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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Breast Cancer J Breast Cancer 2010 March; 13(1): DOI: /jbc 전이성유방암치료를위한제넥솔 - 피엠의비용효과분석 김진현ㆍ신상진 1 서울대학교간호대학, 1 서울대학교보건대학원 Cost-Effectiveness of Genexol-PM for Treating Metastatic Breast Cancer Jinhyun Kim, Sangjin Shin 1 Seoul National University College of Nursing, Seoul; 1 Seoul National University School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the incremental effectiveness (the differences in progression-free survival between treatments), the incremental cost and the incremental cost-effectiveness of Genexol-PM compared to Paclitaxel when these drugs were used as treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Methods: In the absence of any comparative direct evidence of the relative efficacy of Paclitaxel and Genexol-PM in this setting, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of the Paclitaxel on the health outcome. The decision tree model was constructed to evaluate the two treatment regimens. All the costs are in 2008 Korean Won (KW) and they were evaluated according to the 3rd party payer perspective, and the direct nonmedical and indirect costs were excluded. Results: When compared with Paclitaxel, Genexol-PM was shown to increase the response rate and the time to progression for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Although the overall treatment costs of Genexol-PM were slightly higher than those of Paclitaxel, Genexol-PM was associated with a delayed time to progression of 4.78 months per patient. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio for Genexol-PM versus Paclitaxel was KW 2,295,228 per year gained, which is far below the per capita GDP or the threshold of the willingness-to-pay in Korea. Conclusion: Compared with Paclitaxel, Genexol-PM for treating metastatic breast cancer is within the acceptable range of the cost-effectiveness ratio for medical intervention. Key Words: Breast neoplasms, Cost-benefit analysis, Neoplasm metastasis, Paclitaxel 중심단어 : 유방암, 비용효과분석, 암전이, 파클리탁셀 서 여성의유방암발생률이세계적으로증가하고있다.(1) 유방암은미국에서여성에게가장많이발생하는종양으로미국여성 10 만명당 124.5명에게발생하고 30.2명이사망하는것으로보고되고있다.