Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Ultrasound-Guided Injections in the Lumbar and Sacral Spine Kwang Pyo Ko, M.D., Ph.D., Jae Hwang Song, M.D.

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1 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Ultrasound-Guided Injections in the Lumbar and Sacral Spine Kwang Pyo Ko, M.D., Ph.D., Jae Hwang Song, M.D., Whoan Jeang Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Sang Bum Kim, M.D., Young Ki Min, M.D. J Korean Soc Spine Surg 2018 Dec;25(4): Originally published online December 31, 2018; Korean Society of Spine Surgery Asan Medical Center 88, Olympic-ro 43 Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea Tel: Fax: Copyright 2017 Korean Society of Spine Surgery pissn eissn The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Review Article J Korean Soc Spine Surg Dec;25(4): Ultrasound-Guided Injections in the Lumbar and Sacral Spine Kwang Pyo Ko, M.D., Ph.D. *, Jae Hwang Song, M.D., Whoan Jeang Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Sang Bum Kim, M.D., Young Ki Min, M.D. * Hanmaeum Orthopaedic Clinic, Daejeon, Korea Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea Study Design: Literature review. Objective: Ultrasound-guided injections are a common clinical treatment for lower lumbosacral pain that are usually performed before surgical treatment if conservative treatment fails. The aim of this article was to review ultrasound-guided injections in the lumbar and sacral spine. Summary of Literature Review: Ultrasound-guided injections, unlike conventional interventions using computed tomography or C-arm fluoroscopy, can be performed under simultaneous observation of muscles, ligaments, vessels, and nerves. Additionally, they have no radiation exposure and do not require a large space for the installation of equipment, so they are increasingly selected as an alternative method. Materials and Methods: We searched for and reviewed studies related to the use of ultrasound-guided injections in the lumbar and sacral spine. Results: In order to perform accurate ultrasound-guided injections, it is necessary to understand the patient s posture during the intervention, the relevant anatomy, and normal and abnormal ultrasonographic findings. Facet joint intra-articular injections, medial branch block, epidural block, selective nerve root block, and sacroiliac joint injections can be effectively performed under ultrasound guidance. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided injections in the lumbar and sacral spine are an efficient method for treating lumbosacral pain. Key Words: Lumbar, Sacral, Ultrasound-guided Injection 서론 하요추부통증은사람이삶을영위하는동안약 70~85% 가겪게되는매우흔한증상이다. 1) 하요추부동통과하지방사통은요추부의추간판이상, 후방관절의이상및천장관절부의이상으로인하여매우흔하게발생되며, 일반적으로보존적요법으로치료를하게된다. 보존적치료로증상의호전이미진하고효과가없는경우수술적치료를시행하기전에중재요법 (Intervention) 을권고할수있다. 요추및골반부에시행하는중재요법은컴퓨터단층촬영 (Computed tomography, CT) 이나 C형투시검사 (Fluoroscopy) 에의하여주로시행되었지만, 최근초음파기기의발달로과거에비하여영상이선명해지면서초음파유도하의중재적치료방법이많이이루어지고있다. 2-4) 초음파를이용한중재요법은근육, 인대, 건, 혈관, 신경등의연부조직을직접관찰할수있으며, 환자나시술자에게방사 선노출이없고, 컴퓨터단층촬영이나 C 형투시검사장비처럼 넓은장소를필요로하지않는장점들을가지고있기때문에외 래에서간단하게시행할수있다. C 형투시검사는바늘을삽입 Received: July 27, 2018 Revised: August 17, 2018 Accepted: October 17, 2018 Published Online: December 31, 2018 Corresponding author: Jae Hwang Song, M.D. ORCID ID: Kwang Pyo Ko: https//orcid.org/ x Jae Hwang Song: https//orcid.org/ Whoan Jeang Kim: https//orcid.org/ Sang Bum Kim: https//orcid.org/ Sang Jin Jeong: https//orcid.org/ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konyang University Hospital 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Korea TEL: , FAX: songjajj@daum.net Copyright 2018 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. pissn eissn This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 185

