14)동위원소를(JE)-기술논문

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1 Journal of Radiation Industry 5 (1) : 87~93 (211) Technical Paper 동위원소를이용한조파수리모형실험해석 김기철 박건형 정성희 1 이정렬 2 서경석 * 한국원자력연구원원자력환경안전연구부, 1 한국원자력연구원동위원소이용기술개발부 2 성균관대학교건설환경시스템공학과 Analysis on the Results of Tidal Wave Hydraulic Model using Radioisotope Ki Chul Kim, Geon Hyeong Park, Sung Hee Jung 1, Jung Lyul Lee 2 and Kyung Suk Suh* Nuclear Environmental Safety Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon , Korea 1 Radioisotope Research and Development Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon , Korea 2 Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sungkyungkwan University, Suwon 4-746, Korea Abstract - A laboratory experiment using a radioisotope was performed to analyze the characteristics of transport and diffusion of a pollutant released from industrial plants. A wave hydraulic model based on the similarity theory was constructed and used to reappear the tidal wave in the laboratory. Two-dimensional numerical models were used to reproduce the results of a wave hydraulic model. The measured and calculated concentrations were compared with the same conditions. As a result of the comparative study, the time of maximum concentration showed slight difference between them, but the values of maximum concentration were relatively well agreed. Key words : Radioisotope, Wave hydraulic model, Numerical model 서 연안역에많은산업시설이위치한국내의경우연안및근해에서의오염물유출에따른피해는항상큰문제로제기되고있다. 특히동해의경우고리, 울진, 월성등원전시설이위치하고있어정상시원전주변액체방류물의이동특성파악이필요하다. 동해의경우 1993년러시안연방보고서에서러시아및구소련은액체성및고체성방사성물질을동해에투기하여많은논란이되 론 * Corresponding author: Kyung Suk Suh, Tel , Fax , . kssuh@kaeri.re.kr 었다 ( 환경부 27). 방사성물질의경우해수유동에따른이동및확산을통해희석된후해변침적물, 해수및해양동식물체를통해인체에도달되어방사선영향을주게되므로피해의최소화를위해서는빠른사전대책이필요하다 ( 산업자원부 26). 따라서연안에서의오염물질의이동확산해석은환경영향평가측면에서매우중요하다 (Ojo et al. 26). 그러나해양에서의이동확산평가실험은많은비용및소요시간으로인해주로기본적해양물리자료의관측과수치모델을이용한확산특성평가에국한되고있다. 본연구에서는연안역에유입된오염물의이동에주로영향을주는조석파에의한오염물의이류ㆍ확산특성을 87

2 88 김기철 박건형 정성희 이정렬 서경석 파악하기위해동위원소를이용한실내실험을실시하였고동위원소의이동현상을모사하기위하여수치모델링을함께수행하였다. 실내실험에사용된조파수리모형장치는 Froude 상사법칙을적용하여설계된모형장치이며, 조석파의주기별재현이가능하다. 오염물질이동ㆍ확산해석을위한추적자로는 99m Tc을사용하였으며오염물의이동ㆍ확산특성을분석하기위하여동위원소의농도를관측하고관측된농도값과수치모사를통한계산된농도값을비교분석하였다. 동위원소이용실험연안역에서방출된오염물의이동특성파악을위하여제작된실내조파모형장치에동위원소를추적자로사용하여오염물이동확산실험을실시하였다. 실내조파모형장치는일정한주기와파고를같은조석파의형성이가능하도록설계된장치로장치의구성은조파발생장치, 수로부, 유입저수조, 배출저수조, 감쇄역등으로구성되었다. 조파모형장치에서파의이동은조파발생장치에서발생된조석파가수로부를통하여이동하며감쇄역에서파가감쇄되어일정한주기와파고가유지되는실험장치이다 ( 박등211). 본연구에서는일정한조석파의형성을위해파고의높이와주기의관측이가능한용량식파고계를설치하였다. 용량식파고계는조파수조또는파랑실험에있어서파도의높이를정밀하게측정할수있는장비로파고의높이가파고계의관측부에서아날로그신호로관측되어증폭기로전달하며전달된아날로그신호는 A/D Converter 장치를통하여디지털신호로전달된다 (NI 29). 본실험에사용한파고계는화선상사에서개발된 DT-21 제품을사용하였으며조파모형장치에장착된파고계와관측된파고, 파고계의제원은 Figs. 1, 2 및 Table 1과같다. 동위원소를이용한이동확산실험은유속변화에따른농도및확산변화를관측하기위해유속이각각다른조건에서 2회실험을실시하였다. 동위원소의방출지점은수로상류단에서 1 cm 떨어진동일지점에서방출하였으며유속의변화는인버터모터의 RPM 조절을이용하여유속을각각.7 m sec -1,.14 m sec -1 로설정 Fig. 1. Installed wave height meter. Table 1. Specification of wave height meter Items Specification Measuring range 5 mm Linearity error ±1% Responsibility 5Hz Measuring mode 1, 2, 3 (3 point manual switchings) Calibration voltage 1, 1/2, 1/4, (4 point manual switchings) Output voltage ±2.5 V FS -1 Output current ±29 ma FS -1 Temprature range ~+4 C Power AC22V Wave height (mm) Fig. 2. Measured wave period and height.