(2) 우리나라에서도유방암발생빈도가최근점차높아져, 여성을기준으로 2005년한해동안발생한유방암환자수는 9,842 명으로인구 10 만명당연령표준화발생률 35.5명에달하 론 책임저자 : 김진현 서울시종로구연건동 28, 서울대학교간호대학 Tel: , Fax: Jinhyun@snu.ac.kr 접수일 : 2009 년 2 월 19 일게재승인일 : 2009 년 10 월 12 일 는것으로보고되고있다.(3) 발생률이급격히증가하고있는유방암은 2001년부터우리나라여성암중가장발생빈도가높은암으로대두되었다.(1) 우리나라유방암발생분포의특징은 60 대에많이발생하는서구와달리 40 대에서제일높은발병률을나타낸다는점 (3) 과점차발병연령이낮아지고있다는점을들수있다. 이와같이비교적젊은연령층에호발하는우리나라여성유방암은긴유병기간에따른의료비의증가와함께국가경제의생산성을감소시키는결과를초래하고있다.(1) 전이성유방암치료의주된목적은질병의완화이며, 이를위한방법으로주로항암화학요법과항암호르몬요법을사용한다.(4) 전이성유방암의치료를위한항암화학제제로서단독적파클리탁 104
2 Cost-Effectiveness of Genexol-PM for Treating Metastatic Breast Cancer 105 셀의용량과용법은일반적으로매 3주마다 3-24시간에걸쳐서 175 mg/m 2 또는매주마다 1시간에걸쳐서 80 mg/m 2 을투여하는방법이추천되며좋은치료효과를보이는것으로알려져있다. 하지만제제의최대투여용량은부형제인크레모퍼 (Cremophor EL) 에의해나타나는심각한독성때문에한번에투여할수있는양이제한되고있다. 이러한부작용을극복하기위해서기존제제에서난용성인파클리탁셀 (paclitaxel) 을용해하기위해사용되는크레모퍼를사용하지않고, 분자량이낮고무독성의생분해성고분자인 methoxy poly를이용한미소입자 (nanomicelle) 파클리탁셀을형성하여가용성을증가시킨제넥솔-피엠 (Genexol- PM, Samyang Genex, Seoul, Korea) 이개발되었다. 제넥솔-피엠은전이성유방암또는재발성유방암의 1차치료에사용되고 3주마다약 300 mg/m 2 을 3시간동안점적정맥정주하여투여하는데파클리탁셀과달리전처치가불필요하다는장점이있다. 즉, 제넥솔-피엠은파클리탁셀의투여가능량을최대화하여유효율을증가시키고부형제와관련한독성을최소화시켜, 파클리탁셀에대한우수성을인정받았으며 2007년부터국내에서시판되고있다. 이렇듯기존파클리탁셀대신제넥솔-피엠의사용이투여가능용량을최대화하여유효성이개선되는효과를가져온다는것은임상시험을통해보여주고있으나,(5) 제넥솔-피엠의투여가추가편익뿐아니라추가비용또한가져오게되므로비용-효과에대한분석이필요하다. 즉, 특정약물이보편적으로임상에서사용되기위해서는안전성, 유효성에더하여비용-효과성 (cost-effectiveness) 에대한평가가필요하며, 비용-효과성에대한판단은추가편익에대해사회가어느정도지불하고자하는가를반영하게된다. 따라서본연구는이러한배경하에서한국에서실시된제넥솔- 피엠의제2상임상시험 (5) 에서보고된제넥솔-피엠의안전성과효과성에대한자료를근거로, 한국에서유방암환자에게제넥솔- 피엠을사용하는것이비용-효과적인지를평가하기위해수행되었다. 본연구의경제성평가관점은보험자관점으로치료에수반되는직접비용만을반영하였으며그중점증적비용 (incremental cost) 만을본연구에서추정하였다. 비용-효과성의평가는점증적비용효과비 (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) 로제시되었다. 즉, 파클리탁셀대신제넥솔-피엠투여로인해증가된효과에대해추가적으로지불하는비용이어느정도인가를제시하였으며, 이비용-효과비의적정성에대한평가는한국사회의지불의사나지불능력을고려하여이루어지게될것이다. 방법본연구에서는제넥솔-피엠과파클리탁셀의효과를추정하기 위해주요임상문헌을이용하였다. 먼저, 제넥솔-피엠의효과는국내에서시행된제2 상임상시험 (5) 을이용하였다. Lee 등 (5) 은 2004년 7월부터 2005년 10 월까지국내 8개종합병원에서전이성유방암환자를대상으로제넥솔-피엠의유효성과안전성을평가하였다. 총 41 명의환자결과가분석대상에포함되었는데, 이들은매 3주마다 300 mg/m 2 의제넥솔-피엠을 3시간에걸쳐투여받았고환자당항암제투여주기의중간값은 8주기 ( 범위, 1-16) 였다. 이연구에서유효성평가를위한 1차결과변수는반응률이며 2차결과변수는반응지속기간, 질병의진행까지의시간및생존기간이었다. 제넥솔-피엠의효과와비교하기위한파클리탁셀의효과를추정하기위해 Lee 등 (5) 의연구와비교가능한기존연구문헌을검색하였다. 