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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 73 권제 2 호 2007 만성신부전으로발현된 Erdheim-Chester disease 1 예 가톨릭대학교의과대학내과학교실 황현석 지병수 이진국 김진영 최범순 양철우 김용수 =Abstract= A case of Erdheim-Chester disease that presented with chronic renal failure Hyun Suk Hwang, M.D., Byoung Su Ji, M.D., Chin Kook Lee, M.D., Jin Young Kim, M.D., Bum Soon Choi. M.D., Chul Woo Yang, M.D. and Yong Soo Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare non-langerhans cell histiocytic disorder of an unknown cause that may associate with multisystem, rapidly fatal, infiltrative disease. We report here on a case of Erdheim-Chester disease in a 45-year-old man who presented with chronic renal failure. The patient visited a local clinic due to renal failure that was accidentally diagnosed on a routine health examination. At that time, abdominal computed tomography revealed retroperitoneal fibrosis and bilateral hydronephrosis. However, he did not visit hospital for further evaluation. After 1 year, he visited our clinic due to exertional dyspnea that had developed several months previously. The chest and abdominal CT showed interstitial pneumonitis and pleural effusion and there was progressed hydronephrosis and perirenal fibrosis. He was diagnosed with Erdheim-Chester disease based on the characteristic findings of pleural biopsy (interstitial fibrosis, infiltration of macrophge, CD68-positive but S-100 negative). The patient was treated with insertion of a double J catheter and immunesuppression with prednisolone and azathioprine. Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare disease, but it should be considered in those patients displaying chronic renal failure with retroperitoneal fibrosis.(korean J Med 73: , 2007) Key Words : Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Chronic renal failure 서론 Erdheim-Chester disease ( 이하 ECD로명칭 ) 는 1930 년미국병리학자 Erdheim 과 Chester 에의해처음보고된질환으로포말대식세포의침습이황색육아종증을일으켜다발성장기침범조직구증을보이는매우드문전신질환이며현재까지외국에서는약 180예가보고된바있다 1). 발견당시랑게르한스조직구증으로오인되기도하였으나랑게르한스과립및 S-100항체의무발현이랑게르한스조직구증과다른독립적인원발성포식세포 장애로정의되고있다 2). ECD의발병연령은 7세에서 84세까지다양한연령층을보이나대부분 40세이상에서발병하였으며 50~ 60대에서최고발병율을보인다. 성별차이는보고된바에따라차이가있으나남자에서더호발하는것으로알려져있고남자에서발병연령이더높은것으로보고된다 3). 현재까지원발성포식세포장애라는것외에는정확히밝혀진병태생리기전은없으나일부에서단세포군증식을보인사례가있어종양성질환임을시사한사례도있다 4). 침범장기에따라무증상에서치명적인 Received : Accepted : Correspondence to : Chul Woo Yang, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul , Korea yangch@catholic.ac.kr
