2194
|
|
- 홍민 영
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 대한진단검사의학회지제 29 권제 2 호 2009 Korean J Lab Med 2009;29:110-5 DOI /kjlm Original Article Clinical Chemistry 임신성당뇨병선별검사시점및 HbA1c 농도와신생아의예후와의관계 최윤정 1 강지민 2 빈중현 1 이현승 1 이정현 1 김소영 1 성인경 1 이원배 1 전정식 1 가톨릭대학교의과대학소아과학교실 1, 진단검사의학교실 2 The Relationship between the Timing of Gestational Diabetes Screening and HbA1c Level and Neonatal Outcome Yun Jung Choi, M.D. 1, Jimin Kahng, M.D. 2, Joong Hyun Bin, M.D. 1, Hyun Seung Lee, M.D. 1, Jung Hyun Lee, M.D. 1, So Young Kim, M.D. 1, In Kyung Sung, M.D. 1, Won Bae Lee, M.D. 1, and Chung Sik Chun, M.D. 1 Departments of Pediatrics 1 and Laboratory Medicine 2, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Background : The aim of this study was to observe clinical outcomes of the mother and her infant who were possibly exposed to high blood glucose at least 2-3 months in the early and midterm pregnancy by checking gestational weeks (GW) and the first HbA1c level at initial diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods : A total of 107 GDM patients and their newborns were subject of this study. GDM patients were newly diagnosed at the Holy Family Hospital of Catholic University from January 2003 until December 2007 and continuously managed in the diabetes center. Patients medical records were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate GW and HbA1c level at the time of diagnosis, and clinical outcomes of mother and newborn baby. Results : The proportion of subjects who had been diagnosed of having GDM according to GW was 7.5%, in less than 24th week of pregnancy; 55.1% in the 24-28th week; 28.0% in the 29-32nd week; and 9.4% 33rd week or more. There were 39 out of 107 subjects (36.4%) with HbA1c levels 6.5% and 26 out of 39 subjects (24.3%) with HbA1c levels 7.0%. In clinical outcomes of newborn by HbA1c levels, the frequency of delivery of large for gestational age (LGA) infant was higher in mothers diagnosed with GDM after 29th week of pregnancy or with HbA1c levels 7.0% or more (P<0.001). Conclusions : If the screening test for gestational DM was delayed, HbA1c level and the risk for LGA seemed to be higher, so it may be necessary to screen GDM no later than 24th week of pregnancy. (Korean J Lab Med 2009;29:110-5) Key Words : Gestational diabetes mellitus; Neonatal outcome; Screening test; HbA1c 서 론 임신성당뇨병 (gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) 은정 Received : November 19, 2008 Manuscript No : KJLM2194 Revision received : January 16, 2009 Accepted : February 3, 2009 Corresponding author : So-Young Kim, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 62 Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel : , Fax : sykimped@catholic.ac.kr 도와무관하게임신기간중에발생하였거나, 발견된내당능장애 (impaired glucose intolerance) 를의미한다. 임신이진행되면태아성장에필요한호르몬 ( 프로게스테론, 태반락토겐등 ) 분비가증가하며, 이러한호르몬들이체내인슐린작용을방해하여고혈당을초래하기쉽다 [1-3]. 정상적산모는이때췌장에서인슐린을더많이분비해적정혈당을유지하지만일부산모들은혈당조절에실패하여임신성당뇨병이된다 [1-3]. 임신성당뇨병으로인하여야기되는태아와신생아의이상은임신중모체의대사장애가발생한시기와밀접하게연관되어있다 [4]. 또 110
