07-( ) 손영준.hwp

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1 Trans. of the Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society( ), Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 554~559 DOI: ISSN eissn 김묘은 1 ㆍ김창수 2 ㆍ손영준 1,2 1 과학기술연합대학원대학교신에너지및시스템기술, 2 한국에너지기술연구원신재생에너지연구본부연료전지연구실 A Study on Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Using Metal Foam MYO-EUN KIM 1, CHANG-SOO KIM 2, YOUNG-JUN SOHN 1,2 1 Advanced Energy and Technology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea 2 Fuel Cell Laboratory, New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea Abstract >> Single cell of PEMFC (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell) is composed of bipolar plates, gasket, GDL and the MEA. Bipolar plate's function is the collecting electricity, helping oxygen/hydrogen gas diffuse evenly and draining the water and heat. In this work, we have conducted experiments to low contact resistance and improve the performance of a 25 cm 2 single cell by using metal forms. We have following experimental cases: 1) Conventional graphite serpentine channel bipolar plate; 2) Channel-less bipolar plate with nickel(ni) based metal foam which coated by various materials. We focused the difference in contact resistance and performance of the single cell with metal foam depending on various coating materials. The experimental results show the similar performance of single cells between with serpentine channel bipolar plates and with channel-less bipolar plate using metal foams. In addition, single cell with metal foam shows potential to higher performance than conventional channel. Key words : PEM fuel cell( 고분자전해질막연료전지 ), Metal foam( 금속다공체 ), Contact resistance( 접촉저항 ), Water management( 물관리 ) 1. 서론연료전지는수소를연료로고효율의전기를생산하는장치로써수소에너지사업에서가장핵심이되는기술이다. 그중고분자전해질 (PEM-Polymer electrolyte membrane) 연료전지는다른연료전지에비해작동온도가낮아빠른시동이가능하고, 자동 Corresponding author : yjsohn@kier.re.kr Received : in revised form : Accepted : Copyright c 2015 KHNES 차, 발전소등적용가능한분야가매우많다는장점이있다. PEM 연료전지에서고분자전해질막전극접합체 (MEA) 는 2개의기체확산층 (GDL) 사이에들어가고, 그들은 2개의유로가있는흑연분리판 (graphite bipolar plate) 사이에들어간다. 이렇게여러부품이겹겹이쌓여있는구조로인해부품이접촉되는부분에접촉저항이발생하게되는데, 접촉저항은연료전지성능에있어매우큰영향을준다. 접촉저항은면적, 체결압력, 그리고사용하는재료의물성치에의하여 554

2 555 달라질수있다. 현재가장일반적으로사용되는사형 (serpentine) 구조의흑연분리판은 Fig. 1에나타나듯이유로의 rib 부분에압력이집중되는현상이나타나는데, 이로인해접촉저항이높아지고가스의확산과물빠짐이저해되는가능성이발생한다. 연료전지에서는물관리도매우중요한문제점이다. 수분공급이부족하면전해질막의수소이온전도도가낮아서성능을저하시키는 dry-out현상이발생되고, 반대로연료전지내부에축적된액상의물의양이너무많은경우, 특히공기극 (cathode) 에서는, 액상의물이촉매의활성을저해시키고기체의확산을방해하며유로를막아버리는 Flooding 현상으로연료전지의성능을저하시킬가능성이커진다. 이전의 PEM 연료전지는저 ( 低 ) 출력운전시문제가되는 dry-out 현상에집중하였으나, 현재는자동차, 비상전원등고 ( 高 ) 출력운전이주를이루므로액상의물로인한성능저하를일으키는 flooding 현상이더욱중요한문제로부각되고있다. 본연구에서는 25cm 2 크기의막전극접합체 (MEA) 를사용하는단위전지에서금속다공체 (Metal Foam) 를유로가없는흑연분리판 (channel-less bipolar plate) 과사용해체결함으로써 (Fig. 2 참조 ) 접촉저항 (contact resistance) 을낮추고, 형성되어있는유로를통한기체의유동이아닌다공성매체인 metal foam 을통하여부분면적에만압력이집중되는현상을방지하고, 전체적으로고른기체확산과액상의물배출을좋게함으로서단위전지성능향상을목적으로실험을진행하였다. 2. 실험 본연구에서는일반적인형태의유로구성을가진 1종류의흑연분리판과 2종류의 metal foam 코팅을대상으로단위전지테스트를통해실제접촉저항과성능을분석비교하였다. 2.1 실험구성 Fig. 1 Pressure concentration phenomenon on rib of serpentine channel Fig. 2 Structure of PEM single cell using metal foam 본연구에서단위전지는 25 cm 2 크기의 GORE MEA와, 기체확산층 (GDL) 으로 SIGRACET 10BC 를사용하여실험을수행하였다. 접촉저항과성능차를알아보기위해 Fig. 3 같은 test station을설치하였다. Fig. 4는실험을위한시스템의개략도를나타낸것이다. 연료로수소와공기를사용하였으며, Mass Flow Controller (MFC) 를통해유량을조절하였다. 유량은고정유량으로, 수소는 350 sccm, 공기는 1500 sccm으로설정하였다. 가습기를통해공급되는연료의온도와단위전지온도는 60 C로설정하였고, 상대습도는 RH=100% 으로설정하였다. 연료의가습기통과후온도변화로인한가스응축을방지하기위해연료가가습기를통과후바로단위전지로투입될수있도록최단연결하였다. 전압, 임피던스등의측정과전류부하설 제 26 권제 6 호 2015 년 12 월

