untitled

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "untitled"

Transcription

1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn: eissn: Int J Thyroidol 2018 November 11(2): 갑상선수술에서수술중신경감시의효용성 : 학습곡선을중심으로 한양대학교의과대학이비인후 - 두경부외과학교실 곽민규, 이송재, 송창면, 지용배, 태경 Efficacy of Intraoperative Neural Monitoring (IONM) in Thyroid Surgery: the Learning Curve Min Kyu Kwak, Song Jae Lee, Chang Myeon Song, Yong Bae Ji and Kyung Tae Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background and Objectives: Intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in thyroid surgery has been employed worldwide to identify and preserve the nerve as an adjunct to visual identification. The aims of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of IONM and difficulties in the learning curve. Materials and Methods: We studied 63 patients who underwent thyroidectomy with IONM during last 2 years. The standard IONM procedure was performed using NIM 3.0 or C2 Nerve Monitoring System. Patients were divided into two chronological groups based on the success rate of IONM (33 cases in the early period and 30 cases in the late period), and the outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: Of 63 patients, 32 underwent total thyroidectomy and 31 thyroid lobectomy. Failure of IONM occurred in 9 cases: 8 cases in the early period and 1 case in the late period. Loss of signal occurred in 8 nerves of 82 nerves at risk. The positive predictive value increased from 16.7% in the early period to 50% in the late period. The mean amplitude of the late period was higher than that of the early period (p<0.001). Conclusion: IONM in thyroid surgery is effective to preserve the RLN and to predict postoperative nerve function. However, failure of IONM and high false positive rate can occur in the learning curve, and the learning curve was about 30 cases based on the results of this study. Key Words: Thyroidectomy, Intraoperative neural monitoring, Recurrent laryngeal nerve, Vocal cord paralysis 서론 갑상선암은 2014년국가암발생통계자료에의하면발생률및유병률 1위를차지하는암으로특히여성에서발생률이높으며수술로완치가가능해예후는양호하다고알려져있다. 1) 갑상선수술의중요합병증으로는술후출혈, 부갑상선손상으로인한저칼슘혈증, 반회후두신경손상으로인한성대마비등이있다. 성대마비는음성을변화시켜삶의질을저하시키고, 양측반회후두신경손상의경우는호흡곤란을일으켜기관절개술이필요하기도하다. 또한반회후두신경손상은갑상선수술후의가장많은법적분쟁의원인이된다. 2) 갑상선수술중반회후두신경의손상을줄이고자수술중신경감시 (intraoperative neural monitoring, IONM) 가시행되며, 점점많이적용되는추세이다. 3-5) Received October 15, 2018 / Revised October 29, 2018 / Accepted October 29, 2018 Correspondence: Kyung Tae, MD, PhD, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea Tel: , Fax: , kytae@hanyang.ac.kr Copyright c 2018, the Korean Thyroid Association. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 130