3 Kwang Pyo Ko et al Volume 25 Number 4 December 후조영제를주사함으로써, 혈관내로약제가투여되었는지를확인하는방법이지만, 초음파는신경이나혈관의영상을직접관찰하여혈관내약제의투여를미연에방지할수있는방법이다. Narouze 등은초음파유도하에후방관절내주사 (Facet joint intra-articular injection), 내측분지차단술 (Medial branch block), 신경근차단술 (Nerve root block) 및천장관절내주사 (Sacroiliac joint injection) 를시행할수있다고보고하였다. 5) 이에저자는요추부의정상초음파소견과요추및천추부에서시행할수있는초음파유도하중재요법에대하여문헌고찰과함께기술을하였다. 본론 1. 환자의자세및표면해부학환자를복와위 (Prone position) 로눕게하고, 베개등을이용하여하복부및골반부를받침으로써요추의전만각을감소시키고극간간격을넓히게한다. 환자가엎드려있는상태에서표면해부학 (Surface anatomy) 을이용하여요추심부의구조와위치를추정하고, 초음파를이용하여구조와위치를확인한후, 목표가되는정확한위치에중재요법을시행하여야한다. 엎드려있는환자양측골반능 (Iliac crest) 의가장높은지점을서로연결 (Tuffier s line) 하였을때, 극돌기 (Spinous process) 와만나는지점은제 4요추의극돌기하방에해당되며, 이는제 5요추체의상연과같은선상이다. 양측후상장골극 (Posterior superior iliac spine: PSIS) 을서로연결한선은제 2천추체의위치에해당된다. 후상장골극에서극돌기를연결한선과평행하게근위요추부를향해서수직선을그으면이는요추부횡돌기 (Transverse process) 의가장외측선과일치한다. 후상장골극의수직연장선과극돌기간연결선사이를이분하여연결한선은요추부의후방관절 (Facet joint) 위치에해당되며, 후방관절을연결한수직선과양측후상장골극을연결한선이서로만나는위치의상외측부에는제 1천추공 (S1 foramen) 이위치하고, 하내측부에는제 2천추공 (S2 foramen) 이위치한다. 양측후상장골극사이간격과거의같은간격으로정삼각형의모양을그린후, 천골원위부를촉지하면천골각 (Sacral cornus) 과천골열공 (Sacral hiatus) 을촉지할수있으며, 천골각에서외측부를천골의외연을촉지하면서근위부로이동하면후하장골극 (Posterior inferior iliac spine, PIIS) 을찾을수있다. 후하장골극에서대퇴골대전자 (Greater trochanter) 의가장높은지점을연결한선과천골을삼등분하여아래 1/3 위치에서대퇴골대전자의가장높은지점을연결한선으로형성된삼각형위치가이상근 (Piriformis muscle) 의위치가된다. 후상장골극에서좌골조면 Fig. 1. The surface anatomy of the lumbosacral area is shown. A is the line between both iliac crests (Tuffier s line), corresponding to the lower margin of the fourth spinous process and the upper margin of the fifth vertebral body. B is the interspinous process line. C is the line between both posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS). The C line is the level of the S2 body. D is the vertical line from the PSIS. E is the line bisecting B and D. F is the facet joint that is the cross-point of A and E. The S1 foramen is located at the superolateral aspect of the cross-point between C and E. SH: Sacral hiatus. IS: Ischial spine. IT: Ischial tuberosity. GMe: Gluteus medius. (Ischial tuberosity) 을연결한선과이상근의하면이만나는지 점이좌골극 (Ischial spine) 의위치가된다 (Fig. 1). 2. 요추부의초음파검사소견 요추부는보고자하는구조물이나중재요법의목표점이 심부에위치하고있기때문에 1-6 MHz 의곡선형탐촉자 (Convex probe) 를사용한다. 다만, 정중앙의극돌기는표재성 으로존재하기때문에선형탐촉자 (Linear probe) 를이용하는 것이관찰에용이하다. 만일극돌기위치에통증과압통을호소 하는경우로서극돌기나극돌기간인대의손상여부를확인하 고자하는경우에는곡선형탐촉자보다는선형탐촉자로검사 를하는것이유리하다. 곡선형탐촉자를요추부의종축방향으로하여극돌기위에 위치를시켜극돌기를확인후, 탐촉자를서서히외측으로이 동하면심부에흡사톱니 (Sawthooth) 모양을하고있는구조물 을관찰하게되는데, 이부위가척추궁 (Lamina) 이다. 척추궁위 치에서탐촉자의방향을외측에서내측를향해서약간기울이 면, 척추궁사이 (Interlaminar window) 를통해서척추체 ( erte- (Vertebral body) 의후방피질골 (Posterior cortex), 척추강, 경막 (Dura mater), 및황색인대 (Ligamentum flavum) 까지확인할수있다. 척추궁에서탐촉자를더외측으로이동시키면흡사낙타의 등모습을닯은 (Camel hump sign) 후방관절 (Facet joint) 영상 186

