Microsoft Word - 3.[560] The Change of Body Surface Length by Sagittal Motion in Upper Arm
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1 The Change of Body Surface Length by Sagittal Motion in Upper Arm Eunjung Seo¹, Hyunsook Kim¹, Jongsuk Chun² 1 Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Yonsei University, Seoul, , Korea. 1 Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Yonsei University, Seoul, , Korea. 2 Professor Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Yonsei University, Seoul, , Korea. ABSTRACT Objective: 본연구의목적은상지의수직동작각도변화에따른상완부위의체표면변화량을파악하고분석하는데있다. Background: 활동시쾌적한의복의개발을위해서동적자세의체표길이변화를 3D스캔데이터를분석하여파악하는연구들이이루어지고있다. 그러나대부분의선행연구들은주로 30대이전의여성이나청년기남성을중심으로이루어졌으며, 특정운동종목을대상으로분석된연구가미비하다. Method: 본연구는클라이밍전문가를대상으로클라이밍동작에서나타나는상지의각도를시상면방향으로분류하여선정한 4가지자세에서수집한 3D바디스캔자료의상지와어깨부위체표면치수변화를측정하였다. Results: 체표의길이변화는상지를후방에서전방으로움직이는범위에서가장크게변화하였다. 후방 45 에서전방 60 로상지의각도변환시에앞상지대체표길이는 -20.5~-5.6% 감소하였고, 뒤상지대와상완의체표길이는 -4.8~36.4% 증가하였다. 후방 90 에서후방 45 로상지의각도변환시에체표변화율이가장두드러지게나타나는부위는뒤상지대였다. Application: 본연구는동적자세를반영한스포츠웨어패턴설계시필요한상지의체표길이변화를구체적으로제시하였다는데의의가있다. Keywords: Upper arm, Body surface, 3D body scanning, Climbing posture 1. Introduction 신체의최대신전과굴곡을필요로하는스포츠클라이밍의특성상활동시변화하는신체의체표면변화를최적화한스포츠웨어가필요하다. 동적자세의체표길이변화에주목한연구들은 surgical tape법을이용하여상지동작에따른체표의변화를분석하여의복의여유량제시하였고 (Kim et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2005), 체형특징을분석하기도하였다 (Choi,1996,1998). 석고법을이용하여체표변화와피부변형을측정하거나 (Kim et al., 1990; Park, 1982; Ham, 1983) 패턴설계를위한정보를분석하기도한다 (Cha, 2013). 그러나비교적간편하고빠르게체표길이를측정할수있고 3차원인체형상데이터를수집할수있는 3D바디스캐너의도입이후에는 3D바디스캐너를이용한연구가다수수행되어왔다. Lee and Ashdoon (2005) 은 3D스캐너를이용해 135 에서의양팔들기, 어깨구부리기, 어깨들어올리기자세와기준자세에서의체표길 이변화차이를측정하였고, Do(2007) 는정자세와모터사이클자세에서의상체체표길이편차량을산출해상체의부위별로요구되는여유량을반영한모터사이클복소매패턴을제시하였다. Kim et al.(2012) 는 10가지자세를선정하여스캔한뒤, 면적을분할하여체표변화량과직물의신축성을적용한스포츠웨어상의를개발하였다. 또한체표길이변화량의증가와감소가반복되는점들을연결한인체무변형선을이용해패턴설계하는방법을연구하기도하였다 (Choi, 2011; Kim, 2012). 선행연구들은주로상지동작에관한체표면변화분석에집중되어수행된이유는상지의운동기능학적중요성과구조적특징때문이라할수있다. 상반신에접해있는상지는, 어깨에서손에이르는부분으로상지대 ( 견대 ), 상완 ( 上腕 ), 전완 ( 前腕 ), 손의 4부분으로나뉘며, 쇄골, 견갑골, 상완골, 척골, 요골, 수근골, 지골으로구성되어있다. 특히상지대는몸통과팔을연결할뿐만아니라운동동작에따라체표면의변화가크
2 PostureⅠ PostureⅡ Posture Ⅲ Posture Ⅳ Figure 1. 3D body scanned postures 게발생하는부위라할수있다. 이는상지대의견관절이폭넓은범위의운동동작을가능하게하는만능관절이기때문이다 (Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, 2010). 그러나상지의운동기능학적체표변화를분석한대부분의선행연구들은상체를세운자세에서상지만을회전시키는상태에서의체표면변화를파악하는데집중하였으며상체와상지의구조적특성이동적으로반영된연구는거의없다. 이에본연구는상완수직동작각도에따른체표면변화량을스포츠클라이밍자세에서도출하여분석하였다. 173cm, 몸무게 73kg의클라이밍전문가 ( 남성, 45세 ) 이었다. 2.1 Data Analysis 체표면의길이변화는앞상지대, 뒤상지대, 상완부위의체표면 29구간길이변화값과변화율의평균과최대 최소값을비교하였다. 3. Results 2. Method 3.1 Front Shoulder 2.1 Data Collection 3D바디스캔자세는클라이밍동작에서나타날수있는상지동작중상완을몸통의후방으로최대 90 까지올린자세에서전방으로최대 90 까지올린 4가지자세 (-90, -45, 60, 90 ) 로측정하였다. 