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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 89 권제 1 호 부갑상선선종의병소위치결정을위한영상진단법의비교 전남대학교의과대학 1 내과학교실, 2 외과학교실 한민귀 1 윤지희 1 김수정 1 김희경 1 조진성 2 강호철 1 Comparison of Ultrasonography and 99m Tc-sestamibi Scan for Preoperative Localization of Parathyroid Adenoma Min Gui Han 1, Jee Hee Yoon 1, Soo Jeong Kim 1, Hee Kyung Kim 1, Jin Seong Cho 2, and Ho-Cheol Kang 1 Departments of 1 Internal Medicine and 2 Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea Background/Aims: Primary hyperparathyroidism can be cured by minimally invasive surgery (MIS) with optimized preoperative localization. Ultrasonography (US) and 99m Tc-sestamibi (MIBI) scan are the imaging modalities most widely used for the localization of the affected glands. In this study, we defined the roles of US and MIBI scan. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 40 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for a single parathyroid adenoma between 2004 and US and scintigraphic findings were compared with operative findings. Results: Adenomas were accurately localized using US and MIBI scan in 38 patients (95%) and 37 patients (92.5%), respectively. Twenty-nine patients (76.3%) showed typical extrathyroidal hypoechoic nodule with central or peripheral vascularity, and, after MIS, we confirmed that they were suffering from a single parathyroid adenoma. Eight patients with atypical US findings and two patients with an undetectable lesion on US underwent MIS after localization using MIBI scan or computed tomography (CT). Only one patient showed an extrathyroidal cystic nodule evidenced by high parathyroid hormone cystic fluid on ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and negative MIBI scan. All lesions not localized on US were located in the superior portion. Conclusions: US is a sensitive and accurate method for the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenoma, especially if the lesion has typical US features and is located inferiorly. We suggest that US be the first localization modality and that MIBI scan or CT be used in the limited number of cases with negative US findings. (Korean J Med 2015;89:48-53) Keywords: Hyperparathyroidism; Parathyroid neoplasms; Ultrasonography; Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi 서 원발성부갑상선기능항진증 (primary hyperparathyroidism) 은 론 부갑상선호르몬의과잉분비로인한골흡수증가로고칼슘혈증을유발한다 대여성에서호발하며, 단일부갑상선선종 (parathyroid adenoma) 이 80-85% 로가장흔한원인이며, Received: Revised: Accepted: Correspondence to Ho-Cheol Kang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju , Korea Tel: , Fax: , drkang@chonnam.ac.kr Copyright c 2015 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 - Min Gui Han, et al. Ultrasonography for parathyroid adenoma - 부갑상선과증식, 다발성부갑상선선종및드물게부갑상선암에의해서도발생할수있다 [1]. 