2 Gestational Diabetes and Newborn Outcome 111 한임신성당뇨병산모는임신중의당뇨합병증외에도분만후약 50% 이상의당뇨병유병률을보이며이는특히임신 24주이전의혈당농도와관련이있는것으로보고되어있다 [5, 6]. 따라서임신성당뇨병을미리예측하고조기에발견하는것은매우중요하다 [4-6]. 현재대한산부인과학회에서는모든산모에서임신 24-28주에 50 g 경구당부하검사로임신성당뇨병을선별하도록권장하고있으며, 대부분의산과는이지침을따르고있다. 따라서임신 24주전에당뇨병이발병된산모의경우태아의중요기관이발생, 발달하는시기에고혈당에노출된상태로임신이진행되는위험이따른다 [5-7]. 산모의혈중 HbA1c 농도증가는적어도 2-3개월간산모나태아가고혈당농도에노출되었음을의미한다 [1, 8, 9]. 정상적으로임산부의혈중 HbA1c 농도는임신 1기에는 5% 이하의낮은농도를보이며임신 3기에도 6% 이하의값을나타낸다 [10]. 저자들은단일병원에서임신성당뇨병으로진단받은산모를대상으로처음진단시의임신주수및혈중 HbA1c 농도를확인하여임신성당뇨병에대한집중관리를받기전고혈당농도에노출되었을가능성이있는산모및태아의수및노출시기를알고이들의임상결과를알아보기위하여본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상본연구는 2003년 1월부터 2007년 12 월까지가톨릭대학교성가병원에서처음임신성당뇨병으로진단받았고, 당뇨병센터에서지속적인관리후분만한 107명의산모와 107명의신생아를대상으로하였다. 2. 임신성당뇨병의선별검사임신성당뇨병의선별검사는대한당뇨병학회의권고안에따랐다. 임신성당뇨병의위험인자 ( 비만, 당뇨병환자의직계가족, 임신성당뇨병 / 공복혈당장애나내당능장애의병력, 거대아출산력, 요당 ) 가없는경우임신 24-28주사이산과를내원한당일에, 식사나시간에상관없이 50 g 경구당부하 1시간후혈당 140 mg/dl 이상이면선별검사양성으로판정하였다. 선별검사양성인산모는 2주일이내에확진검사로 100 g 경구당부하검사를실시하며당부하직전과, 1시간, 2시간, 3시간후의정맥혈을채혈하여혈장포도당농도를측정하였다. 4회의포도당측정치중 2회이상한계치를상회하는경우임신성당뇨병으로확진하 였다 [10, 11]. HbA1c 농도는 HLC-723 G7 (Tosoh Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) 을이용하여확진검사시공복시혈당검사와동시에 ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 방법으로측정하였다. 3. 경과기록관찰대상산모와그의신생아들의경과기록지를후향적으로검토하여산모의기록에서임신성당뇨병진단시연령, 임신주수, HbA1c 농도, 당뇨병의가족력, 유산및사산의과거력, 유산, 사산, 전자간증및미숙아분만등을알아보았으며신생아의재태주령, 1분및 5분아프가점수, 출생체중, 과체중아 (large for gestational age, LGA), 저출생체중아, 기형, 출생시헤모글로빈농도, 저혈당증, 저칼슘혈증, 신생아황달및호흡곤란증의발생등을관찰하였다. 미숙아는재태주령 37주미만인경우, 거대아는해당재태주령을기준으로체중이 90% 이상인경우, 저출생체중아는체중이 10% 이하인경우로정의하였다. 총빌리루빈검사는진찰소견상황달이의심된즉시시행하여호전될때까지적어도하루에 1회이상측정하였으며, 혈당검사는출생직후, 30분, 2시간, 4시간후혈당이안정될때까지정맥혈또는모세혈관혈에서측정하였고, 저혈당의정의는출생체중 2,500 gm 미만의경우 25 mg/dl 미만, 2,500 gm 이상의경우 35 mg/dl 미만, 72시간이후에는체중에관계없이 45 mg/dl 미만으로하였다. 저칼슘혈증은혈청칼슘이 8 mg/dl 이하인경우로정의하였다. 4. 통계통계프로그램 SPSS버전 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였다. 분율의비교에는 Pearson 카이제곱검정을시행하여유의확률을구하였으며평균값의비교에는 Student t- 검정및일원배치분산분석 (ANOVA) 을시행하였다. ANOVA 분석후에는 Scheffe의사후검정을하였다. P값이 0.05 미만인경우통계적인유의성이있다고판단하였다. 결과 1. 대상산모들과신생아의임상적특징대상산모들의임신성당뇨병진단시평균나이는 32.5세였고, 임신주수는평균 28.5주이었으며임신성당뇨병진단시
3 112 최윤정 강지민 빈중현외 6 인 측정한 HbA1c가 6.5% 이상인산모는전체 107명중 39명으로 36.4% 이었다. 이들의진단시평균 HbA1c 농도는 6.1% 이었고임신성당뇨병집중치료후추적측정한 HbA1c 농도는평균 6.0% 이었다. 자연유산의기왕력은 7명 (6.5%), 사산의기왕력은 5명 (4.7%) 에서있었다. 13명 (12.2%) 이조기분만을하였고 4명 (3.7%) 은전자간증이동반되었다 (Table 1). 출생시신생아들의평균재태주령은 38.4주이었으며, 1분 / 5분평균아프가점수는 7.5/8.6점, 과체중아 17명 (15.9%), 저출생체중아 3명 (2.8%), 기형아 3명 (2.8%) 이었다, 출생후처음측정한헤모글로빈농도는평균 16.5 g/dl, 초기저혈당증 13명 (12.1%), 신생아호흡곤란증 4명 (3.7%) 이었다 (Table 1). 2. 임신성당뇨병진단시재태주령및 HbA1c 농도의분포임신성당뇨병으로진단된시기는임신 24주이전에 8명 (7.5 %), 24-28주에 59명 (55.1%), 29-32주에 30명 (28.0%), 주에 8명 (7.5%), 36주이후에 2명 (1.9%) 이었다. 임신성당뇨병진단시혈중 HbA1c 농도가 6.5% 이하였던산모는 68명 (63.6 %), 6.5-7% 이었던산모는 13명 (12.2%), 7% 이상이었던산모는 26명 (24.3%) 이었다 (Table 2). 3. 진단시혈중 HbA1c 농도에따른신생아의결과진단시혈중 HbA1c 농도를기준으로 6.5% 이하, %, 7.0% 이상의 3군으로나누어비교한결과재태주령, 가족력, 미숙아분만, 전자간증발생, 1분및 5분아프가점수, 저출생체중아분만, 기형아, 혈색소농도, 저혈당증의빈도에는각군간유의한차이가없었다. 그러나거대아분만의빈도에는유의한차이가있었다 (P<0.001). 24주이전에발견된임신성당뇨병산모 8명중당뇨의기왕력이나가족력, 비만, 이전과체중아의출산력은없었으며자연유산의기왕력이 2예사산의기왕력이 1예있었다 (Table 1). Table 1. Neonatal outcomes according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration of Gestational Diabetes HbA1c HbA1c HbA1c Items All subjects P <6.5% (n=68) 6.5-7% (n=13) 7% (n=26) Gestational age at diagnosis (weeks)* 28.5± ± ± ±1.5 NS No of family history, n (%) 11 (10.3) 7 (10.3) 2 (15.4) 2 (7.7) NS No of Preterm delivery <37 weeks, n (%) 13 (12.2) 4 (5.9) 4 (30.8) 5 (19.2) NS No of Preeclampsia, n (%) 4 (3.7) 1 (1.5) 1 (7.7) 2 (7.7) NS Gestational age at birth (weeks)* 38.4± ± ± ±2.2 NS Apgar score 1 min* 7.5± ± ± ±2.0 NS 5 min* 8.6± ± ± ±1.8 NS Large for gestational age ( 90th centile), n (%) 17 (15.9) 3 (4.4) 3 (23.1) 11 (42.3) <0.001 Small for gestational age ( 10th centile), n (%) 3 (2.8) 0 (0) 2 (15.4) 1 (3.9) NS Malformation, n (%) 3 (2.8) 2 (2.9) 1 (7.7) 0 (0) NS Hemoglobin (mg/dl)* 16.5± ± ± ±2.0 NS Neonatal hypoglycemia, n (%) 13 (12.2) 5 (7.4) 5 (38.5) 3 (11.5) NS *, mean±sd;, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c 6.5-7%, P=0.02;, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c >7%, P< Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; NS, not significant; n, number. Table 2. The number of gestational diabetes according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration and gestational weeks at the time of diagnosis Gestational age (weeks) HbA1c <6.5% (n=68) HbA1c 6.5-7% (n=13) HbA1c >7% (n=26) <24 (n=8) 6/8 0/8 2/ (n=59) 43/59 7/59* 9/ (n=30) 16/30 5/30 9/ (n=8) 3/8 1/8 4/8 >37 (n=2) 0/2 0/2 2/2 P value *, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c 6.5-7%, P<0.05;, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c >7%, P<0.05. Table 3. The frequency of large for gestational age neonates according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration and gestational age at diagnosis of gestational diabetes Gestational age (weeks) HbA1c <6.5% HbA1c 6.5-7% HbA1c 7% <23 (n=1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (5.9) (n=2) 1 (5.9) 1 (5.9) 0 (0.0) (n=6) 1 (5.9) 0 (0.0) 5 (29.4) (n=6) 1 (5.9) 2 (11.8) 3 (17.7) >37 (n=2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (11.8) Total 3 (17.6) 3 (17.6) 11 (64.7)* Data are expressed as n (%), *, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c 7%, P<0.01;, HbA1c 6.5-7% vs HbA1c >7%, P<0.01.
4 Gestational Diabetes and Newborn Outcome 임신성당뇨병진단시기와산모의 HbA1c 농도, 과체중아출산빈도와의관계임신성당뇨병의진단은임신 24주에서 28주사이에선별검사를시행하여진단하는것으로프로그램되어있으나 24주에서 33주까지넓은범위에서진단이이루어졌다. HbA1c 농도 6.5% 이상인산모는대부분 24주이후에진단받은경우였으며과체중아는 HbA1c 농도 7.0% 이상인산모와, 29주이후발견된산모에서빈도가높았다 (P<0.001) (Table 3). 고찰임신성당뇨병의유병률은국가나인종에따라많은차이를보여 1-14% 까지다양하다 [1, 2, 11]. 한국의임신성당뇨병유병률은 1.7-6% 정도로알려져있으며이수치는계속늘고있다 [11, 12]. 35세이상의고령산모 10명가운데 1명은임신성당뇨병증상을보여 20대젊은산모에비해발병률이 2배이상높다 [1-3]. 임신성당뇨병환자는잠재적인당뇨병발병의고위험군으로 50-60% 가출산후당뇨병으로이행된다 [5, 6]. 대한산부인과학회에서는모든산모에서임신 24-28주에 50 g 경구당부하검사로임신성당뇨병을선별하도록권장하고있으며, 국내대부분의산과는이지침을따르고있다. 그러나임신 24-28주에국한된선별검사로는많은수의산모가적절한시기에임신성당뇨병진단을받거나치료를시작하지못한채로임신초기및중기에고혈당환경에노출될수있다는보고들이있다 [13, 14]. 당화혈색소는 HbA1의 N-terminal에포도당이결합된것으로현재당뇨환자의혈당조절의지표로널리사용되고있다. 일반적으로 HbA1c 6.0% 는최근 2-3개월간혈당이 115 mg/ dl 전후이었음을의미하고 HbA1c 7.0% 는 150 mg/dl이었음을의미한다 [15, 16]. 혈중 HbA1c 농도측정치는임신성당뇨병선별검사에단독사용하기에는충분하지않은것으로보고되고있으나 [17], 임신성당뇨병산모의혈당조절감시에유용하게사용되고있다 [4, 18]. 임신성당뇨병때문에태아와신생아에게발생하는합병증은임신중산모의대사장애가발생한시기와밀접하게연관되어있다. 임신초기에산모의고혈당이지속될경우태아의뇌, 심장, 신장, 장, 근, 골격계등에선천성기형이발생할확률이정상의산모에비해 4배이상높으며태아의성장지연에도영향을미친다 [4, 19]. 고혈당으로인한태아의구조적이상은주로임신 1기기관이형성되는시기에발생하는데, 이중 50% 이상이중추신경계와심장의기형이며, 근골격계및신장과위장관 계의기형도보고되어있다 [19]. 또한임신 2기와 3기에임산부의고혈당이지속되면태아의고혈당과고인슐린혈증으로인해과체중아, 간및비종대, 심비대의발생빈도가증가하며저혈당, 저칼슘혈증, 저마그네슘혈증, 적혈구증가증과철결핍성빈혈, 신생아황달이외에도출산시의분만손상과신생아의호흡장애의빈도도높게발생한다 [4, 20]. 장기적으로는임신성당뇨병산모에서출생한아이는성장과정중지적발달및신경학적발달에장애가발생할수있으며, 사춘기비만의발생률이높고, 성인이되면당뇨병이나내당능장애의발생빈도가높다 [21, 22]. 임신성당뇨병으로진단받은산모들중 40-66% 가임신초기에진단이가능하다는보고들이있으며이미당뇨병을가진산모나임신초기부터혈당이높았으나진단이늦어진산모의경우산모나신생아의예후에더나쁜영향을주는것으로알려져있다 [23-25]. 1형당뇨병산모의신생아출생체중이임신 12 주의 HbA1c 농도와가장관계가있다는보고가있으며, 임신성당뇨병산모의신생아가선천성기형이나거대아가되는것을방지하기위하여임신 1기에는 HbA1c 농도를 5.0% 이하로임신 3기에는 6.0% 이하로유지시켜야한다는주장이있다 [8, 20]. 일본에서는임신중인슐린저항성이주로임신 2기또는그이후에나타나며 2형당뇨병의빈도가세계적으로증가되고되고있다는이유로임신 1기와 2기에모두임신성당뇨병선별검사를하고있다 [26]. 저자들의연구결과에의하면임신성당뇨병으로진단받은산모의평균임신주수는 28.5주이었으며그중 37.4% 가임신 28주이후임신성당뇨병으로진단되었다 (40/107). 