동작1은상완을후방으로 90 까지올린자세, 동작2는상완을후방으로 45 까지올린자세, 동작3은상완을전방으로 60 까지올린자세, 동작4는상완을전방으로 90 까지올린자세이다 (Figure 1). 클라이밍시상지동작에따른체표면의길이변화를파악하기위하여 3D스캔데이터에서오른쪽상지대와상완의계측점사이의길이를측정하였다. 측정한체표면은앞상지대 9구간, 뒤상지대 10구간, 상완 10구간이었다. 계측점간체표길이는 Rapidform 2004을사용하여각각 3회측정하였다. 측정기준점은지름 5mm 두께4mm인스티커를이용해총 21개의위치에부착하였다 (Table 1). 피험자는키 상지를시상면방향으로움직이는동작각도에따른앞상지대체표길이변화를분석한결과체간부앞부분에서는수축하는경향을나타내었고, 체간부와상완의경계부분은증가와수축이공존하였다. 후방 90 와전방 90 로상지를들어올리는자세에서겨드랑앞벽점주변의체표에서최대수축과증가가발생하였다 (Table 2). 앞상지대부위중계측점이소실된 A0-A1, A1-A2, A2-B3구간을제외하고 B1-A1구간에서 B1-B2구간까지동작각도별체표길이변화양상을분석한결과, 후방 90 부터전방 90 로상지의위치를변화시키는동안지속적인수축양상을보여주는구간은 B1-A1, B2-A2, B1-A2, B2-A1구간이었다. 체간부앞부분내에서증가와수축이모두일어난구간은체간부와상완의경계부분이었다 (B0-B1, B1-B2). 앞상지대부위의구간중지속적으로증가하는경향을나타내는구간은없었다. 상완을후방 90 에서전방 90 로위치를변화한자세에서최대수축구간은가로방향인 B2-A2구간이었고, 그다음은 B2-A1으로각각 -3cm, -2.8cm씩수축하
3 Table 1. Landmarks for measuring body surface dimensions No Landmark No Landmark No Landmark A0 Midshoulder C 1 B0~Center Back/3 G0 Deltoid Point A1 Anterior Neck~B1/2 C 2 E 2~Center Back/3 G1 Biceps (Front) A2 Interscye, front/4 D 1 B0~Center Back/3 G2 Biceps (Back) B0 Lateral Shoulder D 2 E 2~Center Back/3 H0 Radiale B1 Lateral Shoulder ~Anterior E 1 B0~E 2/2 H1 Center of Median Interior Elbow Joint B2 Anterior Midaxilla E 2 Posterior Midaxilla H2 H1~ Center Olecranon /2 B3 Anterior Axillary Fold E 3 Posterior Axillary Fold H3 Center Olecranon (a) Front 였다. 앞상지대부위중 B1-A1, B2-A2, B2-A1구간의체표길이는상지를후방으로 90 올린자세에서최대값으로측정되었으며, 상지를전방으로 90 올린구간에서는최소값으로측정되었다. 차이는 31.0 ~ 36.8% 이었다. B1-B2구간은이와반대되는결과가나타났다. B0-B1구간은후방 45 에서최대값이나타났고, 전방 60 에서최소값이나타나는양상을보였다. 차이는 20.5% 이었다. 3.2 Back Shoulder 뒤상지대의체표길이변화양상을분석한결과체간부와상완의경계부분은동작각도에따라지속적인수축양상이나타났다. 증가와수축이함께일어나는구간은 A0-D 1, E 2-D 2, E 1-D 2, D 1-C 1, D 2-C 1구간이었고, 지속적인증가양상을보이는구간은 D 1-D 2, E 1-D 1, E 2-D 1구간이었다. 증가와수축이함께나타나는구간중 E 2-D 2, E 1-D 2, D 1-C 1, D 2-C 1구간은후방 90 에서후방 45, 전방 60 로상지의위치가변화하였을때체표길이가증가하였고, 전방 60 에서전방 90 로상지를이동하였을때체표길이가줄어드는현상이나타났다. A0-D 1구간은이와는반대의경향으 (b) Back 로나타났다. 체간부뒷부분의체표길이는후방 90 에서후방 45, 전방 60 로상지를앞으로올렸을때증가하고, 전방 60 에서전방 90 로올렸을때에는수축과증가가반복되었다. 상지를후방 90 에서전방 90 로올렸을때, 최대증가한구간은대각선방향인 E 2-D 1이었다 (Table 2). 뒤상지대부위중체표길이는 D 1-D 2, E 1-D 1 E 2-D 1 구간은후방 90 에서최소값을전방 90 에서는최대값을나타내었다. 차이는 16.7 ~ 48.5% 이었다. E 1-E 2구간은이와는반대의양상을보였다. E 2-D 2, E 1-D 2, D 1-C 1, D 2-C 1 구간은후방 90 에서최소값을전방 60 에서최대값을나타내었다. A0-D 1구간은전방 60 에서최소값, 전방 90 로상지를올렸을때최대값이나타났으며, 그차이는 11.4% 이었다. 3.3 Upper Arm 상지의움직임에따른상완부위의체표길이변화를분석한결과, 지속적인증가양상을보이는구간은측면길이로 G2-H3구간이었다. 이구간은후방 90 에서전방 90 로상지동작변화에따른체표길이가가장크게증가였다 (6.3cm). 나머지구간들은동작각도의변
4
