실제보다감쇠가일어날확률이 10% 정도낮은값으로변환되었음을의미하는것이다. 한편 μ ( ) 와 μ 511 은 y=1.04χ의직선적관계를가지며두감쇠계수차의변이가감쇠계수정도에따라다르지않으므로감쇠계수변환에따른큰문제는없어보인다. 이연구에서는또한보다다양한전자밀도에대하여 Gammex 467 electron density 팬텀을이용하여감쇠계수변환의정확성을평가하였는데전자밀도가큰영역에서 μ (40 511) 이 μ ( ) 보다작은경향이있었다. NEMA 타원형 E 팬텀실험결과와이결과를종합해볼때전자밀도와원자번호가큰뼈영역에서 μ (40 511) 이 μ ( ) 보다작은것은자명하다. 정상인의 PET 감쇠지도에서도이상적인팬텀과마찬가지로원자번호와전자밀도가영역에서 μ (40 511) 가 μ ( ) 보다작음을확인하였다. 2. 표준섭취계수 (SUV) 정상조직의 AC 및 AC 영상에대하여관심영역을그린다음 SUV를측정하였다 (Table 2). AC PET 영상의 SUV가 AC PET 영상의값보다컸으며전자밀도와원자번호가클수록 AC SUV값이큰경향이있었다. 폐의윗부분에서는 50% 이상 SUV가차이가났지만이값은폐움직임의영향을고려해야하는값이다. 10) 병적소견을보이는조직에서는평균 15% 의최대 SUV 차이가있었다. Nakamoto 등 1) 은 AC PET SUV와 μ 511 를이용하여감쇠보정한 PET SUV를비교하였는데 AC PET SUV가 µ 511 를이용하여감쇠보정한 PET SUV보다크며특별히원자번호와전자밀도가큰뼈영역에서차이가크다고보고하였다. 이들의연구는 μ (40 511) 와 μ 511 의차이를분석한것으로 AC PET SUV가크다는점에서본연구의결과에부합된다. 188
8 김진수외. GEMINI PET/ 의 X-ray, 기반 511 kev 광자감쇠계수의정량적차이 한편, 감쇠계수가작은것은광자가매질을통과할때감쇠가적게된것을의미하는데감쇠계수가기준값보다작은값을가지면감쇠보정후 SUV도기준값보다작게나와야하고감쇠계수가기준값보다큰값을가지면감쇠보정후 SUV도기준값보다크게나와야한다. 이연구에서뼈영역의 μ (40 511) 가 μ ( ) 보다작았기때문에이감쇠지도를이용하여감쇠보정을했을때 AC PET의 SUV가 AC PET의값보다작아야하는데실험결과는오히려반대였다. 이러한양상은정상조직에서측정한 SUV 뿐만아니라병적소견이있는조직에의최대 SUV에서도동일하였다. 이는감쇠보정방법의차이에서생기는문제이다. X-ray 를이용하여감쇠보정을하는것은측정감쇠보정 (Measured Attenuation Correction: MAC) 12) 을사용하고 을이용하여감쇠보정을하는것은분할감쇠보정 (Segmented Attenuation Correction:SAC) 을사용하는데 SAC이 MAC보다 8.7% 정도 SUV 가낮다는보고가있다. 1) 이연구결과에서 AC PET의 SUV가낮은것은것도부분적으로 SAC 와 MAC의차이때문일것이다. 추후 NEMA IEC 팬텀을사용하여 AC 및 AC PET영상을얻은다음영상재구성방법에따라 SUV가어떤차이가있는지알아보고자한다. 이연구에서는 AC 와 AC 의 SUV가차이가있다는현상적인사실의원인을규명하기위하여가장기초적인단계인감쇠계수변환의정확성을측정을위한실험을하였고전자밀도와원자번호가큰영역에서감쇠계수변환이부정확함을알았다. 이러한 PET/ 감쇠계수변환의정확성실험은다양한전자밀도에대하여 511 kev에해당하는감쇠계수데이터베이스만구축된다면 PET 부분평가기준만있는 NEMA NU ) 에더하여 PET/ 성능평가기준으로채택이될수있을것이다. 이연구에추가적으로최적화된감쇠계수변환알고리즘에관한연구와영상재구성방법에서생기는오차가어느정도인지정량화하는연구가필요할것이다. 요약 목적 : 기반감쇠보정영상의표준섭취계수 (Standard Uptake Value:SUV) 가 기반감쇠보정영상의 SUV보다높다. 이연구에서는이러한오차가생기는원인을밝히고자감쇠계수가정확하게변환되었는지여부를관심영역분석을통하여평가하였다. 대상및방법 : Philips GEMINI PET/ 는 X-ray ( 평균 40 kev) 혹은 (662 kev) 투과영상을감쇠보정에이용하는데 GEMINI PET/ 에서 사용하는각각선원의에너지는 511 kev에서얻은감쇠계수와틀리기때문에스캐너내부에장착된감쇠계수변환알고리즘을이용하여 511 kev에해당하는감쇠계수값으로변환된감쇠지도를사용하므로감쇠계수의변환이정확하게이루어졌는지평가하는것이중요하다. 각각의실험과정은다음과같다. 먼저시스템성능평가팬텀 투과영상을사용하여 Hounsfield units (HU) 값을측정하였다. 다음으로 NEMA 타원형 E 팬텀의, 투과영상을얻어 68 Ge 투과선원을장착한 Siemens ECAT EXA 47 PET 스캐너에서얻은팬텀투과영상과비교하여감쇠계수가 511 kev에해당하는감쇠계수로잘변환되었는지측정하였고 Gammex 467 electron density 팬텀의, 투과영상에서관심영역분석을하여다양한전자밀도값에대한감쇠계수변환의정확성을평가하였다. 또, 재구성한영상에미치는영향을평가하기위하여정상및병적조직에서, 기반감쇠계수와표준섭취계수를비교하였다. 결과 : 에서측정한 HU는신뢰할수있는값임을확인하였으나전자밀도와원자번호가큰영역에서 기반감쇠계수에오차가있었는데 NEMA 타원형 E 팬텀실험결과에의하면뼈영역에서오차는 11% 이었다. 임상데이터에서도마찬가지로 를이용하여얻은감쇠계수가 을이용하여얻은감쇠계수보다낮았고전자밀도와원자번호가큰영역에서오차가컸다. 