2 -Hyun Suk Hwang, et al : A case of Erdheim-Chester disease that presented with chronic renal failure - Figure 1. Periorbital xanthelasma is seen. It is especially eminent in the medial upper eyelid and mild exopthalmus is also present. 경우까지다양한임상발현을보이는데미열, 체중감소, 식욕부진, 전신쇄약의전신증상을동반하며약절반의환자에있어서근골격계외의증상을보이게된다. 국내에서는안구, 골격계, 피부등의장기를침범한보고가있었으나 5, 6) 후복막및신장주변을침범하여만성신부전으로이행된보고는없었다. 이에저자들은만성신부전의원인을찾던중후복막섬유화를동반한 Erdheim- Chester disease 1예를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 증례환자 : 김 열, 남자, 45세주소 : 수개월간의전신쇄약과노작성호흡곤란현병력 : 내원 1년전검진에서우연히신기능감소가발견되어원인을찾기위해시행한신초음파및복부전산화단층촬영에서양측성수신증및후복막섬유화가관찰되었으나더이상병원을방문하지않아추적소실되었다. 이후내원수개월전부터발생한노작성호흡곤란이점차악화되어정밀검사위해내원하였다. 과거력및가족력 : 특이사항없음. 약물복용력 : 특이사항없음. 이학적소견 : 입원당시혈압 160/100 mmhg, 맥박 60회 / 분, 호흡수 16회 / 분, 체온은 36.4 이었다. 만성병색을띠었으나의식은명료하였다. 두경부진찰소견에서안와주위황색반 ( 그림 1) 과안구돌출증이관찰되었다. 흉부이학적검사에서양측폐하부에호흡음감소와경도의수포음및흉막마찰음이청진되었다. 복부진찰소견에서특이소견은없었고, 양하지에경도의함요부종이동반되어있었다. 신경학적검사및근골격계진찰에서특이소견은없었다. 검사실소견 : 말초혈액검사에서백혈구 8,300/mm 3 Figure 2. There are osteosclerotic lesions in both femur heads and acetabulums. Osteolytic lesion is seen in both peritrochantric areas. ( 중성구 78%, 림프구 13%, 단핵구 7%), 혈색소 10.8 g/dl, 혈소판 332,000/mm 3 이었고, 동맥혈가스검사에서 ph 7.347, pco 2 36 mmhg, po 2 86 mmhg, HCO 3 20 mmol/l, O2 Sat 98%, 음이온차는 10으로정상이었다. 생화학검사에서 BUN 52.6 mg/dl, 크레아티닌 2.36 mg/dl로증가되어있었고, 총단백 5.8 g/dl, 알부민 3.2 g/dl으로감소되어있었다. AST 25 IU/L, ALT 13 IU/L, 총빌리루빈 0.34 mg/dl, 칼슘 7.9 mg/dl, 인 4.4 mg/dl, 나트륨 / 칼륨 134/4.5 meq/l, LDH 338 IU/L, CPK 75 IU/L로정상범위였으며적혈구침강속도 38 mm/h, C-반응성단백질은 3.64 mg/dl로상승되었다. 소변검사는비중 단백뇨 -, RBC 20-30/HPF, WBC 0-1/HPF 이었고, 3차례시행한소변항산균염색에서모두음성소견이었다. 24시간소변검사에서요량 3900 ml, 단백뇨 0.9 g/day, 크레아티닌청소율 30 ml/min, FeNa 0.007로측정되었다. C3/C4는 111/24 mg/dl, 자가면역검사 (RA factor, FANA, ANCA, anti DNA Ab, Anti GBM Ab, Anti nrnp, Anti Lo Ab, Anti Ra Ab, Anti Scl70 Ab, Anti Jo-1 Ab, Anti PM/Scl Ab, Anti histone Ab) 결과모두음성이었고, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE 모두정상범위였으며단백전기영동검사, 면역전기영동검사상에서도다세포군감마글로불린병증 (polyclonal gammopathy) 외에는특이소견없 었다. 종양표지자로암종배아항원 (CEA), 전립선특이항체 (PSA, free PSA), CA 19-9 항원, 알파태아단백 (α-fetoprotein) 도모두정상범위였다. 늑막액검사상
3 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 73 권제 2 호통권제 564 호 A B C Figure 3. (A) Pericardial thickening and bilateral pleural effusion are visible. Some patches of lung lesion are also seen. (B) Small multiple lymph nodes and inflammatory tissue such as coated aorta and thickened pericardium are seen at the right upper and lower paratracheal nodal station and on the aorto-pulmonary window. (C) Centri-nodular infiltration is also seen with both interlobular septal fissural thickenings. Figure 4. Diffuse band-like infiltrating lesions such as capsulitis are seen in the bilateral perirenal space. Perirenal infiltration lesions shows little contrast enhancement and they extend to the peri-ureteral space