5 Region Posture Table 2. Dimensions and deviations by arm postures PostureⅠ(-90 ) PostureⅡ(-45 ) Posture Ⅲ(60 ) Posture Ⅳ(90 ) No. Front Shoulder Back Shoulder Upper Arm Region Dimension Deviation Deviation Deviation Dimension Dimension (-90 ~ -45 ) (-45 ~ 60 ) (60 ~ 90 ) Dimension Deviation (-90 ~ 90 ) (%) (%) (%) (%) A0-A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A1-A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A2-B N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A B1-A1 8.4** * B2-A2 8.8** * B1-A2 10.2** ** * B2-A1 7.6** * B0-B ** * B1-B2 3.4* ** A0-D * ** D 1-D 2 5.4* ** D 2-E 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A E 1-D 1 6.2* ** E 2-D 2 6.4* ** E 1-D 2 9.6* ** E 2-D 1 6.6* ** D 1-C 1 5.4* ** D 2-C 1 6.8* ** E 1-E 2 5.3** * E 2-G2 6.1* ** G2-H ** B0-G * ** G0-H0 15.8* ** G1-G0 5.9* * * ** G0-G2 9.4** * H1-H * ** H0-H * ** H3-H ** * H2-H * * Note. * : Minimum dimension ** : Maximum dimension 화에따라증가하거나수축하였다. 상완의측면길이 (B0-G0) 는후방 90 에서전방 90 로상지를변화하였을때가장크게감소하였다 (1.2cm) 상완의체표길이변화는세로방향, 가로방향모두뒷부분이앞부분보다길이변화가더크게일어났다. B0-G0, H1-H0구간은후방 45 에서최소값, 전방 60 에서최대값을나타냈다. G0-G2, H3-H2구간은전방 60 에 서최소값전방 90 에서최대값을나타냈다 (Table 2). 4. Conclusion
6 본연구는클라이밍자세수행시타나나는남성상완의수직동작각도에따른체표면의길이변화를분석하였다. 본연구자료는동적자세를반영한스포츠웨어제작시상완부분에요구되는여유량과신축성있는소재선택시고려점을시사한다. 첫째, 상완의각도를후방 90, 45 전방 60, 90 로변화시켰을때나타나는앞상지대의수축과뒤상지대의증가로나타났다. 체간부와상완의경계부분중앞쪽은체표길이가증가와수축이함께일어났다. 둘째, 후방 90 에서전방 90 로상지를이동하였을때, 앞상지대부위는겨드랑앞벽점주변의체표에서최대수축과증가가일어났다. 뒤상지대부위는겨드랑뒷벽점과연결된구간이최대증가구간이었다. 측정구간이었다. 셋째, 동일한구간내에서최대값과최소값이연속하여나타나체표의수축혹은이완이빠르게일어나는부위는주로팔부위였다.. 넷째, 동작각도변화에따른체표변화율은 -45 에서 60 변환동작에서변화율의범위가가장컸으며이는상완이후방에서전방, 전방에서후방으로넘어갈때체표길이변화율의차이가가장크게나타났음을보여준다. 5. Limitation 본연구는클라이밍전문가인근육형 40대남성을대상으로클라이밍동작자세에서나타나는상완의체표길이를측정하였기때문에손의위치가동작에따라내전혹은외전되는것을통제하지않았다. References Choi, E.J., Somatotype of Women s Upper Body through a Development Figure of the Surface of the Body, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 20(1), , 1996 Choi, E.J., Somatotype of Women`s Upper Body in their thirties through a Development Figure of the Rurface of the Body, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 22(2), , Choi, J.Y., Engineering design of 3D tight-fit garment using skin surface mapping based on the skin deformation of lower body, Chungnam National University Master's Thesis, Cha, Y.M., A Study on Three-Dimensional Design of Cycle Clothing using 3D Motion Analysis System : Focused on Men s upper garments, Konkuk University Doctoral Dissertation, Do, W.H., Analysis of Body Surface Change from 3D Scan Data of Men`s Upper Bodies in Twenties -Focus on Application of Motorcycle Jacket Pattern, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 32(4), , Donald A. Neumann, Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, Jungdam Media, 2nd ed., Kim, H.K., Cho, J.M., Suh, C.Y., A Study on the Variation of the Skin