3 동위원소이용조파실험해석 cm Injection point Detector point 1 cm 15 cm 45 cm 51 cm 56 cm 46 cm 54 cm 43 cm 9 cm 9 cm 7 cm 9 cm 9 cm cm 11 cm 13 cm 11 cm 11 cm cm 12 cm 12 cm 12 cm 12 cm 2 cm 2 cm cm 8 cm 8 cm 8 cm 8 cm Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Fig. 3. Deployment of NaI detectors ch1 ch3 ch4 ch5 ch6 ch7 ch8 ch11 ch13 ch14 ch15 ch17 ch18 ch19 ch2 ch ch1 ch3 ch4 ch5 ch6 ch7 ch8 ch11 ch13 ch14 ch15 ch17 ch18 ch19 ch2 ch Fig. 4. Measured concentration profiles at Expt Fig. 5. Measured concentration profiles at Expt-2. 하였다. 실험에사용된동위원소는 99m Tc으로비교적짧은반감기를갖는동위원소로실내실험에적합한안정성을갖는다. 동위원소의실험에앞서조파실험장치의조파발생기를통하여파를발생시켰으며, 파고계를통하여규칙파를형성하고파의주기가안정적으로형성된후동위원소를투입하였다. 동위원소의농도를계측하기위하여 Gamma ray detector를사용하였으며 scintillator 의 diameter는.5인치의 NaI detector를이용하여계측하였다. NaI detector의배치도를 Fig. 3에나타내었다. 동위원소방출후계측시간은각측선별로동위원소의최대농도가통과한후기저농도까지감소될때까지측정하였으며실험시파고계를이용하여파고, 수심및주기를연속적으로측정하였다. 관측된동위원소의농도값은 Fig. 4와 Fig. 5에나타내었다.