3 556 김묘은ㆍ김창수ㆍ손영준 Fig. 5 Channel-less bipolar plate with gold coated metal foam Fig. 3 Single cell and fuel cell test station Fig. 6 Gold coated metal foam and its contact angle (CA) (left) / Hydrophobic coated metal foam and its contact angle (CA) (right) Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of an experimental setup 정을위해 BioLogics사의 Electric Load HCP-803 를사용하였고, EC-Lab 프로그램을사용하여데이터를수집하였다. 2.2 실험내용정상상태에서의단위전지성능을평가하기위해 Electric Load HCP-803를제어하는 EC-Lab프로그램 을사용하여전압을 0.3V에서 1.2V까지변화시키는방식으로출력전류값을구하고, 그값들로전압 / 전류출력특정곡선 (IV curve) 을구하였다. 접촉저항의경우, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 를통하여 impedance 를측정함으로서 HFR (high frequency resistance) 값을구하여비교를하였다. 제일먼저 metal foam이없는 Fig. 1과같이일반적인 serpentine channel의접촉저항과성능을측정한후그결과를 reference 로설정하고실험을진행하였다. Fig. 5와같이 1.5 mm 깊이의챔버 (chamber) 가파져있는 channel-less 흑연분리판에 2 mm 두께의 >> 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집

4 557 metal foam 을넣고 Fig. 2와같이체결하였다. 이때사용한 metal foam 은니켈 (Ni) 로만들어졌으며, porosity 는 95% 이상인다공성유체이다. 2종류의 metal foam은각각금코팅과소수성 (hydrophobic) 코팅이되어있어 (Fig. 6), 각각의 metal foam을실험용단위전지에넣어그접촉저항과성능을측정하였다. 그리고 metal foam을사용한단위전지의경우, 과급율에의한성능의변화를추가적으로확인하고자고정유량을 2배로늘려성능을측정하였다. Fig. 7 EIS results of single cells 3. 결과및분석 3.1 Serpentine channel 을사용한단위전지성능평가 Fig. 8에서나타나듯이성능평가의 reference 가될 serpentine channel의 IV curve를구하였다. 주전압인 0.6V에서약 1.54 A/cm 2 의전류밀도를얻을수있었다. EIS 결과를통해 ohmic resistance이라불리는 HFR값은그래프의곡선이 x축과만나는절편의값으로나타난다. 35A에서측정한 EIS결과그래프가나타난 Fig. 7을살펴보면 HFR값은 Ohm cm 2 임을알수있다. Fig. 8 IV performance comparison of single cells between with serpentine channel and channel-less with gold coated metal foam 3.2 Metal foam을사용한 channel-less 단위전지다른종류의코팅이되어있는각각의 metal foam 을사용한 channel-less 단위전지실험을통해얻은결과를 serpentine channel 단위전지와비교하였다 금코팅된 metal foam 금코팅된 metal foam을넣은 channel-less 단위전지와 serpentine channel 의 IV curve를비교한결과, Fig. 8에서나타나듯거의동일한성능이나타났다. 그리고 Fig. 7에 HFR값도거의동일한값을가진다는것을확인할수있다 소수성코팅된 metal foam 소수성코팅된 metal foam을넣은 channel-less 연료전지와금코팅된 metal foam을넣은 channel-less 연료전지의 IV curve를 Fig. 9에서비교한결과, 소수성코팅된 metal foam을넣은 channel-less 단위전지의성능이현저히떨어지는것을확인할수있었다. 그이유는 Fig. 7과 Table 1에서보이는것처럼소수성의코팅된 metal foam을사용한단위전지의 HFR 은 Ohm cm 2 으로 serpentine channel 단위전지와금코팅된 metal foam을이용한 channel-less 단위전지보다약 2배이상높은접촉저항값을가지기때문이다. 제 26 권제 6 호 2015 년 12 월