4 - 황현석외 6 인 : 만성신부전으로발현된 Erdheim-Chester disease 1 예 - Figure 5. Multiple ureteral narrowings and stricture are seen, yet a beaded appearance is not seen in both ureters. A B C Figure 6. (A) ( 200): There is a diffuse lipid-laden macrophage infiltration admixed with some lymphocytes, plasma cells and a few eosinophils, along with fibrosis. (B) ( 200): Immunohistochemical staining of CD68 reveals cytoplasmic staining in most macrophages. (C) ( 200): Immunohistochemical staining of S100 protein reveals cytoplasmic or nuclear staining only in few macrophages (<5%)
5 -The Korean Journal of Medicine : Vol. 73, No. 2, ph 7.8, 백혈구 525/mm 3 ( 중성구 28%, 림프구 72%), 적혈구 2,070/mm 3, 늑막액 / 혈장단백질 0.34, 늑막액 / 혈장 LDH 0.88로삼출액소견을보였다. 방사선학적소견 : 흉부 X-선사진에서양측흉막삼출액과다발성폐실질병변이관찰되었다. 양측고관절촬영에서대퇴골두와비구주변으로골경화성병변과골융해성병변이함께보였다 ( 그림 2). 흉부전산화단층촬영에서종격동임파선비대와주요종격동장기주변으로의염증소견이보였고, 무기폐, 중심소엽성결절성병변및간질성음영증가가확인되었다 ( 그림 3). 복부전산화단층촬영상양측신장주위공간에서미만형침습성병변이관찰되었으며이병변이요관의주행경로를따라요관주위로침습하여양측수신증을일으킴을보여주었다 ( 그림 4). 이는내원 1년전시행한복부전산화단층촬영과비교하였을때더진행된소견을보이고있었다. 이중 J형요관카테터삽입하면서시행한신우조영술에서우측하부요관의약 1.8 cm 분절의협착과왼쪽요관의상부, 중부에서다발성협착이관찰되었다 ( 그림 5). 그러나요관결핵에서주로보이는염주모양의요관주행경로및석회화소견은관찰되지않았다. 병리소견 : 흉막조직검사에서섬유화와지질을함유한대식세포미만적침윤이관찰되었고일부림프구와형질세포, 호산구도보였으며항산균조직염색은음성이었다 ( 그림 6A). 면역조직화학염색에서 CD68 강양성 ( 그림 6B), S-100항체음성 ( 그림 6C) 소견을보이고있어 Erdheimchester disease에합당한결과를보였다. 치료및경과 : 이중 J형요관카테터를삽입한후수신증이호전되면서혈중크레아티닌도점차감소하였으나정상화되지는않았다. 이와함께프레드니솔론 60 mg/d을경구투여하였다. 3개월후시행한혈청크레아티닌은 1.5 mg/dl 이었으며현재까지유지되고있고, 4 개월후시행한복부전산화단층촬영에서수신증은호전되었으나신장주위의침습성염증병변및후복막섬유화는진행하고있었다. 프레드니솔론을투여하면서흉막삼출액및다발성폐실질병변의호전을가져왔으며흉막삼출액은단순흉부촬영에서는거의사라진상태이다. 현재기존의프레드니솔론에 azathioprine (100 mg/d) 을추가하였고추적관찰중이다. 고찰 ECD의진단은특징적인골병변을포함한임상양상으로의심할수있으며감별진단으로는사르코이드증, 랑게르한스세포조직구증, 임프종, 아밀로이드증등이있다. 확진을위해서는조직검사와면역조직염색이필요하다. 또한침범한해당장기의해부학적및기능적손상을확인하기위해전산화단층촬영및자기공명영상을이용하며무증상골병변을확인하기위해 Technetium 99m MDP scan이나 Gallium 67 citrate scan을시행하기도한다 7). 조직검사에서는랑게르한스조직구증과비슷한소견을보이기도하나 CD68 염색양성, CD1a, S-100항체음성소견을보이면서 Birbeck 과립이보이지않는것으로감별할수있다 8). 본증례에서는전신쇄약및만성신부전의원인평가과정에서후복막섬유화, 간질성폐렴및장골의근위부침범, 안와돌출과황색종으로발현된 ECD를의심할수있었으며흉막생검에서특징적인섬유화조직과지질을함유한대식세포가관찰되었고, CD68 염색양성, S-100음성소견을보여 ECD를확진할수있었다. 신경학적증상, 요붕증, 심부전등 ECD의전신침범으로인한다른증상은없었다. 특징적으로이전에보고된국내문헌에서 5) 신부전은 1예가있었으나이미말기신부전상태에서안과적발현으로나중에발견되었고본증례처럼만성신부전의원인으로서 Erdheim-chester disease 가진단된예는없었다. ECD에서후복막섬유화는약 25% 에서발생하며 3) 요관폐쇄로인한후신후성신부전이나신장동맥침범, 신장피막염 (renal capsulitis), 콩팥동굴 (renal sinus), 혹은콩팥실질의직접침범으로신기능소실을유발시킨다 9). 그러나후복막섬유화증은 ECD에만특이적으로발생하는하지않고약 1/3에서원인을찾을수있으며 2/3 에서는원인을찾을수없다. 대표적인원인질환으로는면역증, 종양, 약물, 출혈, 외상, 감염, 중증동맥경화가제시되며본증례에서도이들질환과의감별을요하였다 10). 본증례의경우약물, 출혈, 외상, 감염및중증동맥경화등의원인은문진, 이학적검사및검사실소견으로배제하였으며원발성림프종에의한후복막섬유화증의가능성은본증레의경우림프종에의한전신적임상발현이없었고, 복부림프절종대가 1년전과비교하여크게변화가없다는점에서제외할수있었다. 또한아밀로이드증은자가항체검사, 임상양상, 조직검사및