4 9 김기철 박건형 정성희 이정렬 서경석 1. 수치모델의개요 수치모델 m y m x (gζ+p) - mf+v mmmm-u mmmm Hv=-m yh mmmmmmmm x y x h H p u -m y mmm-z mmm mmm +mmm mh -1 A v mmm +Q u (2) x x z z z 조파장치의실험결과를모사하기위하여동위원소의이동 확산에관한수치모델링을수행하여그결과를관측값과비교하였다. 또한계측된동위원소농도자료를이용하여확산계수를산정하여수치모사의입력자료로활용하였다. 본연구에사용된 EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code) 는연안, 하구, 호소, 습지, 저수지등의유동및물질수송을모의하는 3차원수치모델로서미국 VIMS (Virginia Institute of Marine Science) 에서개발되었다 (Hamrick 1994). EFDC는크게유동, 퇴적물이동, 수질의세요소로구성되어있으며, 유동모델부분은수온과염분이함께고려된 3차원천수방정식을기본으로한다. 기본적인물리적구조는 POM 모델, 미국육군공병단 (US Army Corps of Engineers) 의 CH3D-WES 모델및 TRIM 모델과유사하나, EFDC는습지에서의유동현상을고려하기위하여식물군락에의한저항, 파랑의영향등도고려할수있다 (Hamrick 1995). 2. 기본방정식 EFDC 모델은수평적으로직교혹은곡면 (Cartesian or curvilinear) 좌표계를사용하며수직적으로는 σ-좌표계를사용한다. 그리고 Galperin et al. (1988) 에의해수정된 Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 난류모델을사용하여수직혼합을계산한다. 질량보존방법을이용하여조간대처리가가능하고와동점성계수는 Smagorinsky의식을이용하여매시간계산한다 (Hamrick 1992). EFDC 모델은연속방정식과운동방정식, 열염보존방정식, 그리고퇴적물을포함한물질보존방정식들로구성되어있으며, 열염보존방정식은밀도차에의한경압력에의하여운동방정식과연계되어있다. 유체정역학적가정과 Boussinesq 근사를적용하면수직적분된기본방정식은다음과같다. 연속방정식 (mζ) (m yhu) (m xhv) (mw) mmmmm+mmmmmmm+mmmmmmm+mmmmmm= (1) 운동방정식 (mhu) (m yhuu) (m xhvu) (mwu) (mhv) (m yhuv) (m xhvv) (mwv) m y m x (gζ+p) + mf+v mmmm-u mmmm Hu=-m yh mmmmmmmm x y y h H p v -m x mmm-z mmm mmm +mmm mh -1 A vmmm +Q v (3) y y z z z p mmm=-gh (ρ-ρ )ρ -1 =-ghb (4) z 물질보존식 (mhs) (m yhus) (m xhvs) (mws) S = mmm mh -1 A v mmm +Q S z z (mht) (m yhut) (m xhvt) (mwt) T = mmm mh -1 A v mmm +Q T z z (mhc) (m yhuc) (m xhvc) (mwc) C = mmm mh -1 A v mmm +wc +mhr c +Q C (5) z z 여기서, h, ζ : 기준면하수심 (m), 기준면상수위 (m) u, v : 직교하는곡선좌표계 x, y에서의수평유속 (m s -1 ) m x, m y : 곡선좌표계임의거리 ds 2 =m x2 dx 2 +m y2 dy 2 을만족시키는 metric tensor의대각성분의제곱근 (m= m xm y) (m) w : 변환된무차원연직좌표계 z에서의수직유속성분 (m s -1 ) H : 총수심 (=h+ζ) (m) p : 수심 z에서기준수압 (ρ gh(1-z)) 과의차를 ρ 로나눈값, 압력 f : Coriolis parameter A v : 수직난류점성계수 (m 2 s -1 ) A b : 수직난류확산계수 (m 2 s -1 ) Q u, Q v : 운동량 source-sink 항 (kg m s -1 ) ρ : 밀도 (kg m -3 ) T, S : 수온 ( C), 염분 (psu)

5 동위원소이용조파실험해석 91 Table 2. Computational conditions and input values used in the numerical model Items Input value Remark Model EFDC Grid Δx=.5 m, Δy=.4 m Total cell number 64 1=64 cell Time step 1 sec Total run time 6 min Calculated diffusion coefficient Dx=.1 m 2 sec -1, Dy= m 2 sec -1 Vector legend.11 m s -1. m s -1 Velocity legend Fig. 6. Computational domain and calculated velocity profiles. b : 부력 (m s -2 ) Q T, Q S : 수온 ( C), 염분 (psu) 의 source-sink 항 ω : 침강속도 (m s -1 ) R c, Q C : 생화학적 source-sink 항, 외부 source-sink 항 3. 수치모사수치모델의계산조건은동위원소실험조건과동일하며 Table 2와같다. 수치모델적용을위한격자크기는 x=.5 m, y=.4 m로 x방향 64개, y방향 1개총 64 개의격자로구성되어있으며수심은.3 m로설정하였다. 하류단의파고및주기는파고계를통하여관측한데이터를입력하였다. 해양에서의확산계수는오염물질이동 확산에많은영향을미치는계수값이다 (Elliot 1997). 확산계수의산정은관측된동위원소의중심선농도값을이용하여 Gaussian curve와분산을이용하여산정하였다 (Bowden 1983). 동위원소의농도데이터는반사파와조파기의난류영향을받는 No. 1, No. 19, No. 2, No. 21의데이터는비교에서제외하였다. 동위원소관측자료를이용하여산정된종 횡확산계수값은 Dx=.1 m 2 sec -1, Dy= m 2 sec -1 이며, 산정된확산계수값을모델에입력하였다. Fig. 6은계산조건을바탕으로구성한격자망과계산한유속벡터이다. 수치모델을통하여산정된농도의계산값과실험을통하여관측된농도의관측값의 결과를비교하여 Fig. 7과 Fig. 8에나타내었다. 결과및논의연안내오염물이동 확산모의하기위해서조파모형실험장치의상류단 1 cm 지점에동위원소를방출하여관측된농도와수치모델의계산농도를비교하였다. 단상류단과하류단의반사파에의향영향과조파기의조파발생시미치는영향을고려하여 No. 1, No. 3, No. 2의농도자료는제외하였으며조파수조의폭과수심을고려하여신뢰성있는데이터를분석하고자 No. 4, No. 7, No. 13, No. 17의농도자료를비교분석하였다. 관측된농도값과수치모델을적용한계산농도값의비교결과 Expt-1 의 No. 4~No. 17의최대농도도달시간은각각 47초, 9 초, 64초, 93초로나타났으며상류단 No. 4의경우계산농도의최대농도도달시간이관측농도의최대농도도달시간보다 47초늦게계산되었다. 그러나하류단으로갈수록계산된최대농도의도달시간은관측된최대농도의도달시간보다 9초, 64초, 93초빠르게계산되었다. Expt-2 의경우최대농도의도달시간은각각 4초, 1초, 3초, 39 초로나타났으며상류단의 No. 4는관측된최대농도도달시간보다계산된최대농도의도달시간이 4초빠르게계산되었다. 하류단의계산된최대농도도달시간과관측