이러한결과는일반적으로권장하는임신 24-28주임신성당뇨병선별진단시기보다늦다. 임신성당뇨병진단시 HbA1c가 6.5% 이상인산모는 36.4% (39/107) 이었다. 이산모들에서는태아가적어도 2-3개월간고혈당에노출되었고, 산모들중일부에서는임신초기혹은중기부터임신성당뇨병이진행되었을가능성이있다. 즉, 임신성당뇨병진단시 HbA1c 농도가 6.5% 이상인비율은 28주이전진단받은산모의 23.9% (16/67), 32주이전에진단받은산모의 30.9% (30/97) 로나타났다. 이러한결과는 75 g 경구당부하검사로 2시간후혈당농도가 140 mg/dl 이상이었던산모 86명중 HbA1c 6.0% 이상인산모가 33명으로 38% 였다고보고했던 Balaji 등 [24] 의결과와유사하였다. Maegawa 등 [27] 은임신 1기및 24-28주에모두선별검사를시행한 749명산모중 22 명 (2.9%) 이임신성당뇨병으로진단받았고, 이들중 63.6% (14/22) 가임신 1기에, 36.4% (8/22) 가임신 2기에진단받아조기선별검사의중요성을보고하였다. 이와같이임신성당뇨병선별검사를조기에시행하는것을주장하는논문들은임
5 114 최윤정 강지민 빈중현외 6 인 신초기에선별검사를시행할경우이미당뇨병을가지고있는산모를조기에감별할수있을뿐아니라임신성당뇨병으로진행될가능성이많은산모군들을선별추적관찰할수있다는장점을강조하고있다 [13, 14, 26]. 임신성당뇨병진단이 28주이후로늦어진본연구결과의원인은임신성당뇨병에대한산모들의인식부족과산부인과외래진료상의절차때문으로생각된다. 우선산모가임신성당뇨병에대한경각심부족으로 50 g 경구당부하검사가임신 24주에바로시행되지않고다음추적관찰시시행되었다. 선별검사가 24-28주에양성으로판정되어도확진검사가 28-30주에이루어지고적극적인치료가이루어지는시기도늦어졌다. 이는본기관의경우만해당되는상황은아닐것으로생각되며산부인과외래추적진료시임신성당뇨병선별검사의중요성에대한산모홍보및관련의료인들의자세에따라교정가능한원인으로생각된다. 진단시임신주수에따른 HbA1c 수치또한임신 32주이후진단된산모의경우 70% 이상에서 6.5% 이상이었던것을보아이러한산모들의진단시기를 24-28주로앞당긴다면임신성당뇨병환자의진단과진단시 HbA1c의수치조절에일부영향을미칠수있을것으로생각된다. 본원에서는임신성당뇨병으로확진된산모는당뇨병센터에서내분비내과와산과의사및영양사의집중진료와교육을통하여식이요법, 운동요법및인슐린투여로임신중정상혈중포도당농도를유지하도록관리되며, 분만후에도지속적인치료와추적관찰이이루어지고있다. 저자들의연구결과유산이나사산, 미숙아분만전자간증의빈도는진단시 HbA1c 농도에영향을받지않은것으로나타났다 (Table 1). 기형아발생은심실중격결손, 소장협착, 편측다낭포성신이형성각 1예가있었으나임신성당뇨병진단시기나 HbA1c 농도와는관계가없었다. 그러나과체중아분만은 29주이후진단된산모에서빈도가높았으며, HbA1c 6.5% 이하산모에서 4.4% 의빈도에비하여 HbA1c 6.5% 이상산모의 35.9%, 특히 HbA1c 7.0% 이상산모의 42.3% 가과체중아를분만한것을보아진단시기및 HbA1c 농도가과체중아분만에유의한영향을미치는것으로생각된다 (Table 3) (P<0.001). 조기선별검사의장점과필요성에도불구하고여러나라에서 24-28주사이에 1차선별검사시행을권장하는것은선별검사의비용을국가적차원에서제한하기위한것이하나의요인으로알려져있다 [13]. 즉, 전체산모에게임신초에당뇨병선별검사를실시했더라도추후재검을요하기때문에이에따른경제적수익성을고려한방침이다. 그러나비록임신 24주이전에발병한임신성당뇨병산모수가전체산모에서차지하는비율은 낮지만, 당뇨병의유병률이점차로증가하는환경에서임신초기및중기에태아에발생할수있는합병증을최소화하고, 분만후산모의당뇨병유병률을낮추기위해서는, 임신초기및중기에도임신성당뇨병진단이이루어지고치료가시작될수있는방법을모색하여야한다. 또한현재시행중인선별검사를더엄격하게적용하여 24주에바로선별검사를시작하고확진과치료시작시기를앞당기는것도매우유용할것으로생각된다. 요약배경 : 본연구의목적은임신성당뇨병의처음진단시임신주수및처음측정한혈중 HbA1c 농도를확인하여임신초기적어도 2-3개월간고혈당농도에노출되었을가능성이있는산모및신생아를선택하고, 이들의임상결과를관찰하는것이다. 방법 : 2003년 1월부터 2007년 12 월까지가톨릭대학교성가병원에서임신성당뇨병으로처음진단받고당뇨병센터에서지속적인관리를받은후, 분만한 107명의산모와그의신생아들을대상으로하였다. 산모와신생아의경과기록지를후향적으로검토하여임신성당뇨병진단시의임신주수, 임신중처음측정한혈중 HbA1c 농도및산모와신생아의임상결과를알아보았다. 결과 : 대상산모들의임신성당뇨병진단시기는임신 24주이전에 8명 (7.5%), 24-28주에 59명 (55.1%), 29-32주에 30명 (28.0%), 33 주이후에 10 명 (9.4%) 이었다. 진단시측정한 HbA1c 농도가 6.5% 이하였던산모는 107명중 68 명 (63.6%) 이었으며 39명 (36.4%) 은 6.5% 이상이었고그중 26명 (24.3%) 은 7.0% 이상이었다. HbA1c 농도차이에따른산모와신생아의임상결과상과체중아분만비율은 29주이후에진단된산모및 HbA1c 7.0% 이상산모에서빈도가높았다 (P<0.001). 결론 : 임신성당뇨병진단이늦게이루어지는경우에 HbA1c 치가높고, 과체중아분만의확률이높아지는것으로보이므로, 이의선별검사시기를 24주보다늦게하지않는노력이필요할것이다. 참고문헌 1. Buchanan TA and Xiang AH. Gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 2005;115: Galerneau F and Inzucchi SE. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2004;31: Metzger BE. Long-term outcomes in mothers diagnosed with ges-
6 Gestational Diabetes and Newborn Outcome 115 tational diabetes mellitus and their offspring. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2007;50: Nold JL and Georgieff MK. Infants of diabetic mothers. Pediatr Clin North Am 2004;51: Damm P, Ku_hl C, Bertelsen A, MOlsted-Pedersen L. Predictive factors for the development of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167: Metzger BE, Cho NH, Roston SM, Radvany R. Prepregnancy weight and antepartum insulin secretion predict glucose tolerance five years after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1993;16: O Brien K and Carpenter M. Testing for gestational diabetes. Clin Lab Med 2003;23: Radder JK and van Roosmalen J. HbA1c in healthy pregnant women. Neth J Med 2005;63: Choi YS, Yoon YH, Chung WS, Choi TY, Kim CW. A study on the usefulness of HbA1c for diagnosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. Korean J Clin Pathol 1991;11:31-9. ( 최영식, 윤영호, 정화순, 최태열, 김춘원. 