Surface According to Arm Movement by Moire Photography Method - In the area of uppearm and shoulder blade, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 14(4), , Kim, M.K., Kim, H.K., A Study on the Upper Part of the Body Form Variation According to Arm Movements for Male by Plater Gypsum Experiments, Journal of the Korean Home Economics, 30(3), 63-77, 1992 Kim, M.Y., Yeo, H.R., Kwon, Y.S., A Study on the Variation of the Upper Body Surface according to Arm - movements for Middle Elementary Schoolboys, Journal of the Korean Society for Clothing Industry, 4(2), , 2002 Kim, Y.H., Kim, Y.S., Considerable Differences of Body Surface Area in the Preparation of Bicycle Wear., The Research Journal of the Costume Culture, 11(3), , 2003 Kim, N.Y., Jang, J.A., Kim, J.A., A Study on the Variation of the Body Surface according to Arm-movements for Women (Age group between 18 and 24), The Research Journal of the Costume Culture, 13(3), , Kim, N.Y., Engineering design of 3D compression suit based on the anatomical nature of moving body, Chungnam National University Master's Thesis, Kim, T.G., Park, S.J., Park, J.W., Suh, C.Y., Choi, S.A., Technical Design of Tight Upper Sportswear based on 3D Scanning Technology and Stretch Property of Knitted Fabric, Journal of the Korean Society for Clothing Industry, 14(2), , Lee, J. R., Ashdoon, S. P., Upper Body Surface Change Analysis Using 3-D Body Scanner, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing Textiles, 29(12), , Park, Y.D., Hahm, O.S., The Study on the Lower Limb Surface Changes Caused by the Limb Movements ( Part 2 ) - On the Sitting Position, Journal of the Korean Home Economics, 21(2), 19-28, Young Deuk Park, Ock Sang Hahm, The Study on the Lower Limb Surface Changes Caused by the Limb Movements ( Part 1 ) - On the Movements of the Hip Joint and Knee Joint, Journal of the Korean Home Economics, 20(4), 1-12, Author listings Eun jung Seo: ej99eu@nate.com Position title: Graduate student, Department of Clothing & Textile, Yonsei University Areas of interest: Human Factors in Apparel Engineering, Anthropometric data analysis
7 Hyunsook Kim: Position title: Graduate student, Department of Clothing & Textile, Yonsei University Areas of interest: Human Factors in Apparel Engineering, Anthropometric data analysis Jongsuk Chun: Highest degree: PhD, Department of Environmental, Textiles & Design, University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S.A Position title: Professor, Department of Clothing & Textiles, Yonsei University Areas of interest: Human Factors in Apparel Engineering, Anthropometric data analysis
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