그러나, 표준섭취계수는 를사용하여감쇠보정을한영상의값이 를이용하여감쇠보정을한값보다오히려낮았고표준섭취계수의백분율차이는 6.6~52.7% 이었다. 결론 : 의 HU가정확함에도불구하고뼈영역에서 투과영상을기반으로한감쇠계수의변환이부정확하고 및 투과영상을기반으로얻은표준섭취계수에차이가있으므로이에관한추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각한다. References 1. Cherry SR, Sorenson JA, Phelps ME. Physics in nuclear medicine. 3rd ed.: Elsevier Science (U.S.A.); p Zaidi H, Hasegawa B. Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. J Nucl Med 2003;44: Kinahan PE, Hasegawa BH, Beyer T. X-ray-based attenuation correction for positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanners. Semin Nucl Med 2003;33: Kinahan PE, Townsend DW, Beyer T, Sashin D. Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/ scanner. Med Phys 1998;25: Burger C, Goerres G, Schoenes S, Buck A, Lonn AH, Von Schulthess GK. PET attenuation coefficients from images: experimental evaluation of the transformation of into PET 511-keV attenuation coefficients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 189
9 Jin Su Kim, et al. Quantitative Differences between X-Ray -Based and -Based Attenuation Correction in Philips Gemini PET/ 2002;29: Watson CC, Schaefer A, Luk WK, Kirsch CM. Clinical evaluation of single-photon attenuation correction for 3D whole-body PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1999;46: Karp JS, Muehllehner G, Qu H, Yan XH. Singles transmission in volume-imaging PET with a source. Phys Med Biol 1995;40: Kim JS, Lee JS, Lee BI, Lee DS, Chung J-K, Lee MC. Performance Characteristics of 3D GSO PET/ Scanner (Philips GEMINI PET/). Korean J Nucl Med 2004;38: Daube-Witherspoon ME, Matej S, Karp JS, Lewitt RM. Application of the row action maximum likelihood algorithm with spherical basis functions to clinical PET imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2001;48: Nehmeh SA, Erdi YE, Pan T, Pevsner A, Rosenzweig KE, Yorke E et al,. Four-dimensional (4D) PET/ imaging of the thorax. Med Phys 2004;31: Nakamoto Y, Osman M, Cohade C, Marshall LT, Links JM, Kohlmyer S et al,. PET/: comparison of quantitative tracer uptake between germanium and transmission attenuationcorrected images. J Nucl Med 2002;43: Valk PE, Bailey DL, Townsend DW. Maisey MN. Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Science and Clinical Practice.: Springer (U.S.A); 2002, p National Electrical Manufacturers Association: NEMA Standards Publication NU2-2001: Performance Measurements of Positron Emission Tomographs. Rosslyn, VA, National Electrical Manufacturers Association,
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