문헌검색에서주요기준으로삼은것은 1) 대상환자가 Lee 등 (5) 의연구와동일한전이성유방암환자를대상으로한것, 2) 주요임상시험논문으로서종설 (review article), 예비보고 (preliminary report) 등은제외하고, 전문 (full text) 확인이가능한논문이며비교대상인파클리탁셀의효과를보고한논문, 3) 효과변수가본연구의경제성평가에서활용할변수인반응률과질병진행까지시간 (time to progression, TTP) 인논문, 4) 파클리탁셀투여용량은현재표준투여용량인 175 mg/m 2 를기준으로하였다. 고용량투여가되는제넥솔-피엠과의비교를보수적으로하기위해 175 mg/m 2 를넘어서는고용량투여연구결과도포함시켜민감도분석에서이용하였다. 5) 투여방법은 3주간격으로정해진용량을투여한논문을기준으로하였다. 우선, PubMed 에서검색기간을 1990년-2006년으로두고검색어로 breast cancer 이면서 phase II trial 또는 paclitaxel 을가진 684 개의논문을 1차로확인하였다. 확인된논문에대해위에제시한기준과파클리탁셀과다른약제와의병용투여에대한논문은제외하는기준을적용하여비교대상논문을다시선별하였다. 이러한과정을통해최종적으로 18 개의비교가능한논문을선정하였다 (Table 1). 이중 175 mg/m 2 를기준으로한논문만을포함하여기본분석을시행하였다. 비용효과분석에서는제넥솔-피엠의효과지표로종양반응률과 Kaplan-Meier방법으로생존분석을실시한결과인 TTP를이용하였다. 종양반응률은전체피험자대비완전관해또는부분관해를보인피험자의분율이며, 질병진행까지의시간은치료시작일부터질병의진행이확인된시점또는마지막접촉시점또는다른항암치료를시작한시점까지로정의하였다. 각각의약제별로비용과효과를추정하기위해본연구에서는결정분석모형 (Figure 1) 을이용하였다. 환자군은임상시험의환자집단과동일하게전이성유방암환자로설정하였으며, 각약제군별로종양반응률을보인군과보이지않은각각에서의병의진행까지의시간을효과로설정하였다. 즉, 종양반응여부와상관없이모든환자
3 106 Jinhyun Kim, et al. Table 1. Studies included in the Paclitaxel treatment meta-analysis No. of patients Dose (mg/m 2 ) Cycle Response rate (95% CI, %) Response duration (month) TTP (95% CI, month) Holmes et al. (9) (3-13+)* 9 (5-13+)* Reichman et al. (10) ( ) Davidson et al. (11) Dieras et al. (12) Seidman et al. (13) ( ) 7 Davidson et al. (14) ( ) (3.7-7) Fountzilas et al. (15) Nabholtz et al. (16) Hudis et al. (17) ( ) 5 4 (1-7.5)* Michael et al. (18) ( ) 4.1 (3.2-6) Geyer et al. (19) ( ) 4 Ito et al. (20) ( ) 4.17 Bishop et al. (21) ( ) Gelmon et al. (22) Paridaens et al. (23) Rivera et al. (24) ( ) 8.2 Chao et al. (25) ( ) Lui et al. (26) CI=confidence interval. *Numbers in parenthesis are range, not 95% CI. Metastastic Breast Cancer Genexol-PM Paclitaxel Figure 1. Decision tree. Response No Response Response No Response 에서병의진행이나타나지만단지병의진행까지의시간을지연시키는것을효과로가정하였다. 분석기간은 6주기 (cycles) 를기준으로 3주간격으로 6회투여한즉, 18 주로설정하였다. 비용효과분석의또다른요소인비용은보험자관점에서추정하였고, 전이성유방암치료과정에서기존약제인파클리탁셀을제넥솔-피엠으로대체하였을때발생하는점증적비용만을연구에포함시키는것을원칙으로하였다. 전이성유방암치료에서소요되는직접의료비용에는입원비용, 외래비용, 약품비, 기타처치비용등이있지만약품비를제외하고나머지항목은파클리탁셀군과제넥솔-피엠군간의차이가없는것으로가정하고제넥솔- 피엠과파클리탁셀의약품비만을추정하였다. 약품비는 2008년 기준단위비용을이용하였으며파클리탁셀의경우는오리지널약품과복제약이시장에서모두사용되므로, 오리지널과나머지복제약의 2005년시장점유율에근거하여가중평균가격을산출하였다. 