2 The Learning Curve of IONM in Thyroidectomy 갑상선수술에서수술중신경감시는 1966년 Shedd와 Burget 6) 에의해처음제안되었으며, 최근에는많은기술적진보에의해덜침습적이며편리하고유용하게사용되고있다. 갑상선수술에서반회후두신경을육안으로직접확인하고보존하는방법이표준술식이나, 수술중신경감시술도신경의확인과보존에매우유용한방법이다. 갑상선수술중신경감시의장점은반회후두신경의조기발견및확인이용이하고, 신경의박리에많은도움을주며, 특히반회후두신경의기형, 비회귀성반회후두신경, 또는반회후두신경의가지가많이있는경우에매우유용하다. 또한, 수술중신경감시는반회후두신경의손상원인을유추해볼수있으며, 이로인해수술의술기와결과를향상시킬수있으며, 수술후성대기능에대한예측이가능하기때문에한쪽갑상선절제후반대측갑상선의절제술여부를결정하는데에도도움이된다. 4,7,8) 갑상선수술중신경감시가실질적으로반회후두신경의손상빈도를줄일수있는지에대해서는아직논란이있다. Zheng 등 7) 과 Yang 등 8) 의메타분석연구에서는갑상선수술중신경감시로일시적성대마비빈도를줄일수있다고보고하였다. Wong 등 9) 의메타연구에서는신경감시가특히고위험군수술 ( 갑상선암및흉골하갑상선종 ) 에서일시적및전체성대마비빈도를줄이는데유용하다고보고하였다. 그러나 Pisanu 등 10) 의메타연구에서는갑상선수술중신경감시와고식적방법사이에반회후두신경손상빈도의유의한차이가없었다. 이런상반된메타분석의결과는아마반회후두신경손상빈도가매우낮아통계적으로의미있는결과를얻기위해서는많은수의연구대상이필요하기때문이라생각된다. 저자들은 2년전부터갑상선절제술시수술중신경감시를선택적인환자에서시행하고있는데, 본연구에서는수술중신경감시의유용성을알아보고, 시행초기에겪는어려움과실패원인을분석하여수술중신경감시의학습곡선을파악하고자하였다. 대상및방법 2016년 4월부터 2018년 7월까지고식적갑상선절제술시수술중신경감시를같이시행하였던 63례의환자를연구대상으로하였다. 수술은한명의술자에의해시행되었고수술전부터성대마비가있거나, 수술중종양의침범으로인해의도적으로반회후두신경 을절제하였던환자는대상에서제외되었으며, 내시경이나로봇을이용한갑상선절제술을받은환자또한연구에서제외하였다. 신경감시를위하여 NIM 3.0 Nerve Monitoring System (Medtronic Xomed, Jacksonville, FL, USA) 과 C2 Nerve Monitoring System (Inomed, Teningen, Germany) 의두종류의근전도감시장치를사용하였다. 전신마취를위해전극이장착된기관내관을삽관하였으며근이완제는기도삽관전에로쿠로늄브롬화물 (rocuronium bromide) 0.6 mg/kg을 1회만투여하였다. 기관내관에장착된전극이진성대와잘접촉하도록기관내관을위치시켰으며, 환자의목을신전시키고환자의체위를변경한뒤에는반드시굴곡형후두내시경으로기관삽관위치를재확인하였다. 수술중신경감시는표준적방법을이용하여 V1, R1, R2, V2 값을측정하였다. 4) 갑상선실질박리전에경동맥초 (carotid sheath) 에서미주신경을자극하여 V1 값을얻었으며이는반회후두신경의박리에앞서감시장치의신뢰성과정상적인성대운동을확인하기위한목적이다. 기관식도고랑 (tracheoesophageal groove) 에서반회후두신경을찾으면신경을자극하여 R1 값을측정하였고일측갑상선엽을완전히절제한후다시반회후두신경을자극하여 R2 값을측정했다. 그후다시미주신경을자극해 V2 값을측정하였다. 단극신경자극기 (monopolar stimulator probe) 를이용하여신경을자극하였으며, 자극강도는 1 ma로하였고갑상피열근을통해전달된전위의잠복기 (latency) 와진폭 (amplitude) 을기록하였다. 신경박리전반회후두신경의대략적위치를알기위해서나 (mapping) 미주신경을경동맥초의박리없이경동맥과내경정맥사이에서확인할때는자극강도를 2-3 ma로하였다. 또한모든환자에서수술전과수술다음날에굴곡형후두내시경검사를시행하여환자의성대마비유무를확인하였다. 신호소실 (loss of signal) 은 1-2 ma의적절한자극에도반응이없거나 100 μv 이하의전위가유발되는경우로정의하였다. 4) 또한, 위와같은적절한방법으로신경감시술을시행하였으나전기자극에어떠한반응도얻지못하는경우를신경감시실패로분류하였다. 신경감시장치로 NIM 3.0 Nerve Monitoring System 은 26례의환자에서, C2 Nerve Monitoring System은 37 례의환자에서사용되었는데, 감시장치의선택은무작위나그날의가용성에따라선택되었다. 신호소실이있으며술후후두내시경에서성대마비가있는경우를진양성, 성대마비가없는경우를위양성으로 131 Int J Thyroidol

3 Min Kyu Kwak, et al 판단하였고, 신호소실이없으면서술후후두내시경에서성대마비가있는경우를위음성, 성대마비가없는경우를진음성으로판단하였으며, 검사의민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도, 음성예측도를구하였다. 11) 성공적인신경감시가이뤄지기시작한시점을기준으로환자군을전반기와후반기로나누어비교하였으며, 측정된진폭, 검사의민감도, 특이도, 양성및음성예측도를비교하였다. 또한신경감시장치의종류에따른검사결과의차이를비교분석하였다. 통계검정은 SPSS (SPSS version 20.0, Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하였으며두군간의진폭값비교를위해독립표본 t검정 (independent t-test) 을시행하였다. 통계적인유의성은 p값이 0.05 미만인경우로정하였다. Table 1. Characteristics of patients (n=63) Characteristics 결과 총 63례중여자가 39명, 남자가 24명이었으며평균연령은 54.3세였다. 갑상선전절제술이 32례, 갑상선엽 Age (years) 54.3 (22-87) Sex (female/male) 39/24 Tumor size (mm) 21 (3-110) BMI (kg/m 2 ) 24.9 ( ) Extent of thyroidectomy Total thyroidectomy 32 (50.8%) Lobectomy 31 (49.2%) Central neck dissection 33 (52.4%) Lateral neck dissection 5 (7.9%) Operation time (min) (40-305) Thyroid pathology Malignancy Papillary carcinoma 42 (68.3%) Follicular carcinoma 3 (4.8%) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma 2 (3.2%) Benign Adenomatous hyperplasia 7 (11.1%) Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis 5 (7.9%) Follicular adenoma 4 (6.4%) Complications Transient hypoparathyroidism 6 (9.5%) Permanent hypoparathyroidism 1 (1.6%) Transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy 3 (4.8%) Hematoma 2 (3.2%) Chyle leakage 1 (1.6%) BMI: body mass index, N: number N 절제술이 31례에서시행되었으며, 중심경부절제술과외측경부절제술은각각 33례와 5례에서시행되었다. 술후병리결과는유두암이 42례 (68%) 로가장많았으며종양의평균크기는 21 mm였다. 술후합병증으로는일시적부갑상선기능저하가 6례 (12.7%), 영구적부갑상선기능저하가 1례 (1.6%), 일시적성대마비 3례 (4.8%), 혈종 2례, 유미액누출이 1례에서발생하였다 (Table 1). 총 63례의환자중 54례 (85.7%) 에서는신경감시가성공적으로이뤄졌으며, 9례 (14.3%) 에서신경감시의실패가있었다. 성공적인신경감시가이뤄지기시작한시기를고려하여전반기 33례와후반기 30례로나누어비교할때전반기에는 33례중 8례 (24.24%) 에서신경감시실패가있었으며, 후반기에는 30례중 1례 (3.33%) 에서실패가있었다 (Fig. 1). 실패원인은 1례에서기계의연결선이단절되었고바로수리를할수없었던경우였고, 2례에서는기관내관의위치때문인지전기반응의파형이불완전하여기관내관의위치를수정하였음에도불구하고결국전기파형을얻지못하였으며, 나머지 6례에서는실패원인을명확히알수없었다. 신경감시가성공적이었던 54례환자의 82개의반회후두신경을기준으로분석할때, 신호소실양성은전반기 6신경 (15.38%), 후반기 2신경 (4.65%) 에서있었고, 이중각각 1개의신경에서술후일시적성대마비가확인되었으며나머지 6개의신경에서는술후성대마비가없었다. 2례의성대마비는모두 2개월안에정상으로회복되었다. 신호소실이없으면서술후성대마비가있었던경우는없었다 (Table 2). 신경감시를시행한 82개신경에대한민감도와음성예측도는 100% 였 Fig. 1. Failure rate of intraoperative neural monitoring in the early and late periods. Vol. 11, No. 2,

