03-송경진
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1 대한척추외과학회지제 15 권제 4 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 15, No. 4, pp 230~235, 2008 퇴행성요추질환에대한요천추부유합술후인접분절의퇴행성변화에대한재유합술의원인 송경진 최병완 # 송지훈 김규형 전북대학교의학전문대학원정형외과학교실, 임상의학연구소, 광주보훈병원정형외과학교실 # The Causes of Revision Arthrodesis for the Degenerative Changes at the Adjacent Segment after Lumbosacral Fusion for Degenerative Lumbar Diseases Abstract Kyung-Jin Song, M.D., Byung-Wan Choi, M.D. #, Ji-Hun Song, M.D., Gyu-Hyung Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Hospital, Jeonju, Korea Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Veterans Hospital, Gwangju, Korea # Study Design: A Retrospective study Objectives: To analyze the causes of revision arthrodesis for the degenerative changes at the adjacent segment after lumbosacral fusion for degenerative lumbar diseases. Summary of Literature Review: Revision arthrodesis is quite common. However, there is some controversy regarding the causes and risk factors. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases who had undergone revision arthrodesis after lumbosacral fusion were examined. Preexisting degenerative changes to the adjacent segment, location of the adjacent segment and extent of fusion, as well as changes in lumbar lordosis were observed in primary arthrodesis, and the relationship between the changes in the adjacent segment degeneration were analyzed in terms of the area of residence, activity level and living pattern of the patients. Results: Preexisting degenerative changes in the adjacent segment were observed in 14 cases and degenerative changes developed at the proximal junction in 19. Multiple segment fusion were performed in 13 cases during primary arthrodesis, 9 cases developed degenerative changes at the proximal junction. Fifteen cases with abnormal postoperative lumbar lordosis demonstrated adjacent segment degeneration. Sixteen cases living in the countryside and 15 cases with a history of severe physical labor after the primary operation showed degenerative changes in the adjacent segment before secondary arthrodesis. Conclusion: The causes of revision arthrodesis for the degenerative changes at the adjacent segment are believed to be preexisting degenerative changes in the adjacent segment at the proximal junction, loss of lordosis after primary fusion, and severe physical labor from living in the countryside Key Words: Lumbosacral fusion, Adjacent segment degeneration, Revision arthrodesis Address reprint requests to Gyu-Hyung Kim M.D Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonbuk University Hospital , Keum Am-dong, Dukjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Chonbuk, , Korea Tel: , Fax: , cbnuhosman@naver.com 본논문은전북대학교병원부설임상의학연구소의일부지원에의해연구되었음