이렇게구한 2008년기준단위비용에평균항암요법주기에대해전문가의견에따라 6주기를지속하는것으로가정하여비교대상약제의직접약제비용을추정하였다. 이상의과정을통해파클리탁셀이아닌제넥솔-피엠을투여하였을때추가로소요되는비용과추가적으로얻을수있는효과 ( 반응률, 병의진행까지의시간 ) 를산출하고이에근거하여점증적비용효과비를산출하였다. 한편, 제시된점증적비용효과비가본연구에서이용한모수값과가정이가지고있는불확실성정도에따라어느정도반응을하는지에대한검토를위해추가적으로민감도분석을실시하였다. 점증적비용효과비산출의주요변수가되는비용과효과라는변수각각에대해비용의경우, 제넥솔-피엠약품단가를현재가격기준상하 15% 범위에서변화를허용하였을때, 그리고효과의경우제넥솔-피엠과파클리탁셀의효과추정치를현재를기준으로상하 15% 범위에서변화를허용하였을때점증적비용효과비값이어느정도수준에서변화하고있는지확인하여본연구에서제시하는점증적비용효과비추정치의수용성을검토하였다. 결과전이성유방암환자들에대한제넥솔-피엠의유효성측정결과,
4 Cost-Effectiveness of Genexol-PM for Treating Metastatic Breast Cancer 107 Table 2. Estimated drug costs Genexol-PM Paclitaxel Drug price 30 mg/vial: 179,310 KW 30mg/Vial: 174,503 KW* 100 mg/vial: 384,697 KW Dosage/1 cycle mg mg (100 mg 4 vials+ (30 mg 10 vials) 30 mg 2 vials) Drug price/1 cycle 1,897,408 KW 1,745,030 KW No of cycles needed 6 cycle 6 cycle Total costs 11,384,448 KW 10,470,180 KW KW=Korean Won. *Average price of original and generic drugs weighted by its market share in 2005; mg=175 mg/m m 2. 반응률은 58.5% ( 완전관해 12.2%, 부분관해 46.3%) 이고반응률에대한 95% 신뢰구간은 %, 질병진행까지의시간은 9.0개월, 범위는 개월로제시되고있다.(5) 종양반응률과질병진행까지의시간에대한파클리탁셀의효과는 175 mg/m 2 를기준으로하는논문 7개에서제시된효과값에각연구의환자수를이용한가중치를적용하여평균을산출하였다. 그결과종양반응률은 28.4%, 그리고질병진행까지의시간은평균 4.22개월로추정되었다. 비용추정의경우, 제넥솔-피엠의약품비는임상시험에서한주기당평균투여용량인 mg을기준으로산출하였다. 이는임상시험시 1회투여평균량으로임상시험에서초회권장용량은 300 mg/m 2 으로최대 2회까지환자의상태에따라감량이가능하여 1회감량시에는 240 mg/m 2 ( =408 mg), 2회감량시에는 190 mg/m 2 ( =323 mg) 로조정이가능하도록하였다. 환자상태에따라조정되어투여된평균투여량은 1인당 mg이었다. 그결과주기당제넥솔 -피엠의비용은 1,897,408원으로추정되었다. 또한파클리탁셀의경우는체표면적당 175 mg/m 2 을투여하는것을기준으로성인 1인의체중 60 kg 을가정하여 1주기의필요용량을추정한결과 mg으로산출되었으며이에소요되는비용은 1,745,030원으로추정되었다 (Table 2). 약제군별로산출된주기당비용을기준으로 6주기의전체약제비를산출한결과제넥솔 -피엠은 11,384,448원으로, 파클리탁셀은 10,470,180원으로추정되었다. 두약제간의점증적비용은 914,268원이었다. 이는항암요법을 6주기를진행하는데제넥솔-피엠을투여할경우파클리탁셀을투여할때보다약 91 만원이더소요된다는것이다. 임상문헌을통해추정된각약물군별효과를기준으로추정된점증적비용효과비는 Table 3과같다. 제넥솔 -피엠의점증적비용효과비는질병진행까지의시간 1개월당 191,269원으로, 1년에 Table 3. Cost-effectiveness analysis Expected costs Costs (KW) Incremental costs Effectiveness-TTP (months) Expected effectiveness Incremental effectiveness Genexol-PM 11,384, , Paclitaxel 10,470, ICER* 191,269 KW/delayed TTP (month) 2,295,228 KW/ delayed TTP (yr) KW=Korean Won; TTP=time to progression. *ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) COST (Genexol PM)-COST (Taxol) = EFFECTIV ENESS (TTPGenexol PM)-EFFECTIVENESS (TTPTaxol) Incremental costs = Incremental effectiveness 2,295,228원으로추정되었다. 