4 The Learning Curve of IONM in Thyroidectomy 으며특이도는 92.5%, 양성예측도는 25% 였다. 시기별로구분해비교하면특이도는전반기 86.8% 에서후반기 97.6% 로상승하였으며, 양성예측도역시전반기 16.7% 에서후반기 50% 로상승하였다 (Table 3). 전반기와후반기의진폭을비교하면, 전반기에비해후반기에측정한 V1, R1, R2, V2의진폭이통계적으로유의하게높았다 (Table 4). 신경감시장비에따른진폭의차이를비교하면, C2 Nerve Monitoring System으로측정한것이 NIM 3.0 Nerve Monitoring System에비해 V1, R1, R2 값에서유의하게높았다 (Table 5). 고찰 갑상선암에대한진단기술의진보와더불어갑상선수술이늘어나고있으며그에따라술후합병증또한 늘어나고있다. 그중가장심각하며환자의삶의질을저하시킬수있는합병증이반회후두신경의손상인데, 갑상선절제술시발생하는반회후두신경의손상빈도는 1-20% 이며, 이는질환의종류 ( 양성또는악성 ), 절제범위, 수술기법, 술자의경험등에따라다르게나타난다. 12) 수술중신경감시장치는반회후두신경의육안식별과함께적용될시에반회후두신경의손상을줄이고신경의기능을수술중에확인할수있는매우의미있는검사장치이다. 4,11,13) 전세계적으로갑상선수술에서사용이늘어나는추세이며표준화된신경감시기법을제시하거나간헐적신경감시의단점을보완하기위해지속적신경감시 (continuous intraoperative neural monitoring) 방법을개발하는등의노력이활발히이뤄지고있다. 14) 본연구에서도표준화된수술중신경감시방 Table 2. Correlation of postoperative vocal cord paralysis and loss of signal in intraoperative neural monitoring according to the period Early period Late period LOS (+) LOS ( ) LOS (+) LOS ( ) Total VCP (+) VCP ( ) Total LOS: loss of signal, VCP: vocal cord paralysis Table 3. Validation of the performance of intraoperative neural monitoring for predicting postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve function according to the period Parameter Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV Early period Late period Overall NPV: negative predictive value, PPV: positive predictive value Table 4. Mean electromyographic amplitude according to the period Signal Electromyographic amplitude (μv) Total (n=82 NAR) Early period (n=39 NAR) Late period (n=43 NAR) p V ± ± ± <0.001 R ± ± ± <0.001 R ± ± ± <0.001 V ± ± ± <0.001 NAR: nerve at risk Table 5. Mean electromyographic amplitude according to neuromonitoring devices Signal Electromyographic amplitude (μv) Total (n=82 NAR) NIM 3.0 (n=35 NAR) C2 (n=47 NAR) p V ± ± ± R ± ± ± R ± ± ± <0.001 V ± ± ± C2: C2 Nerve Monitoring System (Inomed, Teningen, Germany), NAR: nerve at risk, NIM 3.0: NIM 3.0 Nerve Monitoring System (Medtronic Xomed, Jacksonville, FL, USA) 133 Int J Thyroidol