2 요천추부유합술후재유합술원인 송경진외 서 론 퇴행성척추질환을포함하여척추변형, 종양, 감염과외상에의한척추골절등의치료에있어척추유합술은현재보편화된수술방법이되었으며, 특히척추경나사등금속고정술을이용한척추유합술의빈도가증가하고있다. 이런척추유합술이증가하면서이와관련된재수술역시증가하는추세이므로수술후인접분절의변화에대한연구또한활발히진행되고있다 1,2,3,4). 이러한인접분절의퇴행성변화는유합술로인한상, 하인접분절의비정상적인부하집중현상과가동성증가에의해촉진된다고알려져있다 5,6,7). 그러나요천추유합술후인접분절의변화에대한연구결과가저자들마다다른양상을보이는경우가많아인접분절의퇴행성변화가어떤인자들에의해가속화되는지가불분명한상황이다. 이에저자들은요천추부유합술을받은환자에서인접분절의퇴행성변화에의해재유합술을시행하였던예에서인접분절퇴행성변화의원인을분석하고자하였다. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상 퇴행성요추질환에대해본원에서요천추부의 1 차유합술후유합부위인접분절의퇴행성병변으로인한척추관협착증이나불안정성으로재유합술을했던 20 예를대상으로하였다 (Table 1). 수술후감염이나신경손상등으로인한급성기의재수술과금속부전으로인한금속제거술등다른합병증으로인한재수술은대상에서제외하였고, 인접분절의퇴행성변화가심하고 6 개월이상의보존적치료후에도증상이지속되는경우에수술적치료를시행하였다. 평균연령은 59.5 세 (35~81 세 ) 로남자 8 례, 여자 12 례이었으며, 일차수술시진단은척추관협착증 12 례, 척추전방전위증이 8 례였고, 일차수술후최종추시까지의평균추시기간은 84.8 개월 (38~216 개월 ) 이었다. 일차유합술방법으로 16 례는후외측방유합술을, 4 례는후방추체간유합술을시행하였다. 재수술은일차수술후평균 49.7 개월 (8~168 개월 ) 후에시행하였고, 재유합술은일차유합부에서가관절증이동반되고인접분절에퇴행성변화가동반되어일차유합범위를포함하여이미내고정기기가삽입된경우에는이를제거하고더굵은나사를삽입하여연장하거나전혀다른종류 Table 1. Overall data in this study N Age Sex FU (M) 1st Dx K. grade* 1st Op NPFL SLA DRC 2nd Dx RAL** R ROA F 2160 SLT. L4 1 PLF 1 12 JS Above Rural SPL F 1340 SLT. L4 PLF 1 32 JS Above Rural MPL F 1420 LSS. L4-S1 3 PLF 2 14 ASI Above Urban SPL F 87 SLT. L4, L5 2 PLF 2 21 JS Below Rural SPL F 1370 LSS. L4-S1 2 PLF 2 18 JS Above Urban SPL F 1230 LSS. L3-5 2 PLF 2 38 JS Above Rural SPL F 1080 LSS. L5-S1 2 PLF 1 16 JS Above Rural SPL M 61 LSS. L1-5 4 PLF 4 05 JS Above Urban SPL F 74 SLT. L4 PLIF 1 36 ASI Above Rural MPL M 96 LSS. L4-5 1 PLF 1 15 JS Above Rural SPL F 75 SLT. L4, L5 PLF 2 33 JS Above Rural SPL M 67 LSS. L2-5 2 PLF 3 21 JS Above Urban MPL M 61 LSS. L2-5 3 PLF 3 19 JS Above Rural SPL F 43 LSS. L2-5 3 PLF 3 09 ASI Above Rural MPL M 57 LSS. L4-S1 PLF 2 39 JS Above Rural SPL M 46 SLT. L4 1 PLF 1 16 JS Above Rural SPL M 47 LSS. L3-5 2 PLF 2 24 ASI Above Rural SPL M 44 SLT. L4 PLIF 1 42 JS Above Rural MPL F 39 LSS. L3-5 PLIF 2 33 ASI Above Rural SPL F 38 SLT. L3, L4 2 PLIF 2 12 JS Above Rural SPL *Kellgren grade; Number of primary fusion level; Segmental lordosis angle; Degenerative radiologic changes; Junctional stenosis; Adjacent segmental instability; **Revision arthrodesis level; Residency; Range of activity; Severe physical labor; Minor physical labor