즉, 이는전이성유방암환자의질병진행까지의시간을 1년을연장하는데제넥솔-피엠은파클리탁셀에비해약 230 만원의비용이더소요된다는것을의미한다. 추가로본연구에서이용된모수값과가정이가지고있는불확실성에대한검토를위하여민감도분석을실시하였다. 먼저제넥솔-피엠의질병진행까지의시간을 9.0 개월에서 ±15% 변화를허용하였을때 ( 즉, 제넥솔-피엠의질병진행까지의시간이 개월까지변한다고하였을때 ) 제넥솔 -피엠의점증적비용효과비는질병진행까지의시간 1개월당 149, ,550원 (1년기준 ; 1,789,752-3,198,600원 ) 까지변화하는것으로나타났다. 마찬가지로파클리탁셀의효과인질병진행까지의시간 4.22 개월에 ±15% 의변화를허용하였을때제넥솔-피엠의점증적비용효과비는질병진행까지의시간 1개월연장에대해 168, ,838원 (1년기준 : 2,027,952-2,650,056원 ) 범위로변화한다. 파클리탁셀의효과추정을위한논문의포함기준을 175 mg/ m 2 이상으로적용한경우, 즉 Table 1의 18편의논문을모두포함하여효과를추정하여민감도분석을실시하였다. 그결과파클리탁셀의질병진행까지의시간은 4.81개월로, 점증적비용효과비는 186, ,239원 (1년기준 : 2,234,460-3,170,872원 ) 범위로변화한다. 또한한환자당평균항암요법주기는파클리탁셀임상논문에서나온최소값 4회에서최대값 11 회에대해서민감도분석을시행한결과점증적비용효과비는질병진행까지의시간 1개월연장에대해 127, ,660원 (1 년기준 : 1,530,156-4,207,920 원 ) 으로분석되었다. 마지막으로제넥솔-피엠가격에대해상하 15% 의변화를허용하였을경우, 파클리탁셀의시장점유율가중
5 108 Jinhyun Kim, et al. Table 4. Base-case estimates and ranges used in sensitivity analysis Parameter Base-case estimate (range) Results of sensitivity analysis Response rate (%) Genexol-PM 58.5 Paclitaxel 28.4 Time to progression (months) Genexol-PM 9.0 ( ) Min: 149,146* (1,789,752 ) Max: 266,550* (3,198,600 ) Paclitaxel 4.22 ( ) Min: 168,996* (2,027,952 ) (175 mg/m 2 ) Max: 220,838* (2,650,056 ) Paclitaxel 4.81 ( ) 218,202* (2,618,424 ) ( 175 mg/m 2 ) Min: 186,205* (2,234,460 ) Max: 264,239* (3,170,872 ) Drug price/1 cycle (KW) Genexol-PM 1,897,408 Min: dominated (1,483,278-2,006,788) Max: 328,567* (3,942,804 ) Paclitaxel 1,745,033 Cycle Genexol-PM 6 cycles (4-11 cycle) Min: 127,513* (1,530,156 ) Paclitaxel 6 cycles (4-11 cycle) Max: 350,660* (4,270,920 ) Time to progression of Genexol-PM (range: ) Number of cycle (range: 4-11) Cost of Genexol-PM (range: 1,483,278-2,006,788 KW) 141 M 151 M 161 M 171 M 181 M 191 M Net monetary benefit Figure 2. Tornado diagram (cost-effectiveness threshold: 20,000,000 Korean Won). M=Million Korean Won. 4,200만원-1억 9,600만원으로나타났다. 