6 -Hyun Suk Hwang, et al : A case of Erdheim-Chester disease that presented with chronic renal failure - 면역전기영동검사등를통하여감별진단하였다. 폐침범은 ECD의약 20% 의경우에서발생하고대개조직구의폐간질침착으로나타나며임파선주위, 기관지혈관주위와늑막하조직에서뚜렷하다 11). 흉부전산화단층촬영에서본증례에서나타난것과같이소엽사이막과대엽틈새음영증가와중심결절이특징적이며 12) 피막대동맥소견 (caoted aorta) 은다른질환에서는흔히나타나지않은방사선소견으로 ECD의진단적가치를가진다 13). 폐기능검사에서는이산화탄소확산능이감소되어있는제한성폐질환의형태로보인다 12). 본증례는이전에보고된국내문헌과달리 5, 6) 후복막침범과동시에특징적인중심소엽성결절과간질성폐렴을동반했다는점이특징적이다. ECD 환자에서는특징적인골병변은대부분의경우하지에나타나며장골의몸통 (diaphysis), 몸통끝 (metaphysis) 에서대칭적으로나타나고주로골경화성병변이동반된다 12). 이러한골변화는무증상혹은관절통, 부종등의증상으로나타낼수있다. 본증례는특별한증상없었으며복부사진에서우연히대퇴골및골반골에골병변이발견되었고, 이전에보고된바와달리골경화성뿐아니라융해성병변도함께관찰되었다. 또한중추신경계를침범한경우요붕증, 소뇌증후군, 안와침범, 가성종양 (pseudotumor) 등으로나타날수있고안와주위황색반이나황색종및양측성안구돌출증을동반할수있다 14). 본증례의경우특징적인안와침범소견을보였으나특별한증상을나타내지않아탈수검사및뇌자기공명영상은시행하지않았다. 그외췌장, 담관, 부신, 전신혈관등에침범할수있다고하였으나 9) 본증례에서명백한침범소견은역시관찰되지않았다. 현재까지 ECD에확립된치료는없으며대증적치료와항염증약제를사용하고있다 15). 후복막섬유화로인한요관폐쇄은경피적요로배액술이나비침습적내비뇨기과적수술적요법 (endourological surgery) 등을시행할수있다 9). 경험적으로 cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, adriamycin, colchicine, 방사선치료등이사용되었으며스테로이드가안구돌출증, 신장, 골침범을개선시켰다는보고가있고, vinblastine과 adriamycin 병합요법혹은 cylophopsphamide 병합요법이신장및후복막침습에효과를보였다는예도있다 16). 또한골침범에있어서 bisphosphonate 계열의약제를사용하여효과를밝힌증례도있으나 17) 대부분질병경과를호전시키기보다는 진행속도를늦추고증상완화시키는데그치고있다. 그외치료반응이좋지않은경우고농도 etoposide 와함께자가조혈모세포이식등이일부좋은성적을보이고 있으며 18) INF-α 를사용하여 ECD 치료에서우수한성적을거둔예가있다 19). 본증례의경우프레드니솔론치료후염증인자가정상으로감소하였고, 전신쇄약의증상도호전되는양상을보였다. 그러나후복막섬유화증은진행하고있어향후보다적극적인면역요법을고려하고있다. ECD의예후는다양하나주로근골격계이외의장기침범정도에따라좌우되며평균생존기간은 32개월로예후가불량하다. 대부분의환자들이근골격계를제외한하나이상의장기침범소견을보이게되고이것은랑게르한스조직구증의 Ekert`s 분류 C나 D와유사한예후를보인다. 대부분의환자들은심부전, 폐경화, 신부전등이진단된후 6개월이내에 36%, 3년내에 50% 정도가사망하였다 3). 이들의주요사망원인은호흡부전, 혹은심부전이었으며폐를침범한경우 50% 에서전격성으로진행한다고하였다 11). 본증례의진단시기를고려하면현재 18개월째경과하였으며신기능은비교적양호하고심부전과폐경화의소견은보이지않고있다. 요약 Erdheim-Chester disease는포말대식세포에의한전신염증반응을일으키는드문질환이다. 본증례는만성신부전으로발현하여원인을찾는과정에서 Erdheim- Chester disease를진단하게되었다. 만성신부전의원인으로 Erdheim-Chester disease는드문질환이나원인미상의후복막섬유화증이있는경우 Erdheim-Chester disease에대한가능성을고려하는것이중요하다고판단된다. 중심단어 : Erdheim-Chester disease, 후복막섬유화증, 만성신부전 REFERENCES 1) Allen TC, Chevez-Barrios P, Shetlar DJ, Cagle PT. Pulmonary and ophthalmic involvement with Erdheim- Chester disease: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128: , ) Devouassoux G, Lantuejoul S, Chatelain P, Brambilla E, Brambilla C. Erdheim-Chester disease: a primary