당뇨병환자진단에있어서 HbA1c의유용성에관한연구. 대한임상병리학회지 1991;11:31-9.) 10. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes 1979; 28: Byun YJ and Kim HS. Recent advances in gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2007;50: ( 변영지및김행수. 임신성당뇨병의최신지견. 대한산부인과학회지 2007;50: ) 12. Park JH, Song HJ, Choun JK, Cho JJ, Paek YJ, Park KH, et al. Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean J Obes 2005;14: ( 박지회, 송홍지, 천정기, 조정진, 백유진, 박경희등. 임신성당뇨병의위험인자. 대한비만학회지 2005;14: ) 13. Nahum GG and Huffaker BJ. Correlation between first and early third trimester glucose screening test results. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: Bhattacharya SM. Glucose screening test results in first and early third trimester of pregnancy: is there any correlation? J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2002;28: Nathan DM, Singer DE, Hurxthal K, Goodson JD. The clinical information value of the glycosylated hemoglobin assay. N Engl J Med 1984;310: Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Koster G. Gestational diabetes: a reappraisal of HBA1c as a screening test. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84: Yogev Y and Hod M. Use of new technologies for monitoring and treating diabetes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007; 34: Gandhi RA, Brown J, Simm A, Page RC, Idris I. HbA1c during pregnancy: its relationship to meal related glycaemia and neonatal birth weight in patients with diabetes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;138: Kalhan SC, Parimi PS, et al. Pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus. In: Fanaroff AA and Martin RJ, eds. Neonatal perinatal medicine: diseases of fetus and infant, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2002; Petry CD, Eaton MA, Wobken JD, Mills MM, Johnson DE, Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency of liver, heart, and brain in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1992;121: Rizzo TA, Metzger BE, Dooley SL, Cho NH. Early malnutrition and child neurobehavioral development: insights from the study of children of diabetic mothers. Child Dev 1997;68: Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA. Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care 1995;18: Gold AE, Reilly R, Little J, Walker JD. The effect of glycemic control in the pre-conception period and early pregnancy on birth weight in women with IDDM. Diabetes Care 1998;21: Balaji V, Madhuri BS, Ashalatha S, Sheela S, Suresh S, Seshiah V. A1C in gestational diabetes mellitus in Asian Indian women. Diabetes Care 2007;30: Meyer WJ, Carbone J, Gauthier DW, Gottmann DA. Early gestational glucose screening and gestational diabetes. J Reprod Med 1996;41: Kuzuya T, Nakagawa S, Satoh J, Kanazawa Y, Iwamoto Y, Kobayashi M, et al. Report of the committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;55: Maegawa Y, Sugiyama T, Kusaka H, Mitao M, Toyoda N. Screening tests for gestational diabetes in Japan in the 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;62:47-53.