또한제넥솔-피엠의질병진행까지의시간이 4.27개월미만인경우더이상제넥솔 - 피엠은파클리탁셀에비해비용-효과적인대안이아닌것으로분석되었다. KW=Korean Won; TTP=time to progression. *KW/delayed TTP (mo); KW/delayed TTP (yr); Inclusion criteria above 175 mg/m 2 was applied. 고 찰 평균가격이제넥솔-피엠의 92% 수준인상태에서제넥솔-피엠가격에 15% 인하를인정하면오히려제넥솔-피엠가격이파클리탁셀가격보다낮아져서파클리탁셀이열등한대안 (dominated) 이된다. 여기서파클리탁셀이열등대안이라는것이의미하는바는기존파클리탁셀에비해제넥솔-피엠을사용함으로써더좋은효과도기대하면서동시에비용도절감될수있음을의미한다. 이상을종합하여본결과 (Table 4), 여러모수값중제넥솔 -피엠과파클리탁셀에서질병진행까지의시간범위가비용효과분석결과에가장큰영향을미치는변수로분석되었다. 이를단변량민감도분석결과를하나의그래프에모아놓은토네이도다이어그램 (tornado diagram) 으로순편익 (net monetary benefit) 을나타내보았다 (Figure 2). 순편익은자원을제넥솔-피엠이라는새로운치료대안에투자하였을때얻을수있는편익으로해석할수있으나이는비용 -효과성임계값 (threshold) 의함수로순편익을해석할때반드시고려되어야한다. 본분석에서는 2008 년국민 1인당 GDP가약 2,000만원수준으로이를이용하였다. 토네이도다이어그램은결과에가장큰영향을미치는변수를그래프의위쪽에, 나머지를영향의정도에따라그아래로배치하게된다. 질병진행까지의시간, 분석기간, 제넥솔-피엠의가격에대해서분석한결과비용효과성에가장영향을많이미치는변수는제넥솔-피엠의효과인질병진행까지의시간으로나타났으며질병진행까지의시간 (4-15개월 ) 에따라사회적순편익은약 1억 제넥솔-피엠은기존파클리탁셀에포함된가용화제인크레모퍼를사용하지않음으로써그로인한독성및과민반응을줄였으며크레모퍼가파클리탁셀의투여용량 175 mg/m 2 을제한하는단점을개선하였다. 따라서제넥솔-피엠은투여용량을최대 300 mg/m 2 까지고용량투여가가능하도록하여항암효과를향상시킨주사제이다. 국내전이성유방암환자를대상으로실시한 2상임상시험의결과 58.5% 의반응률, 9개월의질병진행까지의시간이나타났다.(5) 이러한효과는기존파클리탁셀제제보다현저히높은치료효과로개량신약의우수성을인정받은것이라할수있다. 따라서본연구에서는임상시험을통해밝혀진제넥솔-피엠의임상적우수성에기초하여제넥솔-피엠의효과와비용을분석하였다. 그결과제넥솔-피엠의점증적비용효과비는질병진행까지의시간을 1년연장하는데 230 만원이소요되는것으로분석되었다. 현재우리나라에서는수명 1년연장당지불할수있는임계값에대한사회적합의가이루어져있지않아본연구의분석결과에기초하여제넥솔-피엠이비용효과적인대안이라고결론짓는것에는한계가있다. 하지만본연구의결과에기초할때, 제넥솔-피엠은분명히항암제중에서비용효과적인대안으로써검토가가능한약물임을확인하였다. 또한탁센 (Taxane) 계항암제가국내항암제전체시장의약 20% 를차지하고이중절반이수입완제품인점을고려하면제넥솔-피엠은기존약물에비해우수한항암치료방법을제공함과동시에국산제제로서높은수입대체효과
6 Cost-Effectiveness of Genexol-PM for Treating Metastatic Breast Cancer 109 를가져올수있음을기대할수있다. 우리나라에서는최근새로운치료법의도입에있어효능과안전성뿐아니라효과와비용을고려하는것이현재건강보험약제비관리정책의방향이다. 본연구역시이러한정책적요구에기초하여진행하였으나아직자료의한계와관련하여몇몇제한점을갖는다. 본연구에서이용한제넥솔-피엠의효과는국내에서실시된제 2상임상시험에기초하여추정하였다. 한국의약물경제성평가가이드라인에서는두비교약물의직접비교자료를이용하는것을권고하나본연구에서는제넥솔-피엠과파클리탁셀을직접비교한논문이부재하여간접비교를실시하였다는한계가있다. 또한파클리탁셀의효과역시 7편의임상문헌을이용한메타분석을통하여추정한한계가있다. 메타분석의경우문헌간의이질성, 출판편향이라는제한점에주의를기울여야한다. 이연구에서는제넥솔-피엠의 2상임상연구와유사한연구디자인을가진연구들을선별한것으로비교군이없는연구들로통계적으로이질성검증 (test for heterogeneity) 을시행하지는못했지만, 반응률에서동질적이라고보기어려운경향이나타났다. 따라서본연구에서의결과해석에는주의를기울여야한다. 또한출판편향의문제에서는깔때기그림 (funnel plot) 을통해살펴보았지만포함된연구의수가많지않아메타분석에서깔때기그림으로출판편향에대해결론짓기는어렵지만, 일정한패턴을보이지는않았다. 전이성유방암환자들을대상으로하는탁센계의약물경제성분석에대한선행연구 (6-8) 들을검토하였다. 