7 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 73 권제 2 호통권제 564 호 macrophage cell disorder. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: , ) Veyssier-Belot C, Cacoub P, Caparros-Lefebvre D, Wechsler J, Brun B, Remy M, Wallaert B, Petit H, Grimaldi A, Wechsler B, Godeau P. Erdheim-Chester disease: clinical and radiologic characteristics of 59 cases. Medicine 75: , ) Chetritt J, Paradis V, Dargere D, Adle-Biassette H, Maurage CA, Mussini JM, Vital A, Wechsler J, Bedossa P. Chester-Erdheim disease: a neoplastic disorder. Hum Pathol 30: , ) 김윤정, 김윤덕. Erdheim-Chester Disease 의안와침범의 2 례. 대한안과학회지 43: , ) 이현숙, 인승균, 이종록, 신정현, 최광성. A case of Erdheim-Chester disease. 대한피부과학회지 43: , ) Franzius C, Sciuk J, Bremer C, Kempkes M, Schober O. Determination of extent and activity with radionuclide imaging in Erdheim-Chester disease. Clin Nucl Med 24: , ) Sheu SY, Wenzel RR, Kersting C, Merten R, Ptterbach F, Schmid KW. Erdheim-Chester disease: case report with multisystemic manifestations including testes, thyroid, and lymph nodes, and a review of literature. J Clin Pathol 57: , ) Fortman BJ, Beall DP. Erdheim-Chester disease of the retroperitoneum: a rare cause of ureteral obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176: , ) Moroni G, Dore R, Collini P. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Nephrol 18: , ) Kinkor Z. Severe pulmonary involvement in Erdheim- Chester disease. Cesk Patol 37: , ) Chung JH, Park MS, Shind DH, Choe KO, Kim SK, Chang J, Kim SK, Kim YS. Pulmonary involvement in Erdheim-Chester disesase. Respirology 10: , ) Serratrice J, Granel B, De Roux C, Pellissier JF, Swiader L, Bartoli JM, Disdier P, Weiller PJ. "Coated aorta": a new sign of Erdheim-Chester disease. J Rheumatol 27: , ) De Abreu MR, Chung CB, Biswal S, Haghighi P, Hesselink J, Resnick D. Erdheim-Chester disease: MR imaging, anatomic, and histopathologic correlation of orbital involvement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25: , ) Koziolek MJ, Kunze E, Muller A, Thiem V, Scheel AK, Muller D, Muller GA, Strutz F. Erdheim- Chester disease. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 130:25-28, ) Bourke SC, Nicholson AG, Gibson GJ. Erdheim- Chester disease: pulmonary infiltration responding to cyclophosphamide and prednisolone. Thorax 58: , ) Eyigor S, Kirazli Y, Memis A, Basdemir G. Erdheim- Chester disease: the effect of bisphosphonate treatment: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86: , ) Boissel N, Wechsler B, Leblond V. Treatment of refractory Erdheim-Chester disease with double autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Ann Intern Med 135: , ) Braiteh F, Boxrud C, Esmaeli B, Kurzrock R. Successful treatment of Erdheim-Chester disease, a non-langerhans-cell histiocytosis, with interferonalpha. Blood 106: ,
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