5 Min Kyu Kwak, et al 법에따라반회후두신경감시를시행하였다. 갑상선수술중신경감시는과거에비해많은기술적진보가이뤄졌으나어느정도의경험이축적되어야검사의정확도가높아진다. 15) 본연구에서도총 63례의환자중 9례 (14.3%) 에서신경감시의실패가있었는데, 대부분인 8례가시행초기에발생하였고후반기에는 1 례에서만실패가있었다. 본연구에서실패원인으로는정확한원인을알수없었던경우가 6례였으며, 기계의연결선이단절되었던경우가 1례, 기관내관문제로추정되는경우가 2례였다. 그외에신경감시실패로분류될수도있었으나극복한경우가있었는데, 수술중기관내관의위치를적절히수정하여신호를얻을수있었던경우가 3례였으며, 근이완제사용으로인해전위가나타나지않은 2례에서는신경근차단길항제를투여하고신호를얻을수있었고, 신경자극기 (stimulation probe) 가망가져신호를얻지못하였으나제품교체후신호를얻었던경우가 2례였다. 갑상선수술중신경감시의학습곡선에대한연구를살펴보면 50례의수술이후성공적인감시가가능하였다고보고한연구도있으며, 수년간의긴기간이소요된다고보고한연구도있다. 15,16) 본연구에서는총 63례의수술중전반기 33례, 후반기 30례로나누어신경감시결과의유의한차이를확인할수있었으며, 시기적으로보았을때처음신경감시를시작한지 14개월후가기준이되었다. 따라서본연구의결과로미루어보면성공적인신경감시를위해서는약 30례의학습기간이필요하다고생각된다. 수술중신경감시술은도입초기에감시실패도있고신호소실양성으로나타나지만술후성대마비가없는위양성이많아낮은양성예측도를보일수있다. 하지만일반적으로위양성은신경감시술을거듭하며익숙해지면점점줄어든다. 본연구에서도양성예측도가전반기에비해후반기에서크게상승하였는데, 이는시행초기에비해후반으로갈수록위양성률이줄었기때문이었다. 또한, 본연구에서검사시기에관계없이위음성은없었으며음성예측도는 100% 였는데, 이는갑상선수술종료후정상적인 R2와 V2 신호를얻는다면술후성대움직임이정상으로보전된것으로생각할수있다는의미이다. 수술중신경감시에서감시실패나위양성과연관되는여러원인이있다. 가장대표적인원인은기관내관의위치문제로, 삽관이후에기관내관의위치가바뀌거나회전되는경우자극이정상적으로전달되지않는다. Dionigi 등 15) 의연구에서는신경감시를시행한 환자의 10% 에서기관내관의재조정이필요함을보고한바있다. 또한너무작은기관내관이삽관된경우와커프 (cuff) 가적게팽창되어환기되는공기가기관하부에서상부로역류되는경우에도정상적인파형을얻는데장애가있고, 기관내로타액이고이는경우에도자극전달이정상적으로이뤄지지않을수있다. 4) 과도한근이완제사용은적절한신경자극에도정상적인파형을얻지못하게하기때문에반드시마취과의사와의사전협조가필요하다. 신경감시를하는중에는근이완제를사용하지않는것이중요하며기관삽관시작용시간이짧은 Succinyl choline mg/kg 이나 Rocuronium 또는 Atracurium 같은비탈분극성근이완제를소량 (0.5 mg/kg) 사용하는것이좋다. 가성콜린에스테라아제결핍증 (pseudocholinesterase deficiency) 이있는경우 Succinyl choline과같은탈분극성근이완제를사용하면근마비가오래지속되어근전도감시를어렵게하므로술전에유념할필요가있다. 아산화질소 (nitrous oxide) 를비롯한흡입마취제 (inhalation agents) 와경정맥마취제 (intravenous narcotics) 는근전도감시에영향을미치지않는다. 16,17) 신경을완전히박리하지않아연조직이신경을덮고있거나혈액이신경주위에고여전기자극이잘되지않는경우도있으며, 신경자극기의고장이나환자에게부착한접지전극의탈락, 전극과자극기연결선의꼬임또는단절등의문제도감시실패나위양성의원인이된다. 또한전기소작기와신경자극기를동시에사용하는경우신경감시가정상으로작동되지않으며, 감시모니터의역치가너무높게설정되어있거나음량이너무작게설정된경우에도성공적인신경감시에방해가된다. 4,15) 수술중신경감시에서신호소실이있는경우, 이것이위양성인지진양성인지를알아보는문제해결알고리즘이제시되었다. 4) 우선후두뒤편에손가락을대고반회후두신경을전기자극하여후두근육의수축이일어나는것을측정하는데, 전기자극에후두근육의수축이일어나면전달된전위를기록하는부분에서문제가발생한것이므로환자에게부착된기록접지전극과접속기및감시모니터에연결된케이블을확인하거나, 후두내시경을통해기관내관의위치와타액고임을재확인하고타액고임이있으면흡입을시행하며기관내관의위치가잘못된경우는위치를교정하도록한다. 전기자극에후두근육의수축이없다면전기자극단계에서문제가발생했을수있으므로신경자극기를근육에사용해자극기의이상여부를확인하고신 Vol. 11, No. 2,