선행연구에서비교약제로포함된약물은본연구와달리결과를비교하기는적절하지않았다. 방법론적으로선행연구에서는임상시험자료에기초한직접비교혹은본연구에서와유사한간접비교방법을적용하였으며본연구와는달리장기간동안해당약물의경제성을마콥모형 (Markov model) 을적용하여분석한차이점이있었다. 하지만본연구에서비교약제로포함한제넥솔-피엠의효능을측정한임상논문은단기간추적한임상논문 (5) 이유일한자료라는한계로인하여선행연구와는달리장기효과분석을적용하지못하였다. 따라서향후제넥솔-피엠에대한장기적인유효성에대한추가적인임상연구가이루어질경우생존자료를이용하여추정된연장된수명 (life-year gained) 혹은질보정수명 (quality-adjusted life years) 을설정하는장기분석의시행이필요하다. 본연구는제넥솔-피엠의임상유효성과안전성에대한자료가제한적이기때문에경제성평가분석의방법론적용에한계가있었지만약물을선택하는과정에서비용과효과의고려가점점필수적인사항이되고있는현상황에서제넥솔-피엠의경제성에대한정보를제공하고자수행되었다. 파클리탁셀에대한경제성분석을시행한선행연구검토결과, 제넥솔-피엠은파클리탁셀 에비해전이성유방암환자의질병진행까지의시간을 1년연장하는데소요되는비용이 230 만원으로분석되었다. 이는한국에서전이성유방암환자의항암요법에서제넥솔-피엠이비용효과적인대안으로검토가가능한약물이라고판단할수있다는근거가된다. 결론전이성유방암환자를대상으로항암제인제넥솔-피엠과파클리탁셀을보험자관점에서경제성평가를한결과제넥솔-피엠이비용효과적인대안으로써검토가가능한약물로평가되었다. 참고문헌 1. Kim SW, Han W, Jeong J, Park HK, Noh WC, Lee ES, et al. The policy proposal for effective prevention and management of breast cancer. J Breast Cancer 2006;9: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, National Cancer Institute gov/csr/1975_2004. accessed September 24th, Annual report of the central cancer registry in Korea. Seoul: Ministry for Health Welfare and Family Affairs, Cancer Registry Center; p cancer.go.kr/. accessed September 24th, Park WC, You YK, Choi SH, Suh YJ, Oh SC, Cho WI, et al. Therapeutic effects of paclitaxel (Taxol) in metastatic breast cancer. J Korean Surg Soc 1999;56: Lee KS, Chung HC, Im SA, Park YH, Kim CS, Kim SB, et al. Multicenter phase II trial of Genexol-PM, a Cremophor-free, polymeric micelle formulation of paclitaxel, in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;108: Brown RE, Hutton J, Burrell A. Cost-effectiveness of treatment options in advanced breast cancer in the UK. PharmacoEconomics 2001;19: Launois R, Reboul-Marty J, Henry B, Bonneterre J. A cost-utility analysis of second-line chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Docetaxel versus paclitaxel versus vinorelbine. Pharmacoeconomics 1996;10: Limwattananon S, Limwattananon C, Maoleekulpairoj S, Soparatanapaisal N. Cost-effectiveness analysis of sequential paclitaxel adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with node positive primary breast cancer. J Med Assoc Thai 2006;89:690-8.