4 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Ultrasound-Guided Injections in the Lumbosacral Spine A B C D A Fig. 2. Longitudinal spinal sonographic view. (A) A sonogram showing the laminas. The lamina resembles a sawtooth. (B) A longitudinal interlaminar view showing the ligamentum flavum, dural space, and posterior cortex of the vertebral body (arrows). (C) The facet joint resembles a camel hump. (D) The transverse process resembles a trident. The psoas major muscle is located between the transverse processes. L: Lamina. T: Transverse process. 을얻을수있다. 척추의위치를확인하는방법으로대표적인 것은길게보이는천골 (Sacrum) 로부터머리쪽으로이동하다가 처음보이는후방관절 (Facet joint) 을제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간후 방관절로표시하고이지점을기준으로해서머리쪽으로다른 후방관절의위치를세어확인할수있다. 탐촉자를더외측으로이동하면후방관절보다더심부위치 에서횡돌기를발견할수있다. 제 4-5 요추간후방관절과제 5 요추및제 1 천추간후방관절의사이에서제 5 요추의횡돌 기를관찰할수있으며, 제 5 요추의횡돌기를기준으로머리쪽 으로세어척추의위치를확인할수도있다. 횡돌기들의모양 은마치손가락같은모양 (Finger like) 또는삼지창처럼보이며 (Trident sign), 횡돌기들사이심부에고음영으로보이는조직 이대요근 (Psoas major muscle) 이다 (Fig. 2). 종축상영상 (Longitudinal view) 에서중재요법을위치를찾 으면그위치에서탐촉자를 90 도회전하여요추부의횡상영 상을얻을수있다. 횡상영상에서극돌기, 척추궁, 하관절돌기, 후방관절, 상관절돌기, 횡돌기및척추체를확인할수있다. 이 때주의할점은일반적으로극돌기 (Spinous process) 와척추 궁 (Lamina) 을포함한하관절돌기 (Inferior articular process) 는 위척추 (Upper vertebrae) 의구조물이고상관절돌기 (Superior articular process) 와횡돌기 (Transverse process) 는아래척추 (Lower vertebrae) 의구조물이라는점이다. 횡상영상은극돌기영상 (Spinous process view) 과극돌기간 영상 (Interspinous process view) 이있는데, 극돌기영상에서극 돌기 (Spinous process) 는그윤곽이선명하게보이질않고흐 B Fig. 3. Transverse spinal sonographic view. (A) The transverse view shows the spinous process (S), facet joint (F), and transverse process (T). (B) A transverse interspinous process view showing the dural space and posterior cortex of the vetebral body. 릿하게보이게되는데이는극돌기 (Spinous process) 의경사가 급격히깊어지기때문에표면에서반사되어탐촉자로돌아오 는초음파가적어지게되기때문이며이런현상을임계각음영 (Critical angle shadowing) 이라고한다. 극돌기간영상에서황 색인대 (Ligamentum flavum), 경막 (Dura mater) 의후방경계 (Posterior margin), 경막의전방경계 (Anterior margin), 및척추 체 (Vertebral body) 의후방피질골 (Posterior cortex) 을확인할 수있다 (Fig. 3). 극돌기를정중앙으로놓고관찰하는횡상영상에서탐촉자 를약간외측으로이동하여후방관절 (Facet joint) 이화면의중 앙에위치하도록하는 paramedian 횡상영상을얻을수있는 데, 이위치가후방관절관절내주사및내측분지차단술 (Me- dial branch block) 의중재술을할수있는아주유용한영상이 된다. 이때탐촉자의외측부를약 15 도정도하방으로기울이면 극돌기, 후방관절및횡돌기를한영상에서관찰할수있다. 이 때극돌기는위척추에해당되고, 횡돌기는아래척추에해당된 다. 즉, 제 4 요추극돌기에서횡상으로놓은탐촉자의외측부를 하방으로 15 도기울여보면, 제 4 요추극돌기, 제 4-5 요추간후 방관절및제 5 요추횡돌기를한영상에서관찰할수있다

5 Kwang Pyo Ko et al Volume 25 Number 4 December 초음파유도하중재요법초음파을이용한척추중재요법을함에있어서, 탐촉자와바늘이서로평행한 In-plane 기법이나탐촉자와바늘이서로 90 도방향으로삽입되는 out of plane 기법을모두사용을할수있다. 이때주의할점은바늘의삽입과약제를투여하는과정에, 바늘이신경이나혈관을손상시키면안되고, 약제가신경내주사 (Intra-neural injection) 나혈관내주사 (Intra-vascular injection) 가되지않아야하는것이다. 그러기위해서는초음파영상으로바늘의끝부위를반드시확인한상태에서바늘의삽입과약제의투여가이루어져야하고, 약제가투여되는것을초음파영상으로확인을하여야한다. 이때컬러도플러 (Color Doppler) 를이용하면편리하다. 사용하는국소마취제에는 Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine 등이있으며, Ropivacaine 은진통지속시간 (Duration of action) 이약 16~19 시간정도되며타약제에비하여감각신경을조금더선택적으로차단을하고, 심혈관계의안정성이향성된장점을가지고있다. 6) 1) 소독초음파를이용한중재요법에서는초음파영상을얻기위하여탐촉자와피부사이에초음파용겔 (Gel) 을사용하게되고, 탐촉자주변에서바늘이삽입됨으로시술시에감염의위험성이있다. 그러므로피부, 초음파용겔, 탐촉자를어떻게관리함으로써감염의위험성을줄일것인가에대한노력이필요하다. 주사바늘삽입위치에서감염과오염 (Contamination) 을방지하기위한방법으로 Saltzman 등 7) 은피부는포비돈과알코올을이용한소독보다는 Chlorhexidine 과 70% isopropyl alcohol 의혼합액이피부의오염을방지하는데더효과적인것으로보고하였으며, 소독용겔 (Sterile gel) 을사용할수있으나소독용겔에는세균을죽이는효과 (Bacteriocidal) 는없고 paraben 과 methyl benzoate 의함유로인하여세균의증식과성장을억제하는효과 (Bacteriostatic) 만있다. 8) 그러므로소독용겔을사용했다고해서감염에대한가능성이낮아지는것은아니다. 또한 Mirza 등 9) 은탐촉자는 17.2 % isopropanol 과 0.28% diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 의혼합액으로소독하거나 0.9 % 생리식염수로세척하는방법, 그리고비누를이용하여세척하는방법이모두효과적인것으로보고하였다. 환자의몸은소독된포로덮고시술자는멸균장갑을끼어야하며, 특히, 탐촉자의주변에서삽입되는바늘이초음파용겔과접촉하는않도록하는것이매우중요하다. 2) 주사바늘기법 (Needle bevel technique) 주사바늘이삽입되어심부조직으로진행을할때, 바늘끝 의비스듬한사면 (bevel) 이근육의저항을받게되는데이로인하여바늘은직선으로삽입되는것이아니고곡선으로휘어져삽입이된다. 즉, 바늘의사면이우측으로있으면바늘은삽입되면서좌측으로휘고, 바늘의사면이좌측으로있으면바늘은우측으로휘며, 바늘의사면이위방향을향하면바늘은아래를향해서휜다. 