부갑상선호르몬증가는파골세포의활성을증가시켜골량및골밀도감소를초래하고, 뼈와장에서의칼슘흡수를증가시켜고칼슘혈증을일으켜신결석, 신기능감소뿐만아니라위장관계, 심혈관계, 신경계, 근육계등다양한신체증상을유발할수있다. 원발성부갑상선기능항진증의치료는수술이원칙이며, 과거에는네개의부갑상선을모두확인하는양측부갑상선탐색술 (bilateral parathyroid exploration) 이표준수술법이었지만 [2], 최근에는영상검사의발달로, 수술전병소의국소화가가능해지면서미세침습수술 (minimally invasive parathyroid surgery) 로단일선종을제거하는방법이선호되고있다 [3]. 병변의국소화를위한영상검사로경부초음파검사와 99m Tcsestamibi scan ( 99m Tc-sestamethoxyisobutylisonitryl, MIBI scan) 이주로이용되며, 자기공명영상, 전산화단층촬영술및정맥도자술을이용한부갑상선호르몬검사가도움이될수있다 [4]. MIBI 스캔은단일검사로는가장정확하게선종의위치를확인할수있는검사로알려져있지만 [5], 경부초음파검사가 MIBI 스캔에비교하여민감도와양성예측도에차이가없다는보고들이있다 [6,7]. 또한초음파검사는시행하기쉽고경제적이며, 주변해부학적구조물과의관련성에대한정보를얻기가용이하고, 방사선노출이없어, MIBI 스캔없이초음파검사만으로충분하다는주장도있다 [8]. 이에저자는수술전부갑상선선종의위치확인을위한검사로경부초음파검사와 MIBI 스캔의유용성을확인하고자하였다. 대상및방법대상 2004년 4월부터 2013년 5월까지화순전남대학교병원에서수술후병리조직검사상단일부갑상선선종으로진단된 43 예의환자중수술전초음파와 MIBI 스캔이모두시행된 40 예 ( 남자 11명, 여자 29명 ) 를대상으로후향적으로분석하였다. 모든환자는초음파검사후 MIBI 스캔이시행되었으며, 수술직후와다음날부갑상선호르몬을측정하여부갑상선선종의성공적인수술적제거여부를확인하였다. 방법초음파검사및 MIBI 스캔단일시술자에의해 5-13 MHz 선형탐촉자 (linear probe) 를이용한고해상도경부초음파검사 (Logiq9, GE Medical system, Milwaukee, WI, USA or ACUSON Antares, Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA, USA) 가시행되었으며, 부갑상선선종의초음파특징을관찰하고그크기와위치를확인하였다. 99m Tc-sestamibi 를주사한후 15분, 120분째부갑상선의전면상과 pinhole 영상을각각촬영하였고두개골하방에서흉부상방까지의영역에대하여 single-photon emission computed tomography (CT) 영상을추가로얻었다. 초음파와 MIBI 스캔에서관찰되는부갑상선병변의위치를수술로확인된위치와비교하여각검사의진단적가치를평가하였다. 통계 모든자료의통계처리는 SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였다. Unpaired sample t-test, Chi-square test 및 McNemar test 로비교하였다. 결과는정규분포를따르는경우평균과표준편차로나타내었고, 정규분포를따르지않는경우중앙값과범주로기술하였다. 통계학적유의수준은 p 값이 0.05 미만인경우로정의하였다. 결 40 명의환자 ( 남자 11 명, 여자 29 명 ) 의평균연령은 53.1 ± 13.2 Table 1. Characteristics of 40 patients with parathyroid adenoma Characteristics Values Age, yr 53.1 ± 13.2 Gender, male, n (%) 11 (27.5) Predominant symptom, n (%) Asymptomatic 31 (77.5) Osteoporosis 8 (20) Nephrolithiasis 7 (17.5) CKD stage 3, 4 a 8 (20) Preoperative ipth (pg/ml) b (31-6,340) Preoperative calcium (mg/dl) 11.0 ± 1.3 Location of adenoma at surgery, n (%) Right inferior 23 (57.5) Left inferior 13 (32.5) Left superior 1 (2.5) Right superior 3 (7.5) Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. CKD, chronic kidney disease; ipth, intact parathyroid hormone. a CKD stage was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation. b Data are expressed as median (range). 과