6 The Learning Curve of IONM in Thyroidectomy 경자극강도를 2 ma로높이며신경주변을닦거나박리하여깨끗하게한뒤다시자극해본다. 그리고자극접지및접속기연결케이블을확인하고근이완제사용에대해확인하며근이완제를사용한경우신경근차단길항제를투여한다. 그럼에도신호소실이계속나타나면반대측미주신경을자극해보는데이때신호가발생한다면수술측의반회후두신경손상가능성이높다고볼수있다. 반대측미주신경자극에서도신호소실이나타난다면후두근육의수축이일어나는경우와같은절차로문제를교정한다. 4,14) 본연구에서후반기의평균진폭이전반기에비하여유의하게높았다. 진폭은개인별로차이는있으나전기자극에의해탈분극이이루어지는근섬유의수와비례하므로후반기에는전반기보다기관내관의위치가적절하여전극이진성대와더많이접촉하여성공적인신경감시가이루어졌다고생각할수있다. 본연구에서또하나흥미로운점하나는 NIM3.0 Nerve Monitoring System에비하여 C2 Nerve Monitoring System에서유의하게높은진폭을얻을수있었다는것이다. 이는아마기관내관의전극선구조때문이아닌가추측되는데, 두장치를비교해보면기관내관에전극을위치시키는방법에차이가있다. NIM3.0 Nerve Monitoring System 기도내관의경우성대의움직임을감지할수있는전극이좌우양측에 2개씩있어기관내관이돌아가는경우자극이전달되지않을수있다. 반면 C2 Nerve Monitoring System의경우기관내관에전극을돌아가며부착하는방식으로, 기관내관이수술중돌아가도모든방향의움직임을감지할수있다. 결론 갑상선수술중신경감시는수술중반회후두신경의손상을줄이고술후신경기능을예측하기위한목적으로효율적으로쓰일수있다. 하지만시행초기에감시실패와위양성이많이나타날수있음을인지해야하며신뢰도높은결과를얻는데있어학습곡선이필요하고, 본연구의결과로미루어약 30례의학습곡선이필요하다. 수술중신경감시의실질적유용성을평가하기위해서는향후더많은환자를대상으로한추가비교연구가필요하리라생각된다. 중심단어 : 갑상선절제술, 수술중신경감시, 반회후두신경, 성대마비. References 1) Jung KW, Won YJ, Oh CM, Kong HJ, Lee DH, Lee KH, et al. Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in Cancer Res Treat 2017;49(2): ) Kern KA. Medicolegal analysis of errors in diagnosis and treatment of surgical endocrine disease. Surgery 1993;114(6): ; discussion ) Kim SW, Kim JW, Park JH, Oh CH, Jang HS, Koh YW, et al. Efficiency of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring using electromyography tube in reoperative thyroid surgery. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2012;55(4): ) Randolph GW, Dralle H; International Intraoperative Monitoring Study Group, Abdullah H, Barczynski M, Bellantone R, et al. Electrophysiologic recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: international standards guideline statement. Laryngoscope 2011;121 Suppl 1:S ) Timmermann W, Hamelmann WH, Thomusch O, Sekulla C, Grond S, Neumann HJ, et al. Effectiveness and results of intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery. Statement of the Interdisciplinary Study Group on Intraoperative Neuromonitoring of Thyroid Surgery. Chirurg 2004;75(9): ) Shedd DP, Burget GC. Identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Arch Surg 1966;92(6): ) Zheng S, Xu Z, Wei Y, Zeng M, He J. Effect of intraoperative neuromonitoring on recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rates after thyroid surgery--a meta-analysis. J Formos Med Assoc 2013; 112(8): ) Yang S, Zhou L, Lu Z, Ma B, Ji Q, Wang Y. Systematic review with meta-analysis of intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroidectomy. Int J Surg 2017;39: ) Wong KP, Mak KL, Wong CK, Lang BH. Systematic review and meta-analysis on intra-operative neuro-monitoring in high-risk thyroidectomy. Int J Surg 2017;38: ) Pisanu A, Porceddu G, Podda M, Cois A, Uccheddu A. Systematic review with meta-analysis of studies comparing intraoperative neuromonitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerves versus visualization alone during thyroidectomy. J Surg Res 2014;188(1): ) Dralle H, Sekulla C, Lorenz K, Brauckhoff M, Machens A, German ISG. Intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. World J Surg 2008;32(7): ) Barczynski M, Konturek A, Cichon S. Randomized clinical trial of visualization versus neuromonitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerves during thyroidectomy. Br J Surg 2009;96(3): ) Dionigi G, Wu CW, Lombardi D, Accorona R, Bozzola A, Kim HY, et al. The current state of recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring for thyroid surgery. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep 2014;2: ) Chiang FY, Lee KW, Chen HC, Chen HY, Lu IC, Kuo WR, et al. Standardization of intraoperative neuromonitoring of 135 Int J Thyroidol