그러므로바늘을삽입할때바늘끝의사면위치를확인하고삽입함으로써초음파영상에서바늘의전장을모두관찰할수있으며더나아가바늘끝을확인할수있게되므로, 심부에서중요한혈관및신경의손상없이목표지점까지바늘을삽입하고약제를투여하면서연부조직으로약제가퍼지는것을확인하면서정확한위치에약제가투여되고혈관내로투여되지않는모습을확인할수있다. 요추부의경우는심부구조에대한중재요법을시행하게되므로바늘의삽입각이예각이아닌둔각으로삽입되는경우가많다. 그래서바늘의확인이다른구조에비하여어렵다. 이때는바늘이삽입되면서주변근육의움직임으로바늘끝을예측하는것과약간의약제를투여하여약제가퍼지는것을확인하여바늘끝을예측하는방법을이용하여야한다. Gofeld 등 10) 은중요한혈관과신경의손상을예방하기위하여바늘끝이뾰쪽하지않은 Tuohy needle, Quincke needle, 또는 Coudĕ needle 을사용해야한다고하였다. 이때바늘은약 100 mm 23 G 정도의길이는되어야하며, 컬러도플러 (Color Doppler) 를이용하면약제의투여위치를확인하는데더욱도움이된다. 3) 후방관절내주사 (Facet joint intra-articular injection) 및내측분지차단술 (Medial branch block: MBB) 후방관절 (Facet joint) 은 zygapophyseal joint 라고도불리며상관절돌기 (Superior articularprocess) 와하관절돌기 (Inferior articular process) 가만나서이루는관절이다. 활막관절 (Synovial joint) 로되어있고정상적으로는 1~1.5 ml의관절액이함유되어있고, 2~4 mm 폭의관절간격 (Joint space) 이있으나후방관절의통증을호소하는환자의 10~20% 에서는골성비후및골화 (Hypertrophy and ossification) 등의소견으로후방관절의간격이명확하지않다. 그러므로퇴행성변화가발생된후방관절내로바늘을삽입하는것은용이하지않다. 11) 후방관절은내측분지 (Medial branch of dorsal ramus) 의이중지배 (Dual innervation) 를받는다. 즉제 4-5요추간의후방관절은제 4요추신경의후방분지의내측분지가제 5요추의상관절돌기와횡돌기사이를지나서제 4-5요추간후방관절의하방부위를지배하고, 제 3요추신경의후방분지의내측분지가제 4 요추의상관절돌기와횡돌기사이를지나서제 4-5 요추간후방관절의상방부위를지배한다. 후방분지dorsal 188

6 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Ultrasound-Guided Injections in the Lumbosacral Spine ramus) 의내측분지 (Medial branch) 는후방관절뿐만아니라, 다열근 (Multifidus), 극간근육 (Interspinous muscle) 과극간인대 (Interspinous ligament), 그리고신경궁의골외막 (Periosteum of neural arch) 의감각을담당한다. 요추의후방관절은정상적인구조에서종축상하중 (Axial loading) 의 3~25% 을담당하나추간판의퇴행성변화로기능을잃게되면 40% 의하중을받게되고증가된하중으로인하여퇴행성변화가유발되게된다. 일반적으로후방관절의골관절염은일찍시작하여 30세이전에서 50% 정도나타난다. 12) 후방관절통증은하요추부통증의 15~40% 유병율을가지고있다. 증상의특징은통증이중심성하부요통이아닌주로편측으로나타나며, 둔부나외측대퇴부로연관통이나타날수있으나슬관절하방으로의통증은드물다. 또한요추의신전시통증이증가하고굴곡시에는감소하며해당 facet joint 에압통이있다. 또한감각저하나근력저하소견은나타나지않고기침이나재채기로통증이증가하지않는다. 3,13,14) 진단적내측분지차단술 (Diagnostic MBB) 는후방관절내주사 (Intra-articular injection) 와동등한효과가있다고알려져있고 0.5 ml. 1% lidocaine 에서 80 % 의통증완화가 1시간이상지속되는경우, 0.25% bupivacaine 에서 80 % 의통증완화가 3 시간이상지속되는경우를양성소견으로하였다. Manchikanti 등 15) 은 120명을대상으로한 2년추시의무작위이중눈가림연구에서국소적마취제만이용한군에서 85%, 마취제와스테로이드를사용한군에서 90% 의통증및 Oswestry Disability Index 기능평가에서의미있는호전을보였다고보고하였다. 환자를복와위로눕게하고, 베개등을이용하여하복부및골반부를받쳐요추의전만각을감소시키고극간간격을넓히게한다. 종축상영상 (Longitudinal view) 에서중재요법의위치를찾으면그위치에서탐촉자를 90도회전하여요추부의횡상영상을얻어, 극돌기, 척추궁, 하관절돌기, 후방관절, 상관절돌기, 횡돌기를확인할수있다극돌기를정중앙으로놓고관찰하는횡상영상에서탐촉자를약간외측으로이동하여후방관절이화면의중앙에위치하도록하는 paramedian 횡상영상에서, 탐촉자의외측부를약 15도정도하방으로기울여극돌기, 후방관절및횡돌기를한영상에서관찰하여목표점을확인한다. Chlorhexadine 과알코올의혼합액으로피부를소독한후, 탐촉자의외측약 cm 떨어진지점에서바늘을 In-plane 방법으로상관절돌기와횡돌기의교차점을향하여삽입한다. 바늘이뼈에접촉하면, 약간후방으로바늘을뺀후, 0.2% Ropivacaine 1 ml를주사한다. 주사바늘을뺀후, 근위부에같은방법으로상관절돌기와횡돌기가만나는지점에바늘을삽입하여뼈에바늘이닿으면 A B Fig. 4. Transverse view of medial branch block and facet joint block. (A) Medial branch block is shown. The needle is located between the transverse process and the superior articular process. SP: Spinous process, TP: Transverse process, F: Facet joint. (B) A facet joint intra-articular injection is shown. 약간바늘을빼고 0.2 % Ropivacaine 1 ml 를주사한다. 만일관찰되는영상에서후방관절의관절면이바늘삽입에 용이한경우에바늘은삽입하고 0.2 % Ropivacaine 0.5 ml 를 주사할수있다 (Fig. 4). 이경우는후방관절에대한관절강내 주사요법이되며, 1 ml 이상의약제를주사하는경우후방관 절의하방관절낭이손상될수있으므로주의를요한다. 4) 경막외차단술 (Epidural block) 경막외주사방법은감염성매개물질 (Inflammatory cytokines) 로인하여동척추신경 (Sinuvertebral nerve) 이분 포되는척추강내전방경막의자극으로인한통증과신경방 사통을조절하기위하여시행하는방법으로써, 극간경막외 차단술 (Interspinous epidural block), 척추궁간경막외차단술 (Interlaminar epidural block), 경추간공경막외차단술 (Trans- foraminal epidural block), 미추경막외차단술 (Caudal epidural block) 등이있다. 극간경막외차단술이나척추궁간경막외차단술은초음 파를이용하여시술하는경우에바늘이보이지않으며, 바늘 이경막외에도달하였을때약제를투여시저항소실 (Loss of 189