386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - QUUBMRTOLPEO.pptx
제 26 차대한당뇨병학회춘계학술대회 11 May, 2013 ICC, Jeju, Korea What are the appropriate screening and diagnostic methods for gestational diabetes in Korean women? 서울의대 분당서울대학교병원 내과장학철 임신성당뇨병 Gestational diabetes mellitus
More informationDIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 SUMMARY About 3.2 million Korean people (10.1%) aged over 30 years or older had diabetes in 2010. Based on fasting g
DIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) / Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) DIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 SUMMARY About 3.2 million Korean people (10.1%)
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있
대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준
More information590호(01-11)
T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More informationPharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ
Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine & Hospital E mail : ycell2@yahoo.co.kr Abstract
More information부속
04 Definitions of terminology in neonatal, infant, and perinatal epidemiology.,. (perinatal period),,,, (morbidity) (mortality).,,,.,,,.,., 2. (World Health Organization, WHO) International Statistical
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information노영남
Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding
More information16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm
w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University
More information<30312EC1BEBCB35FB1E8C7E0BCF62E687770>
Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Vol. 50 No. 11 November 2007 임신성당뇨병의최신지견 아주대학교의과대학산부인과학교실 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea Gestational
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - CQPDHQFJFFEV.pptx
혈당조절의모니터링 국립중앙의료원내과 조영중 Agenda 혈당조절의중요성 Assessment of long-term glycemic control Assessment of short-term glycemic control 요약 혈당조절의중요성 Assessment of long-term glycemic control Assessment of short-term
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More information2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285
13 2 ( 25 ) 2004 12 Korean J Med Hist 13 284 296 Dec 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * ** ** 1 1920 1930 40 ( 1896-1973) 80 * ** 1) 2003 284 2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914
More information(Microsoft PowerPoint - src.ppt [\310\243\310\257 \270\360\265\345])
INTERVENTION STUDIES in GDM 관동의대제일병원산부인과 김문영 ISSUE Is it time to treat for mild GDM? Can the treatment of mild GDM prevent fetal death? Can the treatment of mild GDM prevent fetal over-growth? Justification
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More information54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3
27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More informationJkafm093.hwp
가정의학회지 2004;25:721-739 비만은 심혈관 질환, 고혈압 및 당뇨병에 각각 위험요인이고 다양한 내과적, 심리적 장애와 연관이 있는 질병이다. 체중감소는 비만한 사람들에 있어 이런 위험을 감소시키고 이들 병발 질환을 호전시킨다고 알려져 있고 일반적으로 많은 사람들에게 건강을 호전시킬 것이라는 믿음이 있어 왔다. 그러나 이런 믿음을 지지하는 연구들은
More information00약제부봄호c03逞풚
경희대학교 동서신의학병원 약품 정보지 2 0 0 7. S P R I N G. V O L. 0 1 신약 소개 02 Journal Review 03 Special Subject 04 복약 지도 06 의약품 안전성 정보 07 약제부 알림 07 약제부 업무 소개 08 E A S T - W E S T N E O M E D I C A L C E N T E R 본 약품
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - CSBSHRELZRGQ.pptx
임신성당뇨병의관리 김성훈 관동의대제일병원내과 내용 임신성당뇨병의정의와임상적의미 선별검사와진단 발병원인 임신중관리 분만후관리와추적관찰 증례 임신 28주의 32세여성 임신 27주에 50g OCT:1시간혈당이 174 mg/dl 100g OGTT: fasting-97 mg/dl, 1 hour-189 mg/dl, 2 hour-166mg/dl, 3 hour-140mg/dl
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information44-4대지.07이영희532~
A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More information<31305F D B1E8BCBAC8C628C0FAC0DAB1B3C1A4BFCFB7E1295FB0EDBDC2C7F6BCF6C1A45FBFCFB7E12E687770>
당뇨병제 30 권제 5 호, 2006 증례 GAD 항체양성인임신성당뇨병환자 2 예의임상경과 성균관대학교의과대학제일병원내과, 경희대학교의과대학내과학교실 1 유성훈ㆍ송민준ㆍ김성훈ㆍ임창훈ㆍ한기옥ㆍ박원근ㆍ윤현구 정호연 1 Clinical Courses of Two Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Who are GAD Antibody
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More informationYI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w
497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social
More information전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II)
전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - vii - - viii - - ix - -
More information(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re
EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: : - Qualitative Met
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.369-397 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.369 : - Qualitative Meta-Synthesis on Child-Nurturing Experiences of Female
More informationγ
경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical
More information,......