7 Min Kyu Kwak, et al recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid operation. World J Surg 2010;34(2): ) Dionigi G, Bacuzzi A, Boni L, Rovera F, Dionigi R. What is the learning curve for intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery? Int J Surg 2008;6 Suppl 1:S ) Jonas J, Bahr R. Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve - results and learning curve. Zentralbl Chir 2006;131(6): ) Snyder SK, Hendricks JC. Intraoperative neurophysiology testing of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: plaudits and pitfalls. Surgery 2005;138(6): ; discussion Vol. 11, No. 2,

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

황지웅

황지웅 Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information

( )Jkstro011.hwp

( )Jkstro011.hwp 비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy

More information

김범수

김범수 Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis

More information

Kaes017.hwp

Kaes017.hwp 갑상선의 Poorly Differentiated (Insular) Carcinoma Insular Carcinoma: An Aggressive Subtype of Differentiated Thyroid Neoplasms Seok-Jin Nam, M.D., Sang-Dal Lee, M.D., Hal-lin Park, M.D., Young-Ryun Oh, M.D.

More information

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ 2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,

More information

전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II)

전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - vii - - viii - - ix - -

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

Kjhps016( ).hwp

Kjhps016( ).hwp Surgical Extent and Types in Pancreatic Cancer Song Cheol Kim, M.D. Department of Surgery, Ulsan University College of Medicine & Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Pancreatic cancer continues to pose a

More information

노영남

노영남 Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

Table 1. Distribution by site and stage of laryngeal cancer Supraglottic Glottic Transglottic Total Stage Total 20

Table 1. Distribution by site and stage of laryngeal cancer Supraglottic Glottic Transglottic Total Stage Total 20 KISEP Head and Neck Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42:1284-9 후두암수술환자에대한치료성적 송달원 김희준 정현수 김영한 안재현 이복수 박선호 Treatment Result in Laryngeal Cancer Patients Submitted to Surgical Treatment Dal Won Song, MD, Hee Jun

More information

기관고유연구사업결과보고

기관고유연구사업결과보고 기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106

More information

( )Jksc057.hwp

( )Jksc057.hwp 직장암환자의전직장간막절제술의 예측인자분석 : 불완전절제와절제시간에영향을미치는인자에관한연구 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Degree of Difficulty in Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Investigation of the Factors Affecting Incomplete

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

A 617

A 617 Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R

More information

12이문규

12이문규 Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental

More information

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

More information

04조남훈

04조남훈 Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache

More information

Can032.hwp

Can032.hwp Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호 Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

590호(01-11)

590호(01-11) T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government

More information

Jkbcs032.hwp

Jkbcs032.hwp Clinical Correlation of HER-2/neu Overexpression in Patients with Breast Cancer Sung Yong Kim, Tae Yoon Kim, Jae Jun Kim, Chang Ho Kim, Ok Pyung Song, Min Hyuk Lee, Eui Han Kim 1, and Moo Sik Cho Departments

More information

Kaes025.hwp

Kaes025.hwp 고위험군유두상갑상선암환자에대한방사성옥소최대허용선량측정법및치료법의검증 Verification of Measurement Methods and Therapeutic Efficacy of Maximum Permissible Dose of I-131 in High Risk Patients with Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Cancer

More information

1..

1.. Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :

More information

???? 1

???? 1 The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial

More information

제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 Program 1 ANESTHESIA (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuou

제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 Program 1 ANESTHESIA (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuou 제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuous vs single injection, interscalene vs supraclavicular approach 의정부성모병원

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

(

( 317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,

More information

KIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소

KIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소 1 의사학 제24권 제1호(통권 제49호) 2015년 4월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː1-34 Apr 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.1 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 간호부 이정숙의 독립운동 김숙영* 1. 서론 2. 본론 1) 출생에서 정신여학교 수학시절까지

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze

More information

ECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4) THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

untitled

untitled 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제7권제4호 Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2007 원저 갑상선수술후합병증인애성, 저칼슘혈증및혈종에대한임상적연구 광주기독병원일반외과 범우성ㆍ문덕진ㆍ김준식ㆍ박범석 A Clinical Study of Thyroidectomy Complications: Hoarseness, Hypocalcemia and Hematoma Wooseong

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

( )Kju269.hwp

( )Kju269.hwp 만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University

More information

지원연구분야 ( 코드 ) LC0202 과제번호 창의과제프로그램공개가능여부과제성격 ( 기초, 응용, 개발 ) 응용실용화대상여부실용화공개 ( 공개, 비공개 ) ( 국문 ) 연구과제명 과제책임자 세부과제 ( 영문 ) 구분 소속위암연구과직위책임연구원