7 Kwang Pyo Ko et al Volume 25 Number 4 December resistance) 이되는것을이용하여시술을하여야하고, 투여된약제가통증을유발하는척추강내경막의전방위치보다는후방에위치하는등의단점으로인하여초음파를이용한경막외차단술시행에서는권고되지않는다. 관찰되면신경이바늘에찔리지않도록탐촉자를약간더하방으로이동한후바늘을삽입한다. 바늘이척추체에접촉하면, 약간후방으로바늘은뺀후, 0.2% Ropivacaine 2 ml를주사한다. (1) 경추간공경막외차단술 (Transforaminal epidural block) 요추신경의자극및경막의자극으로통증이유발되는경우, Gofeld 등 17) 은경추간공경막외차단술 (Transforaminal epidural block) 을시행을하는것이효과적이라하였으며, 초음파를이용하여경추간공경막외차단술을하는경우에는 Inplane 방법으로바늘이척추체후면피질골을목표점으로삽입되면약제는척추강내로투여된다. 제 4-5요추간하방부위는해부학적구조상장골에의하여 In-plane 방법으로시술을할수없기때문에, 제 4-5요추간및그근위부에대한경막외차단술이필요할경우에시행할수있다. 환자를복와위로눕히고베개를하복부에깔아요추만곡도를최대한감소시킨다. 시술하고자하는직상부위치에서곡선형탐촉자를이용하여횡상영상상후방관절및측돌기가관찰되는영상을찾고, 탐촉자를천천히하방으로이동하여측돌기가사라지고, 극돌기척추궁척추체가관찰되는영상을얻는다. 즉, 제 4-5요추간의척추공으로주사를놓고자할때, 제 4요추횡돌기를찾은후, 탐촉자를하방으로이동하여제 4요추횡돌기가안보이는위치에서제 4요추체의하방피질골이관찰되는영상을찾는다. 컬러도플러 (Color Doppler) 를이용하여바늘이삽입되고진행되는위치에혈관의존재하는지여부를확인한후, Chlorhexadine 과알코올의혼합액으로피부를소독한후, 탐촉자의외측약 0.5~1 cm 떨어진지점에서 23 G 100 mm 바늘끝이뾰쪽하지않은 Quinke 바늘을 In-plane 방법으로척추체의후외방피질골을향하여삽입한다 (Fig. 5). 이때신경이 (2) 미추경막외차단술 (Caudal epidural block) 천골 (Sacrum) 에있는척추관 (Spinal canal) 을천골관 (Sacral canal) 이라고하는데이천골관은터널과같은구조이며척추 신경들과경막이그터널내부에있다. 그리고이천골관의입 구가천골열공 (Sacral hiatus) 이다. 중재요법을통한통증관리 (Interventional pain management) 가이드라인에, 추간판탈출의하지방사통에대해미추경막외 차단술은모두스테로이드사용유무와관계없이좋은결과를 보고하고있으며, 추간병성통증 (Discogenic pain), 척추강협착 (Spinal stenosis), 수술후증후군 (Post surgery syndrome) 에대 해서도미추경막외차단술 (Caudal epidural block) 은양호한 결과가보고되고있다. 16) 숙련된시술자라하더라도해부학적지표만을이용하여중 재요법을하는경우약 25% 정도가천골관으로바늘을삽입하 는것이아니라, 천골의표재성으로삽입을하게되므로, 익숙 하다하여도초음파를이용하여바늘이천골관으로삽입되는 것을직접확인하기를권고한다. 17) 초음파유도하미추경막외차단술을시행하는경우바늘이 천골관으로삽입되는것을확인할수있다는장점은있으나, 바 늘끝을확인할수없고, 약제가경막외공간을통해요추척추 강내로퍼져가는모습을확인할수는없으며, 바늘로인한혈관 의손상과혈관내약제의투여를확인할수없다는단점이있 다. Chen 등 18) 은천골열공위치에서천골관의직경이 1.6 mm 보다좁은경우미추경막외차단술은실패할가능성이높아진 다고보고하였다. 환자를복와위로눕히고천골각과천골열공을확인후, 표 재성으로존재하는구조물이기때문에선형탐촉자 (Linear probe) 를이용하여횡상으로천골열공과천미인대 (Sacrococ- cygeal ligament) 를확인하고, 90 도회전하여종축상으로천골, 천미골간인대, 미골의모습을확인한다. In-plane 방법을통해 바늘을삽입하고, 주사기를흡입하여혈액이검출되는것이없 는모습을확인한후, 0.2% Ropivacaine 10 ml 를주사한다 (Fig. 6). Fig. 5. A transvere view of the lumbar vertebra is shown. The arrow indicates the target for the injection. SP: spinous process. L: lamina. V.body : verterbral body. 5) 선택적신경근차단술 (Selective nerve root block) 선택적신경근차단술은요추부의특정신경에대한저명한방사통이있을경우또는 MRI 촬영상특정신경의압박이관찰되는경우해당신경근에대하여주사를시행하는방법이다

8 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Ultrasound-Guided Injections in the Lumbosacral Spine A B Periradicular 접근법 19) 과 pararadicular 접근법 20) (Fig. 7) 이있는데, periradicular 접근법은해당요추부에대한곡선형탐촉자로횡상영상을얻어극돌기, 척추궁및척추체를관찰하면서요추부의신경근을찾고그주변에 In-plane 방법을통해서주사를놓는방법이고, pararadicular 접근법은곡선형탐촉자로종축상영상을통해측돌기들을관찰하고해당되는요추위치에서원위표재부에서근위심부를향해서바늘을삽입하여측돌기간인대 (Inter-transverse ligament) 의직하방심부부위에있는신경을향해서주사를놓는방법이다. 이때각각신경근에대하여 0.2 % Ropivacaine 2 ml를주사한다. Gofeld 등 17) 은 periradicular 접근법으로 92 % 의성공률을보고하였으며, Loizides 등 20) 은 pararadicular 접근법으로성공적으로신경근주변으로약제가투여되는것을해부박리를통해서보고하였다 Fig. 6. A caudal epidural block is shown. (A) Malposition of the needle is shown. The needle is located above the sacrum. (B) The needle is located in the caudal canal, but the tip of the needle is not observed. A (1) 제 5요추신경근차단술 (L5 root block) 제 5요추의신경근차단술을하고자할때, 복와위자세에서골반후면부의장골의존재로인하여 In-plane 방법으로는바늘이골반장골에부딪쳐주사바늘을삽입할수없다. 그러므로 out of plane 방법으로바늘을삽입하고약제를투여해야한다. 이때제 5요추신경은요천추간인대 (lumbosacral ligament) 와대요근 (Psoas major muscle) 사이에존재하며, 지방 (fat) 과같은연부조직에의하여둘러싸여있다. 제 5요추신경근차단술 (L5 nerve root block) 은 out of plane 방법으로시행하며극돌기간인대위치에서약 4 cm 외측부에서바늘을삽입하여제 5 요추횡돌기의기시부이며횡돌기의직하방을향해서삽입한다. 