7 110 Jinhyun Kim, et al. 9. Holmes FA, Walters RS, Theriault RL, Forman AD, Newton LK, Raber MN, et al. Phase II trial of taxol, an active drug in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83: Reichman BS, Seidman AD, Crown JPA, Heelon R, Hakes TB, Lebwohl DE, et al. Paclitaxel and recombinant human granulocyte colonystimulating factor as initial chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993;11: Davidson NG. Single-agent paclitaxel at first relapse following adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1995;22: Dieras V, Marty M, Tubiana N, Corette L, Morvan F, Serin D, et al. Phase II randomized study of paclitaxel versus mitomycin in advanced breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1995;22: Seidman AD, Tiersten A, Hudis C, Gollub M, Barrett S, Yao TJ, et al. Phase II trial of paclitaxel by 3-hour infusion as initial and salvage chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995;13: Davidson NG, Chick JB, Perren TJ, Campbell N, Thompson JM, Chan YT. A phase II study of single agent paclitaxel in patients at first relapse following initial chemotherapy for breast cancer. Clin Oncol 1996;8: Fountzilas G, Athanassiades A, Giannakakis T, Bafaloukos D, Karakousis K, Dombros N, et al. A phase II study of paclitaxel in advanced breast cancer resistant to anthracyclines. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A: Nabholtz JM, Gelmon K, Bontenbal M, Spielmann M, Catimel G, Conte P, et al. Multicenter, randomized comparative study of two doses of paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14: Hudis C, Riccio L, Holmes F, Seidman A, Baselga J, Currie V, et al. Phase II study of semisynthetic paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997;33: Michael M, Bishop JF, Levi JA, Bell DR, Zalcberg JR, Friedlander ML, et al. Australian multicentre phase II trial of paclitaxel in women with metastatic breast cancer and prior chemotherapy. Med J Aust 1997;166: Geyer CE Jr, Green SJ, Moinpour CM, O Sullivan J, Goodwin DK, Canfield VA, et al. Expanded phase II trial of paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;51: Ito Y, Horikoshi N, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y, Tominaga T, Okawa T, et al. Phase II study of paclitaxel (BMS ) intravenously infused over 3 hours for advanced or metastatic breast cancer in Japan. BMS Breast Cancer Study Group. Invest New Drugs 1998; 16: Bishop J, Dewar J, Toner G, Smith J, Tattersall M, Olver I, et al. Initial paclitaxel improves outcome compared with CMFP combination chemotherapy as front-line therapy in untreated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17: Gelmon K, Eisenhauer E, Bryce C, Tolcher A, Mayer L, Tomlinson E, et al. Randomized phase II study of high-dose paclitaxel with or without amifostine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17: Paridaens R, Biganzoli L, Bruning P, Klijn JG, Gamucci T, Houston S, et al. Paclitaxel versus doxorubicin as first-line single-agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer: a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Randomized Study with crossover. J Clin Oncol 2000;18: Rivera E, Holmes FA, Frye D, Valero V, Theriault RL, Booser D, et al. Phase II study of paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma refractory to standard chemotherapy. Cancer 2000;89: Chao TC, Chu Z, Tseng LM, Chiou TJ, Hsieh RK, Wang WS, et al. Paclitaxel in a novel formulation containing less Cremophor EL as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial. Invest New Drugs 2005;23: Liu F, Jiang ZF, Song ST, Liu XQ, Wang T, Yan M, et al. Relation of dose intensity and efficacy, toxicity in paclitaxel as a single agent for advanced breast cancer. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2005;27: 56-8.
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