지원연구분야 ( 코드 ) LC0202 과제번호 창의과제프로그램공개가능여부과제성격 ( 기초, 응용, 개발 ) 응용실용화대상여부실용화공개 ( 공개, 비공개 ) ( 국문 ) 연구과제명 과제책임자 세부과제 ( 영문 ) 구분 소속위암연구과직위책임연구원 지원연구분야 ( 코드 ) LC0202 과제번호 1110550 창의과제프로그램공개가능여부과제성격 ( 기초, 응용, 개발 ) 응용실용화대상여부실용화공개 ( 공개, 비공개 ) ( 국문 ) 연구과제명 과제책임자 세부과제 ( 영문 ) 구분 1 2 3 소속위암연구과직위책임연구원 성명류근원전공외과 세부과제명 세부과제책임자 성명 소속 ( 직위 ) 전공 총연구기간 2011

More information

<B3EDB9AEC1FD5F3235C1FD2E687770>

<B3EDB9AEC1FD5F3235C1FD2E687770> 오용록의 작품세계 윤 혜 진 1) * 이 논문은 생전( 生 前 )에 학자로 주로 활동하였던 오용록(1955~2012)이 작곡한 작품들을 살펴보고 그의 작품세계를 파악하고자 하는 것이다. 한국음악이론이 원 래 작곡과 이론을 포함하였던 초기 작곡이론전공의 형태를 염두에 둔다면 그의 연 구에서 기존연구의 방법론을 넘어서 창의적인 분석 개념과 체계를 적용하려는

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있 대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준

More information

이형석외

이형석외 KISEP Head and Neck Korean J Otolaryngol 2004;47:1146-50 성문암종에서수직부분후두절제술 한양대학교의과대학이비인후과학교실 이형석 김기태 민현정 박철원 태경 Vertical Partial Laryngectomy in Glottic Cancer Hyung Seok Lee, MD, Ki Tae Kim, MD, Hyun Jung

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, ) Abstract Kim Dal-Rae, Kim Sun-Hyung* Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee Univ. *Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-Hee

More information

02이용배(239~253)ok

02이용배(239~253)ok A study on the characteristic of land use in subcenter of Seoul. - Cases of Yeongdeungpo and Kangnam Ok Kyung Yuh* Yong-Bae Lee**,. 2010,,..,.,,,,.,,.,,.,,,, Abstract : This study analyzed the land use

More information

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu 한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim

More information

( )Ksels001.hwp

( )Ksels001.hwp 대한내시경복강경외과학회지 한상문 허훈 1 박해린 김원우, 1 Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery Using 2 mm Instruments: Supraclaviclar pproach Sang Moon Han, M.D., Hoon Hur, M.D. 1, Hai Lin Park, M.D., Won Woo Kim, M.D. Department

More information

Kbcs002.hwp

Kbcs002.hwp Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,

More information

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF ********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder

More information

( )Kju225.hwp

( )Kju225.hwp 비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin

More information

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770>

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770> J of Korean Tunn Undergr Sp Assoc 15(5)497-504(2013) eissn: 2287-4747 http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2013.15.5.497 pissn: 2233-8292 도로터널의 갱구부 경관설계가 터널 내부조명에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 이미애 1 ㆍ이동희 2 * 1 아이라이트 대표이사 2

More information

Jkbcs030(10)( ).hwp

Jkbcs030(10)( ).hwp Treatment of Breast Fibroadenoma with Interstitial Laser Photocoagulation Doo Min Sohn, Hyo Won Lee, Tae Yun Kim, Dan Song, Sung Yong Kim, Chul Wan Lim and Min Hyuk Lee Department of Surgery, College of

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

03이경미(237~248)ok

03이경미(237~248)ok The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).

More information

14.531~539(08-037).fm

14.531~539(08-037).fm G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked

More information

<B0A3C3DFB0E828C0DBBEF7292E687770>

<B0A3C3DFB0E828C0DBBEF7292E687770> 초청연자특강 대구가톨릭의대의학통계학교실 Meta analysis ( 메타분석 ) 예1) The effect of interferon on development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection?? -:> 1998.1 ~2007.12.31 / RCT(2),

More information

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( ) :,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency

More information

연하곤란

연하곤란 2015.03.04 부울경소화기내시경지회 Intramucosal gastric cancer: The rate of lymph node metastasis in signet ring cell carcinoma was as low as that in welldifferentiated adenocarcinoma 인제대부산백병원 소화기내과 지삼룡 Signet ring

More information

388 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 6. No COMMENT 1. (dysplastic nodule) (adenomatous hyperplasia, AH), (macroregenerative nodule, MR

388 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 6. No COMMENT 1. (dysplastic nodule) (adenomatous hyperplasia, AH), (macroregenerative nodule, MR 6 3 2000 ; 387-392 (3) Dysplastic Nodule Young Nyun Park, M.D., Chanil Park, M.D. Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine BRIEF HISTORY 56. AST/ALT 72/73 IU/L, total bilirubin 0.7

More information

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770> 주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp 대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo

More information

44-4대지.07이영희532~

44-4대지.07이영희532~ A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who

More information

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 1 19 Jun 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * * 1 ( ) 2) 3) 4) * 1) ( ) 3 2) 7 1 3) 2 1 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 5) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 3 2 4) ( ) 6 7 5) - 2003 23 144-166 2 2 1) 6)

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교

충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교 충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~5 2017 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교의과대학마취통증의학교실, 의학연구소 (28644), happycat19@hanmail.net