6 92 김기철 박건형 정성희 이정렬 서경석.16 obs-4 cal-4.16 obs-7 cal obs-13 cal obs-17 cal Fig. 7. Comparison of the measured and calculated concentrations at Expt obs-4 cal-4.16 obs-7 cal obs-13 cal obs-17 cal Fig. 8. Comparison of the measured and calculated concentrations at Expt-2.

7 동위원소이용조파실험해석 93 된최대농도도달시간은 1초, 3초, 39초로계산된최대농도의도달시간이빠르게계산되었다. 최대농도도달시간의오차원인은조석파의반사파를감쇄하기위한감쇄역이있으나반사파를 1% 감쇄하지못하는데따른오차와조파발생장치의조파생성시조파기의난류에따른오차를수치모델에반영하지못하는것에따른오차이다. 그러나최대농도의관측값과계산값은잘일치하는것으로나타났다. 유속이증가함에따른변화로농도값이관측되어기저농도까지감소되기까지의농도지속시간은 Expt-1는각각 392초, 444초, 529초, 695초 Expt-2는 238초, 289초, 319초, 346초로 Expt-1보다 Expt- 2에서농도의지속시간이짧아지는것을알수있다. 이는유속이증가함에따라난류확산보다는유속에의한이류가지배적으로작용함을알수있는결과로보여진다. 결론연안내오염물이동 확산을모의하기위하여실내조파모형장치에동위원소를추적자로사용한실험을실시하였다. 또한동위원소실험결과모사를위하여수치모사를실시하였으며관측값과계산값을상호비교하였다. 비교결과최대농도의도달시간은하류단으로갈수록관측된농도시간보다계산된농도의시간이약간빠르게나타났다. 또한유속변화에의한차이로 Expt-1, Expt-2 의농도비교결과관측된농도가기저농도까지감소되는데걸리는시간이 Expt-2보다 Expt-1의농도의감소시간이 1~15초로길게나타났으며이것은난류확산보다는유속에의한이류가지배적으로작용함을알수있다. 추후이러한자료를바탕으로다양한해역에의주기를적용하여동위원소를이용한오염물이동 확산실험을수행할예정이다. 참고문헌 박건형, 김기철, 정성희, 서경석. 21. 조파역내오염물이동특성평가실험. 방사선산업학회지. 4(4): 산업자원부. 26. 원전액체방사성유출물해양확산평가기술개발. pp 환경부. 27. 한반도주변해역의환경위해성분석및영향평가. pp Bowden KF Physical oceanography of coastal waters. 32pp. Ellis Horword, Chichester. Du J, Wu Y, Huang D and Zhang J. 21. Use of 7 Be, 21 Pb and 137 Cs tracers to the transport of surface sediments of the Changjiang estuary, China. J. Marine System. 82: Elliott AJ, Barr AJ and Kannan D Diffusion in irish coastal water. Estuarine, Coastal. Sci. 44: Galperin B, Kantha LH, Hassid S and Rosati A Aquasiequilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows. J. Atoms. Sci. 45: Hamrick JM Estuarin environmental impact assessment using a three-dimensional circulation and transport model. Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, procceding of the 2nd International Conference. pp ASCE, NewYork. Hamrick JM and Zarillo G Modeling nearshore circulation and sediment transport. 4th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, Sandiego CA. National Instrument. 29. NI USB-621 User s Manual. Ojo TO, Bonner JS and Cheryl P. 26. Studies on turbulent diffusion process and evaluation of diffusivity values from hydrodynamic observation in Corpus Chrisyi Bay. J. Continental Shelf Res. 26: Manuscript Received: January 24, 211 Revision Accepted: February 23, 211 사 사 본연구는교육과학기술부에서시행하는원자력연구개발사업의지원으로수행되었습니다.

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