3 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 4, 2008 의내고정기기를사용해서재유합술을시행한경우가 6 례 (30%) 였고, 14 례 (70%) 에서는일차유합부의합병증없이인접분절에퇴행성변화로인한협착증이나불안정성이발생하여일차수술시삽입한내고정기기를제거한후인접분절병변에대해서만재유합술을시행하였다. 2. 연구방법 일차유합범위에따른재유합술범위를조사하여두분절이상유합시재유합술을많이시행하였는지조사하였고, 일차유합술전인접분절의방사선학적퇴행성변화의평가는 Kellgren 8) 의분류를이용하였다. 1 등급은경미한골극형성, 2 등급은저명한골극형성과추체전연부일부의경화상, 3 등급은저명한골극과추체연골종판의경화상에경도의추간판간격감소, 4 등급은큰골극과추체연골종판의경화와추간판간격이두드러지게감소한경우로분류하였고, 2 등급이상의변화가인접분절에있는경우를경도이상의퇴행성변화가있다고판단하였다. 단순방사선사진과자기공명영상 (MRI) 및컴퓨터단층촬영 (CT) 을이용하여 1 차수술전이미존재하였던인접분절의퇴행성변화에의한협착증이나불안정성유무를확인하여인접분절병변의위치, 재유합술까지의기간및재유합술의원인을파악하였다. 이로인한유합범위및제 1 요추상연과제 5 요추하연이이루는각인요추전만각을일차수술전후, 재수술직전, 재수술후와장기추시로나눠측정하여변화를관찰하였으며유합부위분절간전만각은 Gelb 등 9) 의기준을활용하였다. 이중인접분절의불안정성은 Aota 등 10) 이기술한굴곡신전의측면방사선계측상 4 mm 이상의전위나 15 이상의각변형이있는경우로정의하였다. 또한환자의의무기록을통하여환자의거주지역및활동정도, 생활습관등을조사하여인접분절의퇴행성변화와의인과관계를알아보았으며, 주 4 회이상일일 2 시간이상육체노동을했던환자를심한육체노동자로, 그이하나사무직종사자를경한육체노동자로정의하였다. 방사선학적결과에대한통계적처리는 Chi-Square test 를적용하였고, 유의수준은 p-value< 0.01 로하였다. 결 과 1. 일차유합범위에따른재유합술 일차유합술시유합범위는단분절이 7 례 (35%) 로이중제 4-5 요추간이 6 례였고, 두분절이 9 례 (45%), 세분절 이 3 례 (15%), 4 분절이 1 례 (5%) 로두분절이상을유합한 13 례에서재유합술이많았다. 재유합술은일차수술후평균 49.7 개월 (8~168 개월 ) 후에시행하였고, 재유합술전인접분절병변의위치는유합부상위한분절이 14 례 (70%), 상위두분절이 3 례 (15%), 상위한분절이인접상위분절을넘어병변이발생한경우가 2 례 (10%), 그리고하위 1 분절이 1 례 (5%) 로 19 례에서인접분절병변위치가유합부상위분절상위분절에서발생하였으며 (p=0.002), 재유합술방법으로 13 례는후방추체간유합술을, 6 례는후외측방유합술을, 1 례는전방추체간유합술을시행하였다 2. 인접분절의퇴행성병변 요추부유합술후유합부위인접분절의퇴행성병변으로인한척추관협착증이나불안정으로재유합술을했던 20 례에대해일차수술전방사선사진을후향적으로조사한결과, 일차수술전이미인접분절에퇴행성변화가존재했던경우가 14 례 (70%) 로모두일차유합부의상위분절에있었으며, 이중해당분절의퇴행성변화소견은 Kellgren 의 1 등급이 3 례, 2 등급이 7 례, 3 등급이 3 례, 4 등급이 1 례로경도이상의퇴행성변화가존재하였던예는 14 례중 11 례 (78.6%) 였다. 방사선학적검사결과재유합술의원인은유합부위인접분절의퇴행성변화에의한협착증이 15 례, 불안정성이 5 례였다. 3. 유합부위분절간전만각의변화에따른인접분절의변화 일차유합술전인접분절의퇴행성변화가관찰되었던 14 례중 10 례 (71%) 에서재유합술전방사선사진상전만각이감소되어있었으며, 일차유합술전인접분절의퇴행성변화가관찰되지않았으나일차유합술후퇴행성변화로인해재유합술을받은환자 6 례에서는 5 례 (83%) 에서유합부위분절간전만각이감소되어유합부위분절간전만각이감소한경우에보다많은인접분절의변화가발생하였다 (p=0.005). 4. 생활환경에따른인접분절의변화 재유합술전인접분절의퇴행성변화는농촌거주 16 례 (80%) 에서보여도시거주 4 례 (20%) 보다많은인접분절의퇴행성변화를보였다. 재유합술을했던 20 례중 15 례 (75%) 에서일차수술후심한육체노동을하였으며, 이중농촌거주는 16 례중 14 례 (87.5%) 였고도시거주는 4 례중 1 례 (25%) 로농촌에살면서일차수술후심