The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of
More information1. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1) 2010. Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012.
More information<30372EC0CCC0AFC1F82E687770>
산전 초음파상 진단된 단독 대조확장증의 출생 후 예후 울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 산부인과학교실 이유진 원혜성 박상민 조현진 정 의 김선권 심재윤 이필량 김 암 Yu-Jin Lee, M.D., Hye-Sung Won, M.D., Sang-Min Park, M.D., Hyun-Jin Cho, M.D., Eui Jung, M.D., Sun-Kwon Kim,
More information페링야간뇨소책자-내지-16
야간뇨의진단과치료 - 실제적접근 - Reference 1. Choo MS, Ku JH, Park CH et al. Prevalence of Nocturia in a Korean Population Aged 40 to 89 Years. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 27:60-64. 2. Weiss JP. Prevalence
More informationJkbcs016(92-97).hwp
Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö
25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo
More information-07-......
A Depth Interview on Qualification, Role, and Professionalism of Infant/Toddler Teachers Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University Associate Professor : Ahn, Sun Hee Department of Early
More informationKIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소
1 의사학 제24권 제1호(통권 제49호) 2015년 4월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː1-34 Apr 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.1 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 간호부 이정숙의 독립운동 김숙영* 1. 서론 2. 본론 1) 출생에서 정신여학교 수학시절까지
More information........-55..9.30
MYONGJI ST. MARY S HOSPITAL EXCELLENT STROKE TREATMENT CENTER The president of Myongji St. Mary s Hospital M.D. HUH, CHOON WOONG Graduated from Seoul Catholic Medical College. Achived M.D. in Neurosurgeon.
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social
More information03-서연옥.hwp
농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥
More information<31342EBCBAC7FDBFB52E687770>
일본 기혼여성의 취업 및 취업형태 결정요인 성 혜 영 (국민연금연구원) 본 연구의 목적은 일본 기혼여성의 취업실태를 고찰하고 취업 여부에 영향을 미치는 요인과 상시 또는 파트타임과 같은 취업형태를 결정하는 요인을 일본 내 전국 수준의 조사 데이터를 활용해 실증적으로 검토해 보는데 있다. 일본 기혼여성취업의 특징은 파트타임 취업 비율이 특히 높다는 것이며 이에
More information김범수
Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis
More informationJkcs022(89-113).hwp
대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - 발표자료(KSSiS 2016)
Sang Jun Kim, MD, PhD Application of 3D Printing in the Orthotic Fields Hallux Valgus, Charcot Marie Tooth, ADL Kit, Foot Insole, Wrist Pain, Foot Drop Development of Automated Program for Ankle Foot Orthosis
More informationMicrosoft Word - 001.doc
간호학석사학위 청구논문 조기진통 임부의 입원 후 스트레스와 간호요구 변화 연구 Change of Stress and Nursing Needs after Admission in Preterm Labor 2007년 8월 인하대학교 대학원 간호학과(간호학전공 간호학전공) 김 민 경 간호학석사학위 청구논문 조기진통 임부의 입원 후 스트레스와 간호요구 변화 연구 Change
More informationAnalyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong
Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling
More informationuntitled
대한수혈학회지:제권 제호, 0 한 대학병원의 혈액 폐기 분석 김병철ㆍ서영익ㆍ채금란ㆍ신정원ㆍ최태윤 = Abstract = 순천향대학교 의과대학 서울병원 진단검사의학교실 Analysis of Discarded Blood Components at a University Hospital in Korea Byung Chul Kim, Young Ik Seo, Gum Ran
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More information본발표와관련된이해관계 없음 대한당뇨병학회학술위원회
Clinical Characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in Korea 경희의대내분비대사내과 이상열 본발표와관련된이해관계 없음 대한당뇨병학회학술위원회 순서 정의 역학 병태생리 한국인데이터 치료 생각해볼문제 요약, 정리 순서 정의 역학 병태생리 한국인데이터 치료 생각해볼문제 요약, 정리 너무단순한건아닐까?