3 대한내과학회지: 제 89 권 제 1 호 통권 제 659 호 2015 세였다. 특별한 증상이 없었던 31예의 환자는 모두 건강검진 치에 확인된 경우가 36예(90%)였으며, 초음파 검사에서만 진 에서 발견된 이상인 고칼슘혈증(16예), 경부 초음파 검사에서 단된 경우가 2예, MIBI 스캔에서만 진단된 경우가 1예였다. 발견된 종괴(15예)에 대한 검사를 통해 진단되었다. 6예는 변 비, 관절통 또는 전신 쇠약감 및 의식변화와 같은 증상에 대 Table 2. Comparison of preoperative imaging studies Not detected on MIBI scan Detected on MIBI scan Total Not detected on US Detected on US Total 해 시행된 검사에서 고칼슘혈증이 확인되었으며, 3예는 50세 미만에서 발생한 골다공증의 원인검사를 통해 원발성 부갑 상선기능항진증으로 진단되었다. 전체 환자 중 8예(20%)에서 골다공증이 동반되어 있었으며, 7예(17.5%)에서 신장 결석이 있었다. 신기능 저하(glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/ 1.73 m2)를 보인 환자는 8예(20%)였다(Table 1). 부갑상선선종이 초음파 검사와 MIBI 스캔에서 동일한 위 Detection rates of parathyroid adenoma on MIBI scan and US did not differ according to McNemar test (p = 1.000). US, ultrasonography; MIBI, 99mTc-sestamibi. A B C D Figure 1. Representative case of right lower parathyroid adenoma with typical ultrasonography images. (A) Axial view, (B) longitudinal view, (C) axial Doppler image, (D) positive 99mTc-sestamibi scan. The arrow indicates parathyroid adenoma
4 - 한민귀외 5 인. 부갑상선선종의초음파적진단 - A B Figure 2. A case of left lower parathyroid adenoma with (A) atypical ultrasonography image and (B) negative 99m Tc-sestamibi scan. The arrow indicates parathyroid adenoma with cystic change. 나머지 1예에서는초음파와 MIBI 스캔모두에서확인되지않았으나, 경부전산화단층촬영에서갑상선우엽후방에 2 cm 종괴가관찰되었고수술을통해우상부부갑상선선종으로확인되었다 (Table 2). 38예 (95%) 의환자에서초음파검사로부갑상선선종의위치가확인되었으며, 상부가 2예 (5.3%) 하부가 36예 (94.7%) 였고, 평균크기는 2.0 ± 1.0 cm였다. 초음파검사에서관찰되지않았던 1예에서 MIBI 스캔을통해우상부에위치한 1.5 cm 선종이국소화되었다. 갑상선외부에혈류증가를동반한저에코성결절로관찰되는부갑상선선종의전형적인초음파소견을보인경우가 29예 (76.3%) 였으며 (Fig. 1), MIBI 스캔에서관찰되지않은 1예를제외하고 MIBI 스캔에서동일위치의섭취증가가보였고, 수술을통해같은위치의선종임이확인되었다. 2예는갑상선외부에낭성변화를동반하는결절로관찰되었으며, 그중 1예는세침흡인검사상양성갑상선결절로진단되었으나 MIBI 스캔에서동일위치의섭취증가가관찰되어수술이시행되었다. 다른 1예는 MIBI 스캔에서관찰되지않았으나낭액에서측정된부갑상선호르몬이 3,000 pg/ml 이상으로측정되어수술이시행되었다 (Fig. 2). 나머지 7예는갑상선내부의종괴로관찰되었으며, 이중 3예는저에코성결절, 4예는동일에코결절이었으며, 모두 MIBI 스캔을통해동일위치의부갑상선병변임을확인후수술이시행되었다. 부갑상선선종의위치확인을위한경부초음파검사의민감도는 95.0% 였고, 특징적인초음파소견을보이는경우만 을포함한경부초음파검사의민감도는 93.5% 였다. MIBI 스캔의민감도는 92.5% 였으며, 두방법을모두이용했을때민감도는 97.5% 였다. 부갑상선선종의발견율은초음파검사와 MIBI 스캔간에 McNemar 검정시유의한차이는없었다 (p = 1.000). 고찰본연구에서단일부갑상선선종의국소화를위한경부초음파검사와 MIBI 스캔의민감도는각각 95.0% 와 92.5% 로확인되었다. 29예 (72.5%) 의환자에서초음파검사에서전형적인부갑상선선종의특징을보였으며, 초음파에서비전형적인소견이었거나병변이관찰되지않았던 11예중 10예는추가적인 MIBI 스캔을통해국소화가가능했다. 원발성부갑상선기능항진증은고칼슘혈증을초래하는가장흔한원인으로, 최근건강검진에서혈청칼슘측정이일반화되면서무증상환자의빈도가증가되고있다 [9]. 원인질환으로는단일부갑상선선종이 80-85% 로가장흔하며, 부갑상선과증식증이약 15% 의원인을차지하고, 드물지만다발성부갑상선선종과부갑상선암이원인이될수있다 [1]. 증가된부갑상선호르몬은뼈에서의칼슘재흡수를증가시켜골다공증과고칼슘혈증을일으키고, 신장결석을유발한다 [1]. 식욕부진, 구역질, 변비, 다음및다뇨등의증상이동반될수있고, 근력저하와무기력, 인지장애등이발생할수있으며증상이있는경우수술적치료가필요하다. 또한, 50세이하의
5 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 89, No. 1, 젊은나이에진단되거나혈청총칼슘이정상보다 1 mg/dl 이상증가된경우, 또는골밀도에이상이있거나척추골절이있는경우, 신기능이감소된경우와신장결석이동반된경우에는다른증상이없더라도수술적치료가필요하다 [2]. 원발성부갑상선기능항진증의치료는수술적절제가원칙이며, 최근수술전병변의정확한국소화가가능해지면서최소침습부갑상선절제술이가능해졌으며, 과거의양측부갑상선탐색술에비해입원기간과마취시간및절개범위가감소하는효과를가져왔다 [10]. 최소침습부갑상선절제술을위해서는수술전정확한병소의위치확인이중요하며경부초음파검사와 MIBI 스캔이주로이용되고있다 [4]. 부갑상선선종의초음파소견은갑상선엽의후방이나측방에위치한외부종괴로타원형의저에코성결절이특징적이며 [9], 도플러초음파를통해선종내부혹은주변부의혈류증가소견이있다면정확도를높일수있다고알려져있다 [11]. 