More information

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö 25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo

More information

Jkbcs012( ).hwp

Jkbcs012( ).hwp Complications and Reasons for Dissatisfaction in Augmentation Mammoplasty - Analysis of 42 Cases of Re-operation - Sangdal Lee M.D. Clinic Purpose: Breast augmentation has recently become a common plastic

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

노인정신의학회보14-1호

노인정신의학회보14-1호 제14권 1호 통권 제23호 www.kagp.or.kr 발행인 : 정인과 / 편집인 : 이동우 / 발행처 : 정인과 (152-703) 서울특별시 구로구 구로동 80번지 고려대학교 구로병원 정신과 / TEL : 02-818-6608 / FAX : 02-852-1937 발행일 : 2008년 4월 30일 / 제 작 : (주)엠엘커뮤니케이션 140-846 서울특별시

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social

More information

00약제부봄호c03逞풚

00약제부봄호c03逞풚 경희대학교 동서신의학병원 약품 정보지 2 0 0 7. S P R I N G. V O L. 0 1 신약 소개 02 Journal Review 03 Special Subject 04 복약 지도 06 의약품 안전성 정보 07 약제부 알림 07 약제부 업무 소개 08 E A S T - W E S T N E O M E D I C A L C E N T E R 본 약품

More information

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770> Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*

More information

10(3)-10.fm

10(3)-10.fm w y wz 10«3y 259~264 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w gj p p y Á Á½k * w m œw Á* w y œw (2010 9 28, 2010 10 12 k) Characteristics of Antiwashout Underwater Concrete for Reduction

More information

005송영일

005송영일 Received : 2015. 12. 09 Reviewed : 2015. 12. 16 Accepted : 2015. 12. 16 Sternal Fracture occurred after Thai Massage : A Case Report Young-Il Song, K.M.D. 1, Dong-Eun Kim, K.M.D. 1 1 Department of Rehabilitation

More information

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할 저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,

More information

09È«¼®¿µ 5~152s

09È«¼®¿µ5~152s Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,

More information

untitled

untitled 대한마취과학회지 2008; 55: 190~6 Korean J Anesthesiol Vol. 55, No. 2, August, 2008 임상연구 대한민국의 마취통증의학 임상실습 현황 연세대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 및 마취통증의학연구소 장동진ㆍ안소운ㆍ안지원ㆍ김종훈 The current status of anesthesiology clerkship in Korea

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

untitled

untitled ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN: 2005-162X Clin Exp Thyroidol 2014 November 7(2): 167-171 http://dx.doi.org/10.11106/cet.2014.7.2.167 우리나라갑상선암의치료양상분석 (2008-2012 년 ) 건강보험심사평가원 1, 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원내분비 - 대사내과, 갑상선센터

More information

Study on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport

More information

김한수 외 - - 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 57 52 33 30 22 Type I Type IAA Type III AA IM Type IV Fig. 1. Kinds of procedures. Type I thyroplasty was the most commo

김한수 외 - - 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 57 52 33 30 22 Type I Type IAA Type III AA IM Type IV Fig. 1. Kinds of procedures. Type I thyroplasty was the most commo KISEP Head and Neck Korean J Otolaryngol 2005;48:78-83 음성장애에 대한 음성외과 수술 197예에 대한 임상적 고찰 이화여자대학교 의과대학 이비인후과학교실, 1 연세대학교 의과대학 이비인후과학교실, 2 음성언어의학연구소 2 김한수 1 김광문 2 최홍식 2 임재열 A Clinical Review on 197 Cases

More information

Head and Neck Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2018;61(1):42-6 / pissn / eissn

Head and Neck Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2018;61(1):42-6 / pissn / eissn Head and Neck Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2018;61(1):42-6 / pissn 2092-5859 / eissn 2092-6529 https://doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2017.00682 Partial Superficial Parotidectomy via Retroauricular

More information

82-01.fm

82-01.fm w y wz 8«( 2y) 57~61, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis p w w Á Á w w» y l Analysis of Influence Factors and Corrosion Characteristics of Water-pipe in Potable Water System Jae Seong

More information

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) ISSN 228

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016)   ISSN 228 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) (Regular Paper) 1 1, 016 1 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.016.1.1.60 ISSN 87-9137 (Online) ISSN 16-7953 (Print) a), a) An Efficient Method

More information

001-학회지소개(영)

001-학회지소개(영) Review Article Randomization, What is the Proper Method? Jin Ho Hong, M.D., Jae Chul Yoo, M.D. Shoulder & Sports medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Purpose: Among the numerous

More information

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할 저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,

More information

16_이주용_155~163.hwp

16_이주용_155~163.hwp 사상체질의학회지 2008;20(2):155-163 J of Sasang Constitutional Medicine Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008:155-163 http://www.esasang.com 腦 梗 塞 으로 발생한 少 陽 人 半 身 舞 蹈 病 患 者 치험 1례 이주용 이한얼 한경수 안택원 Abstract 대전대학교 한의과대학 사상체질과 A Soyangin

More information