즉제 5요추신경근 (L5 nerve root) 은초음파검사시제 5요추횡돌기 (L5 transverse process) 의기시부 (basal portion) 에서횡돌기하방면 (inferior edge) 보다 1 cm 깊은곳에고음영 (highechoic) 으로 cord-like structure 로보이며, 이위치가신경근에손상을주지않는안전삼각지역 (safe triangle) 이다. 21,22) Sato 등 23) 은피부에서평균 70 mm 깊이의타겟을향해 13도의각도로진입하는방법을제시하고있다. B Fig. 7. Periradicular and pararadicular block. (A) The periradicular approach is shown. (B) The pararadicular approach is shown. SP: spinous process. L: lamina. V.body : vertebral body. TP: transverse process. (2) 제 1천추신경근차단술 (S1 nerve root block) 임상증상에서장무지굴곡건 (Flexor hallucis longus) 의근력약화, 비복근 (Gastrocnemius) 의약화, 아킬레스건의반사감소, 제 1천추신경감각영역의감각감소및 MRI상제 1천추신경근 (S1 nerve root) 의압박으로제 1천추신경근영역의방사통및연관통을호소하는경우에심등 24) 은초음파를이용하여제 1천추선택적신경근차단술을하는것이유용하다고보고하고있다. 제 1천추신경공은양측후상장골극의중심을연결한선과 191

9 Kwang Pyo Ko et al Volume 25 Number 4 December A C Fig. 8. L5-S1 selective nerve root block. (A) A gross image of L5 nerve root block is shown. (B) The L5 nerve root block approach is shown. (C) A gross image of S1 foramen block is shown. (D) S1 foramen block is shown. 요추부의후방관절을종축상으로연결한선이서로교차하는 지점의직상방외측부에존재하므로이를미리예측하고탐촉 자를천골의배면에종축상으로위치시킨후, 외측부로이동을 하면서, 제 1 천추신경공을찾는다 (Fig. 8). 제 1 천추신경근차단술 (S1 nerve root block) 은 perineural 과 paraneural injection 의임상적결과에서의미있는차이가없기 때문에바늘끝을신경근 (Nerve root) 에너무가깝게위치할필 요가없다. 25) 6) 통증조절을위한기타신경차단술 경막외공간이나신경근을향해서주사를놓는방법처럼진 단과치료적인목적으로주사를놓는것과달리환자의요통및 방사통이라는임상증상만을보고정확한목표점없이단지통 증만을감소시키고자할때사용하는방법으로제 2 요추신경 근차단술 (L2 root block) 과요추신경총차단술 (lumbar plexus block) 방법이있다. (1) 제 2 요추신경근차단술 (L2 root block) 추간판 (Intervertebral disc), 후방관절 (Facet joint) 및천장관 절 (Sacroiliac joint) 은만성하부요통의연관통의주요원인이 되는부위이다. 제 2 요추신경근 (L2 spinal nerve root) 을통과 하는구심성교감신경 (Afferent sympathetic fiber) 은상기세구 조물에서시작된감각신경전달의주요통로이다. 즉하방부 위에서인식된통증 ( 변환 : Transduction ) 이근위부로전달 ( 전 도 : Conduction) 된후, 통증의신호가제 2 요추부의척수후각 (Spinal cord dorsal horn) 으로전달 (Transmission) 되고, 척수 B D 시상로 (Spinothalamic tract) 를통해대뇌에서통증으로인식 (Perception) 하게된다. 26) 이과정에서제 2 요추신경근차단술 을시행하면, 하방부위에서올라온통증의신호를차단함으로 써통증이감소된것으로느끼는것이다. 0.2% Ropivacaine 2 ml 를사용했는데평균진통작용시간 인 8 시간을훨씬넘은진통효과가있었다. 이것은교감신경 (Sympathetic nerve) 이국소마취제에더예민 (Sensitive) 하고 교감신경 reset effect 가있어과흥분된통증인식을탈감작 (De- sensitization) 시키는효과가있기때문이다. 안등 27) 은제 2 요추신경근차단술 (L2 nerve root block) 은염증에대한치료를한것이아니고단지통증전달 (Pain pathway) 의차단이주기전이기때문에스테로이드의사용은 불필요하며, 통증의전달과정을차단함으로환자의통증을감 소시키는데효과적이라고보고하였다. 시술방법은경추간공 경막외차단술 (Transforaminal epidural block) 과같다. 다만위 치가제 2 요추측돌기직하방부를항해서바늘을삽입하고, 제 2 요추체의하방후면을목표점으로약제를투여를하는것이 다. (2) 요추신경총차단술 (Lumbar plexus block) 대퇴신경, 폐쇄신경, 외측대퇴피부신경영역의통증을조 절할목적으로사용하는방법이며, 좌골신경차단술과함께사 용시하지수술의목적을위한마취방법으로도사용할수있 다. 28) 통증만조절하고싶은경우는 0.3% Lidocaine 또는 0.2% Ropivacaine 을주사하고, 마취목적인경우는 1% Lidocaine 또 는 0.75% Ropivacaine 을주사한다. 즉국소마취제의농도가높 으면감각신경과운동신경이모두차단되고, 농도가낮으면 감각신경만차단된다. 다만 Bupivacaine 인경우저농도에서도 운동신경이차단되는경우가있으므로, 감각신경만차단을하 고자하는경우 Bupivacaine 은약제로서적절하지않다. 환자는복와위로눕게하고, 베개등을하복부에넣어요추 만곡도를감소시키고, 제 3-4 요추사이에서곡선형탐촉자를 횡상으로하여관찰하며, 다열근 (Multifidus muscle), 요추기립 근 (erector spinae muscle), 대요근 (Psoas major muscle) 및요 방형근 (Quadratus lumborum muscle) 이서로교차되는위치에 서요추신경총을발견할수있다. 7) 천장관절주사 (SI joint injection) 천장관절유발성통증 (SI Joint origin pain) 을확인할수있 는신체검사는압박및신연검사 (compression and distraction test) 와 Yeoman test 가있다. 초음파유도하술기는천골의하방에서천골의외연을따라 서초음파탐촉자를횡상영상으로서서히근위부로이동을하 192