초음파검사는실시간검사가가능하며방사선노출이없고부갑상선선종외에갑상선을포함한주위조직의위치확인에용이한장점이있다. 메타분석에따르면단일선종의경우민감도가 79% 이며, 위양성의빈도가 MIBI 스캔에비해낮은것으로보고되고있어비용-효과면에서도유리한검사법이다 [12]. 하지만검사자의숙련도에따라민감도의차이가발생하며 [8], 갑상선외부의저에코성결절은갑상선주변림프절비대와의구별이어렵고, 갑상선내위치한부갑상선선종이거나다결절성갑상선종이있는경우갑상선결절과감별이쉽지않다는단점이있다. 초음파검사에서관찰되지않는이소성부갑상선선종이의심되는경우추가적인영상학적검사를통한진단이필요하다 [13,14]. MIBI 스캔은 99m Tc-sestamibi 를혈관에주입한후 15분, 120 분째감마카메라를이용하여영상을얻는다. 부갑상선선종의세포는미토콘드리아가풍부하기때문에 99m Tc-sestamibi 가선종에서섭취가증가되고정상부갑상선세포에비해제거가지연되는특징이있다. MIBI 스캔은이특징을이용해진단하는방법으로, 단일선종의경우민감도와특이도가각각 %, 90% 로원발성부갑상선기능항진증의국소화를위한단일검사로는가장정확한검사로알려져있다 [5]. 하지만선종의크기가작거나선종을구성하는세포에서미토콘드리아가풍부한세포 (oxyphil cells) 가적고혈류량이떨어져있는경우위음성을보일수있으며, 드물게갑상선결절로인한위양성소견을보일수있다. 또한, 방사능노출과해부학적으로정확한위치를결정하기어려운단점이있어 [5] 초음파검사와함께상호보완적으로이용될수있다 [15,16]. 본연구에서는 29예 (72.5%) 에서초음파검사상전형적인부갑상선선종의특징을보였으며 MIBI 스캔에서관찰되지않은 1예를제외하고는모두 MIBI 스캔과동일한위치임이확인되어추가적인 MIBI 스캔의필요성이없었을것으로생각한다. 하지만초음파상관찰되지않거나비전형적인소견이보이는경우추가적인 MIBI 스캔이병변의국소화를확인하기위한중요한검사법으로이용되었다. 상부선종 4예중 2예는초음파에서관찰되지않았으며, 1예는 MIBI 스캔을통해서, 나머지 1예는전산화단층촬영술을통해병변의위치를확인할수있었다. 이는 Adkisson 등 [17] 이상부부갑상선선종에서경부초음파와 MIBI 스캔의민감도가떨어짐을보고한연구의결과와일치한다. 따라서경부초음파와 MIBI 스캔에서부갑상선선종의위치가확인되지않는경우상부부갑상선선종의위치를면밀히검토하는것이좋겠고, 추가적인전산화단층촬영술이나자기공명영상또한고려되어야겠다. 본연구의제한점으로는수술적으로진단을받은단일부갑상선선종환자만을대상으로하여과증식증환자나부갑상선암환자들에있어수술전위치확인을위한검사의유용성에대한결과는배제되었다. 본연구의목적이병적부갑상선선종의영상의학적진단으로, 과증식증환자또는이차성, 삼차성부갑성항진증이있을때여러개의부갑상선비대는수술소견과영상학적소견을직접비교하기가어려울수있어 Adkisson 등 [17] 의연구에서와같이단일선종만을대상으로하였다. 또한단일기관의후향적연구로경부초음파나 MIBI 스캔의위양성증례를확인하지못하여검사의특이도및양성예측도등을확인하지못해, 두검사의유용성을직접비교하기힘든점이있다. 적은수의환자를대상으로진행된연구로특징적인초음파소견이없는경우나 MIBI 스캔의섭취감소가갖는임상적인특징을확인하는데제한이있어이는대규모연구를통해확인되어야하겠다. 결론적으로, 경부초음파검사와 MIBI 스캔은수술전단일부갑상선선종의위치확인에있어높은민감도를갖는검사이지만, 대부분의환자에서경부초음파검사만으로병변의국소화가가능하다. MIBI 스캔은경부초음파검사에서비전형적인특징을보이거나병변이관찰되지않는일부환자에서만제한적으로시행하는것이좋겠다. 요약목적 : 부갑상선선종의수술전국소화에있어경부초음
6 - Min Gui Han, et al. Ultrasonography for parathyroid adenoma - 파검사와 MIBI 스캔의역할을비교하고자하였다. 방법 : 2004년 4월부터 2013년 5월까지화순전남대학교병원에서수술후병리조직검사상단일부갑상선선종으로진단된 40예환자들의초음파, MIBI 스캔상의위치와수술시의위치를비교한후향적연구이다. 결과 : 초음파의민감도는 95%, MIBI 스캔의민감도는 92.5% 였으며, 29예 (76.3%) 의환자에서전형적인초음파소견을보였다. 비전형적초음파소견을보인경우 8예와초음파상확인되지않은 2예가있어 MIBI 스캔이나 CT로병변을확인한후수술하였다. 스캔상확인되지않았던한예에서세침흡인검사를통한낭액의 ipth를확인후수술하였다. 초음파상확인되지않았던 2예는모두상부의선종이었다. 결론 : 경부초음파검사는초음파상전형적이거나하부에위치한선종의경우특히수술전국소화에민감도와정확도가높은검사이다. 이에저자는경부초음파검사를수술전국소화에우선적으로추천하며, 초음파상확인되지않는경우추가적인 MIBI 스캔이나 CT 등의검사가필요하겠다. 중심단어 : 부갑상선기능항진증 ; 부갑상선선종 ; 경부초음파 ; Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi REFERENCES 1. Silverberg SJ. Natural history of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2000;29: Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99: Bergenfelz A, Kanngiesser V, Zielke A, Nies C, Rothmund M. Conventional bilateral cervical exploration versus open minimally invasive parathyroidectomy under local anaesthesia for primary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg 2005;92: Uruno T, Kebebew E. How to localize