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: NCS : G * The Analy
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.133-158 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.133 NCS : G * The Analysis of the Cognitive Level of Basic Job Skills of Specialized
More information±è¹ÎÁö
531 김민지 외: 미숙아에 발생한 의인성 식도천공과 기종격증 및 종격동염 A B C D E F Fig. 1. Chest radiographs and CT scans of a premature infant. Chest radiograph at 6 days after birth (A) shows left paravertebral radiolucency at the
More information자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - 3 김신곤.pptx
제 17 차당뇨병연수강좌, 2011 인슐린치료, 어떻게할까? 다양한인슐린의처방사례 고대안암병원내분비내과 김신곤 인슐린약동학 인슐린 작용시작 ( 시간 ) 최고작용 ( 시간 ) 효과지속 ( 시간 ) 휴먼 속효성 (RI) 30분 2-3 6.5 중간형 (NPH) 1-3 5-8 18 유사체 (Analog) 아스파트 10-15분 1.0-1.5 3-5 초속효성 리스프로
More informationePapyrus PDF Document
육아지원연구 2008. 제 3권 1 호, 147-170 어린이집에서의 낮잠에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 및 실제 이 슬 기(동작구 보육정보센터)* 1) 요 약 본 연구의 목적은 어린이집에서의 일과 중 낮잠 시간에 대한 교사와 부모의 인식 및 실제를 알아봄 으로써, 교사와 부모의 협력을 통해 바람직한 낮잠 시간을 모색해 보는 데 있었다. 연구 대상은 서울, 경기지역
More informationMay 10~ Hotel Inter-Burgo Exco, Daegu Plenary lectures From metabolic syndrome to diabetes Meta-inflammation responsible for the progression fr
May 10~12 2012 Hotel Inter-Burgo Exco, Daegu Plenary lectures From metabolic syndrome to diabetes Meta-inflammation responsible for the progression from obesity to metabolic syndrome originates in the
More information7 1 ( 12 ) 1998. 1913 ( 1912 ) 4. 3) 1916 3 1918 4 1919. ( ) 1 3 1, 3 1. 1.. 1919 1920. 4) ( ), ( ),. 5) 1924 4 ( ) 1. 1925 1. 2). ( ). 6). ( ). ( ).
7 1 ( 12 ) : 1-11, 1998 K orean J M ed H ist 7 : 1-11, 1998 ISSN 1225-505X * **.,.., 1960.... 1) ( ) 1896 3 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. 1), 14 1909 1,. 14 17 1913. 2)..,. ( ) ( ),. * 1998 (1998. 5. 7). ** 1).
More information<3034C0D3BBF3C3E1B0E8C7D0BCFABCBCB9CCB3AA2E687770>
2004년 대한임상건강증진학회 춘계학술대회 Korean Society for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention [세미나 Ⅱ] 병 의원에서 건강 증진의 활성화 선우 성 울산의대 서울아산병원 가정의학과 우리 개원가의 현실은 구조적으로 일차진료의의 중요한 기 능 중의 하나인 건강증진 상담을 제대로 할 수 없도록 짜여 져 있다.
More informationECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of
More information205 Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2011, 43(4) : ISSN The Elevation Factors Associated with Increased Blood Glucose in Pregnant Women Mi-Hwa
205 ISSN 1738-3544 The Elevation Factors Associated with Increased Blood Glucose in Pregnant Women i-hwa Lee Department of Clinical Pathology, Jinju Health College, Jinju 660-757, Korea Gestational diabetes
More information09-감마선(dh)
Journal of Radiation Industry 4 (3) : 253~257 (2010) Review Paper 감마선 조사가 포인세티아의 발근, 생육 및 색상변이에 미치는 영향 이은경* 김원희 김성태 강시용 1 국립원예특작과학원, 1 한국원자력연구원 Rooting, Growth, and Color Mutation of Poinsettias Affected
More informationEffects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]
More information2017 년장애인실태조사결과 2018. 4. 보건복지부 한국보건사회연구원 목 차 2017 년도장애인실태조사주요내용 1. 조사개요 1 2. 총괄표 1 3. 주요실태조사결과 5 장애인구및출현율 5 일반특성 8 건강특성 11 사회적특성 18 일상생활및돌봄특성 22 경제적특성 25 복지서비스수요 31 2017 년도장애인실태조사주요내용 조사개요 총괄표 268 273
More informationJksvs019(8-15).hwp
Grade I Grade II Grade III 12 대한혈관외과학회지 : 제 20 권 제 1 호 2004 Control Group A Group B Fig. 4. Microscopic findings of vein wall in control, group A and group B on the day of 7 after venous occlusion. The
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More information서론
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More informationK O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction
More information歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF
13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 1 19 Jun 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * * 1 ( ) 2) 3) 4) * 1) ( ) 3 2) 7 1 3) 2 1 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 5) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 3 2 4) ( ) 6 7 5) - 2003 23 144-166 2 2 1) 6)
More information<30382EC0C7C7D0B0ADC1C22E687770>
대한내과학회지: 제 76 권 제 2 호 2009 의학강좌-개원의를 위한 모범처방(Current Clinical Practice) 간기능검사의 이해와 적용 인제대학교 의과대학 일산백병원 내과학교실 김 경 아 Understanding and application of liver function tests Kyung-Ah Kim, M.D. Department of
More informationSheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136: Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:
Sheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136:884-890 Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 03; 1:446-464 1 10 0 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE Cream Cream 80 7 70 6 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty
More information<B3EDB9AEC1FD5F3235C1FD2E687770>
오용록의 작품세계 윤 혜 진 1) * 이 논문은 생전( 生 前 )에 학자로 주로 활동하였던 오용록(1955~2012)이 작곡한 작품들을 살펴보고 그의 작품세계를 파악하고자 하는 것이다. 한국음악이론이 원 래 작곡과 이론을 포함하였던 초기 작곡이론전공의 형태를 염두에 둔다면 그의 연 구에서 기존연구의 방법론을 넘어서 창의적인 분석 개념과 체계를 적용하려는
More information순천향의대논문집
순천향의대논문집 : 제 14 권 1 호 2008 J. Soonchunhyang Med. Coll. 14(1), p255-258, 200 정상임신에서임신중과분만직후혈소판수의변화에대한연구순천향대학교의과대학산부인과학교실 문성택, 김윤숙, 전섭, 최승도, 선우재근, 배동한 The Change of the Platelet Count During Pregnancy and
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More informationTreatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy
Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal
More information원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현
원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함
More information04조남훈
Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache
More information