10 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Ultrasound-Guided Injections in the Lumbosacral Spine 면서장골과천골이모두보이기시작하는영상을찾는다. 이곳이천장관절의하부가된다. 이때천장관절부를초음파영상의중앙부로위치시키고, 천골 (Sacrum) 의 median crest 위치의외측부에서바늘을약 45도방향으로외측부를향해심부로 In-plane 술기로삽입하여후하장골극 (posterior inferior iliac spine: PIIS) 의내측경계 (Medial border) 와천골의외측면이만나는부위를목표로하여전진하도록한다. 이때가능한장골 (Ilium) 의낮은위치에서주사를시행해야하는데그이유는천장관절 (SI joint) 의근위부는병변이별로없는데비해주로통증을일으키는부위는활막관절 (Synovial joint) 로구성되어있는원위부가병변이기때문이다. 초음파유도하천장관절관절강내주사는문헌에서 90% 까지의성공률로보고되고있고 2010년 Hartung 29) 에의하면관절주위주사 (Periarticular deposition) 만으로도효과적이라고보고되었다. 결론 요천추부의정확한초음파중재시술을위해서는검사시환자의자세및표면해부학을숙지하고정상, 비정상초음파소견에대한이해가필요하다. 이를바탕으로요천처부의통증에대하여초음파유도하후방관절내주사및내측분지차단술, 경막외차단술, 선택적신경근차단술, 천장관절주사를효과적으로시행할수있다. REFERENCES 1. Andersson GB. Epidemiological features of chronic lowback pain. Lancet Sep;354(9178): DOI: /S (99) Greher M, Kirchmair L, Enna B, et al. Ultrasound-guided lumbar facet nerve block: accuracy of a new technique confirmed by computed tomography. Anesthesiology Nov;101(5): DOI: / Greher M, Scharbert G, Kamolz LP, et al. Ultrasoundguided lumbar facet nerve block: a sonoanatomic study of a new methodologic approach. Anesthesiology Jun;100(5): DOI: / Ha DH, Shim DM, Kim TK, et al. Comparison of ultrasonography- and fluoroscopy-guided facet joint block in the lumbar spine. Asian Spine J Jun;4(1): DOI: /asj Narouze S, Peng PW. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in pain medicine: a review of anatomy, sonoanatomy, and procedures. Part II: axial structures. Reg Anesth Pain Med Jul;35(4): DOI: / AAP.0b013e3181e82f McClure JH. Ropivacaine. Br J Anaesth Feb;76(2): DOI: /bja/ Saltzman MD, Nuber GW, Gryzlo SM, et al. Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in shoulder surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am Aug;91(8): DOI: / JBJS.H Oleszkowicz SC, Chittick P, Russo V, et al. Infections associated with use of ultrasound transmission gel: proposed guidelines to minimize risk. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Dec;33(12): DOI: / Mirza WA, Imam SH, Kharal MS, et al. Cleaning methods for ultrasound probes. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak May;18(5): DOI: /JCPSP Gofeld M, Bristow SJ, Chiu SC, et al. Ultrasound-guided lumbar transforaminal injections: feasibility and validation study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Sep;37(9): DOI: /BRS.0b013e Cohen SP, Raja SN. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. Anesthesiology Mar;106(3): DOI: / Lorenz M, Patwardhan A, Vanderby R, Jr. Load-bearing characteristics of lumbar facets in normal and surgically altered spinal segments. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Apr;8(2): DOI: / Helbig T, Lee CK. The lumbar facet syndrome. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Feb;13(1):61-4. DOI: / Galiano K, Obwegeser AA, Walch C, et al. Ultrasoundguided versus computed tomography-controlled facet joint injections in the lumbar spine: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med Jul;32(4): DOI: /j.rapm Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, et al. Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 193

11 Kwang Pyo Ko et al Volume 25 Number 4 December year follow-up. Int J Med Sci Jan;7(3): DOI: /ijms Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: guidance and recommendations. Pain Physician Apr;16(2 Suppl): Stitz MY, Sommer HM. Accuracy of blind versus fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injection. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Aug;24(13): DOI: / Chen CP, Wong AM, Hsu CC, et al. Ultrasound as a screening tool for proceeding with caudal epidural injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil Mar;91(3): DOI: /j.apmr Galiano K, Obwegeser AA, Bodner G, et al. Real-time sonographic imaging for periradicular injections in the lumbar spine: a sonographic anatomic study of a new technique. J Ultrasound Med Feb;24(1):33-8. DOI: / jum Loizides A, Gruber H, Peer S, et al. Ultrasound guided versus CT-controlled pararadicular injections in the lumbar spine: a prospective randomized clinical trial. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Feb;34(2): DOI: /ajnr. A Bogduk N, Aprill CN, Derby R. Selective nerve root blocks. In: Wilson DJ, ed. Interventional Radiology of the Muskuloskeletal System. London: Edward Arnold; Pfirrmann CW, Oberholzer PA, Zanetti M, et al. Selective nerve root blocks for the treatment of sciatica: evaluation of injection site and effectiveness a study with patients and cadavers. Radiology Dec;221(3): DOI: /radiol Sato M, Simizu S, Kadota R, et al. Ultrasound and nerve stimulation-guided L5 nerve root block. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Nov;34(24): DOI: / BRS.0b013e3181b43c Shim D, Jeon Y, Kim T, et al. The efficacy of ultrasonography-guided S1 selective nerve root block. J Korean orthop US Soc Oct;7(2): Sato M, Mikawa Y, Matuda A. Ultrasound and electrical nerve stimulation-guided S1 nerve root block. J Anesth Oct;27(5): DOI: /s y. 26. Nakamura SI, Takahashi K, Takahashi Y, et al. The afferent pathways of discogenic low-back pain. Evaluation of L2 spinal nerve infiltration. J Bone Joint Surg Br Aug;78(4): DOI: / X.78B Ahn DK, Lee S, Kim TW, et al. Management of Patients with L2 Spinal Nerve Root Block Who Are Suffering from Low Back and Referred Pain. J Korean Soc Spine Surg Mar;21(1):8-14. DOI: /jkss Karmakar MK, Ho AM, Li X, et al. Ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block through the acoustic window of the lumbar ultrasound trident. Br J Anaesth Apr;100(4): DOI: /bja/aen Hartung W, Ross CJ, Straub R, et al. Ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection in patients with established sacroiliitis: precise IA injection verified by MRI scanning does not predict clinical outcome. Rheumatology (Oxford) Aug;49(8): DOI: /rheumatology/kep

12 Review Article J Korean Soc Spine Surg Dec;25(4): 요추및천추부에대한초음파유도하중재시술 고광표 * 송재황 김환정 김상범 민영기 * 한마음정형외과의원, 건양대학교의과대학정형외과학교실, 을지대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 연구계획 : 문헌조사목적 : 초음파를이용한중재시술은임상적으로흔하게경험할수있는하요추부통증이보존적치료에실패한경우수술적치료이전에흔하게시행하게되는치료이다. 이연구의목적은요추및천추부에대한초음파유도하중재시술에대해고찰해보고자함에있다. 선행연구문헌의요약 : 초음파를이용한중재요법은근육, 인대, 건, 혈관, 신경등의연부조직을직접관찰할수있으며, 환자나시술자에게방사선노출이없고, 컴퓨터단층촬영이나 C형투시검사장비처럼넓은장소를필요로하지않는장점들을가지고있기때문에점차그사용이늘고있다. 대상및방법 : 요추부의정상, 비정상초음파소견과요추및천추부에서시행할수있는초음파유도하중재요법에대하여문헌고찰과함께기술을하였다. 결과 : 요천추부의정확한초음파중재시술을위해서는검사시환자의자세및해부학과정상, 비정상초음파소견등에대한숙지가필요하다. 초음파를이용하면후방관절내주사및내측분지차단술, 경막외차단술, 선택적신경근차단술, 천장관절주사를효과적으로시행할수있다. 결론 : 요추및천추부에서초음파유도하중재요법은요천추부통증의치료에서효과적으로사용할수있는술기이다. 색인단어 : 요추부, 천추부, 초음파중재시술 약칭제목 : 요천추부의초음파중재시술 접수일 : 2018년 7월 27일 수정일 : 2018년 8월 17일 게재확정일 : 2018년 10월 17일 교신저자 : 송재황 대전광역시서구관저동로 158 건양대학교병원정형외과학교실 TEL: FAX: songjajj@daum.net Copyright 2018 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. pissn eissn This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 195

제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 Program 1 ANESTHESIA (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuou

제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 Program 1 ANESTHESIA (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuou 제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuous vs single injection, interscalene vs supraclavicular approach 의정부성모병원

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