parathyroid tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism? J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29: McHenry CR, Lee K, Saadey J, Neumann DR, Esselstyn CB Jr. Parathyroid localization with technetium-99m-sestamibi: a prospective evaluation. J Am Coll Surg 1996;183: Mohammadi A, Moloudi F, Ghasemi-rad M. The role of colour Doppler ultrasonography in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas. Endocr J 2012;59: Nasiri S, Soroush A, Hashemi AP, Hedayat A, Donboli K, Mehrkhani F. Parathyroid adenoma Localization. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2012;26: Vitetta GM, Neri P, Chiecchio A, et al. Role of ultrasonography in the management of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: retrospective comparison with technetium- 99m sestamibi scintigraphy. J Ultrasound 2014;17: Chung HK, Kim DY, Woo JT, et al. Review of clinical characteristics of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Korean Soc Endocrinol 1992;7: Salti GI, Fedorak I, Yashiro T, et al. Continuing evolution in the operative management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg 1992;127: ; discussion Rickes S, Sitzy J, Neye H, Ocran KW, Wermke W. High-resolution ultrasound in combination with colour-doppler sonography for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Ultraschall Med 2003;24: Ruda JM, Hollenbeak CS, Stack BC Jr. A systematic review of the diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism from 1995 to Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 132: Haber RS, Kim CK, Inabnet WB. Ultrasonography for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism: comparison with (99m)technetium sestamibi scintigraphy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 57: Johnson NA, Tublin ME, Ogilvie JB. Parathyroid imaging: technique and role in the preoperative evaluation of primary hyperparathyroidism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188: Lumachi F, Zucchetta P, Marzola MC, et al. Advantages of combined technetium-99m-sestamibi scintigraphy and highresolution ultrasonography in parathyroid localization: comparative study in 91 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;143: Siperstein A, Berber E, Mackey R, Alghoul M, Wagner K, Milas M. Prospective evaluation of sestamibi scan, ultrasonography, and rapid PTH to predict the success of limited exploration for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2004;136: Adkisson CD, Koonce SL, Heckman MG, Thomas CS, Harris AS, Casler JD. Predictors of accuracy in preoperative parathyroid adenoma localization using ultrasound and Tc-99m- Sestamibi: a 4-quadrant analysis. Am J Otolaryngol 2013;34:
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