5 558 김묘은ㆍ김창수ㆍ손영준 에사용된 metal foam 중성능이나은금코팅의경우고 ( 高 ) 전류에서급격히성능이떨어지는것을확인할수있다 (Fig. 8, 9). 이것은공기극에액상의물이많이생성되어물빠짐이좋지않다는해석이가능하다. 그래서이부분을확인하기위해과급률을 2 배로늘려실험을해본결과, Fig. 10에서보는것처럼급격히성능이떨어지던고전류구간에서눈에띄게완만히하강하는그래프를볼수있다. 4. 결론 Fig. 9 IV performance comparison of channel-less single cells between with gold coated metal foam and with hydrophobic coated metal foam Table 1 HFR of single cells Single cell with : HFR [Ohm cm 2 ] serpentine channel channel-less with gold coated metal foam channel-less with hydrophobic coated metal foam Fig. 10 IV performance comparison of single cells using channel-less with gold coated metal foam depending on stoichiometric ratios Metal foam 을사용한 PEMFC 단위전지실험결과금코팅이된 metal foam을사용한다면기존의 serpentine channel 단위전지와거의동일한접촉저항과성능이나오는것을확인할수있었다. 그리고금코팅의경우물빠짐능력이향상된다면, 더낳은성능이나올수있다는사실도과급율을변화시킨실험을통해확인할수있었다. 소수성코팅이된 metal foam은전기전도도가낮아접촉저항도높고성능도잘나오지않았지만, 고 ( 高 ) 전류에서급격히하강하는그래프가아닌, 완만히하강하는그래프추세로보아, 물빠짐에의한급격한성능저하는없다는추측이가능하다. 이런내용을토대로, metal foam에금코팅수준으로전기전도도가높고, 대신소수성물질로코팅이가능하다면, 접촉저항이낮아지면서정격출력영역에서의성능도좋고, 물빠짐에도도움을주어고 ( 高 ) 전류에서도높은성능이나올수있는가능성을실험을통하여확인하였다. 후기 3.3 과급률에따른단위전지성능비교 본연구는 metal foam을사용한 PEMFC 단위전지실험에서의성능향상을목적으로수행되었다. 실험 본연구는산업통상자원부사업의지원을받아수행되었습니다 (No ). >> 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집

6 559 References 1. H Tawfik, Y Hung, D Mahajan Metal bipolar plates for PEM fuel cell A review. Journal of Power Sources 163, 2007, pp Chung-Jen Tseng, Bin Tsang Tsai, Zhong-Sheng Liu, Tien-Chun Cheng, Wen-Chen Chang, Shih-Kun Lo A PEM fuel cell with metal foam as flow distributor. Energy Conversion and Management 62, 2012, pp Atul Kumar, R.G Reddy Modeling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with metal foam in the flow-field of the bipolar/end plates. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 114, No. 1, 25 February 2003, pp 제 26 권제 6 호 2015 년 12 월

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