4 요천추부유합술후재유합술원인 송경진외 한육체노동을한경우에인접분절퇴행성변화의빈도가높았다 (p=0.008). 고 찰 퇴행성요추질환의수술적치료에서유합술은감압술과더불어가장중요한원칙이며유합의성공여부는좋은임상결과를얻는데가장중요한요소이다 11). 그러나요추부의유합수술은요추질환의치료에매우중요한역할을하지만, 유합후에는요추의생역학적인변화가초래되고요추의일부분을유합한후에는유합으로인하여소실된운동성과역학적인부하를잔여인접가동분절이감당해야하므로유합한인접분절에운동부하가더많이집중되어퇴행성변화가촉진된다 3,4,5). 유합술후상, 하인접분절의퇴행성변화가유합술의합병증인지추간판퇴행의자연경과인지에대해서는논란이있었지만, 유합인접분절의생역학적인연구등을통해인접분절의응력증가나과운동성, 추간판내압력증가, 운동축의후방전위등이관찰되어유합에의해인접분절의퇴행성변화가가속화됨이받아들여지고있다 12,13,14). 이런인접분절의퇴행성변화에대한분석을위해 Pfirrmann 등 15) 은요추부추간판의퇴행성정도를분류하였고, T2 강조영상 MRI 가추간판퇴행성정도를측정하는데유용함을제시하였으며저자들의경우에도단순방사선사진에서골극의형성과추간판간격의감소, 골단판경화등과함께 MRI 에서추간판의수핵과섬유륜의변성정도, 추간판의간격변화, 신호강도등을판단하여추간판퇴행성정도를측정하였다. 인접분절퇴행성변화의위험요소로요추부후측방유합술을시행한환자의 3 년추시결과유합분절의수가많을수록, 수술부위분절간전만각이정상범위를벗어날수록인접분절에서퇴행성변화가많이발생한다고보고된바있다 1). 이에따라저자들은일차유합술시일차적으로다분절유합을가급적피하기위해환자증상과자기공명영상을통해적절한유합부위결정이어려운경우에는척수강조영술및컴퓨터단층촬영을통해정확한유합범위를결정하려고하였으며, 저자들의연구에서도일차유합범위가두분절이상인경우 13 례 (65%), 비정상분절간전만각을보인경우 15 례 (75%) 에서조기에퇴행성변화가발생하는것을알수있었다. 또한 Grouw 등 16) 도유합분절전만각의감소는비유합분절에서대상성전만각의증가로운동부하의집중을초래하고, 조기에퇴행성변화를초래한다고하였다. 인접분절의퇴행성변화는유합분절의상위분절에주로나타난다고보고되어있는데, Goel 등 17) 은역학적 인실험에서제 4-5 요추분절을고정하면요천추분절보다상위의제 3-4 요추분절에서운동성이더많이증가한다고하였다. Aota 등 10) 은상위분절에 25.5%, 하위분절에 2.6% 의불안정성을, Lehmann 등 18) 도유합술후평균 33 년추시보고에서 42% 의유합술후척추관협착증과 45% 의유합상부분절불안정성을보였던결과를보고하였다. 즉유합분절의상하위인접분절에관계없이퇴행성변화는생기며, 상위분절에퇴행성변화가많은다른원인은유합술과정에서상위인접분절의후관절에손상을입힐수가있고특히내고정기기사용시에나사못이나금속막대가후관절에손상을줄수있기때문이라고보고하였다. 본연구에서도총 20 례중상위인접분절에서퇴행성변화에의한협착증이나불안정성이발생한경우가 19 례 (95%) 로다른연구에서보고한상위인접분절의빈도보다높았다. 환자들의증상은처음에는추간판의퇴행성병변및불안정분절로인한요통이주증상이다가시일이경과함에따라협착증이속발함으로서하지에신경증상이나타나고장기간추시한예들에서는결국신경성파행으로발전하였다. 이에대해저자들은유합인접분절에속발한퇴행성병변은자연발생적인퇴행성변화보다그진행속도가더빨리진행되는것으로생각하였다. 요추부유합술을받은환자에서인접분절의퇴행성변화에의해재유합술이필요한경우에는병변에따라서적절한감압또는유합이필요할것이다. 이미유합된분절로인하여새로유합할인접분절에부하가더많이집중되기때문에유합이쉽지않고, 효과적인유합을위해서는내고정이필요하며, 또한충분한골이식이동반되어야한다. Whitecloud 등 19) 은요천추부유합수술후인접분절에합병증이발생한 14 례에수술적치료를시행한후많은예에서불량한결과를얻어서치료의어려움을경험하였으며, 내고정없이유합한경우에는 80% 에서가관절이발생하였으나내고정을한경우에는가관절발생이 17% 로감소함을경험하고, 유합인접분절을추가로유합할때는내고정기기를사용하도록권고하였다. 저자들의경우에는기존의유합에내고정기기가사용되지않은경우에는이차유합에내고정기기의사용에문제가없었지만이미내고정기기가삽입된경우에는이를제거하고더굵은나사를삽입하여연장하거나전혀다른종류의내고정기기를사용해야함으로서많은어려움이있었다. 결국요추질환의치료에유합수술이매우중요하지만유합후장기간경과하면가동인접분절에또다른문제가흔히속발될수있을뿐만아니라이러한합병증이발생하면치료가쉽지않으므로 18) 유합수술, 특히견고한내고정유합수술의적응을신중히선택해야할것이며, 특히제 4-5 요추분절이
5 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 4, 2008 나상위분절에이미퇴행성변화가있어심각한후기변화가우려되는경우에는이를유합에포함시키는것을고려해야할것이다. 본연구에서는수술전상위인접분절에퇴행성병변이있는경우, 다분절유합인경우및분절간전만각이감소된경우에유합인접분절에퇴행성변화의빈도가높음을알수있었다. 하지만상대적으로농촌과인접해있는지역특성상일차수술후지속적인요추관리와생활형태개선이부족하여이로인해인접분절의퇴행성변화의발생빈도가높았다는점은중요한새로운발견으로생각된다. 따라서수술후에는지나친노동으로인한인접분절과부하를피하고, 적절한척추주변근육강화운동으로튼튼한허리를만드는것이무엇보다중요할것으로생각한다. 향후에는전향적인연구계획을수립하여도시와농촌거주자, 유합범위, 활동정도, 수술후지속적인요추부관리등의여러가지요인들을분석하여유합술후인접분절의퇴행성변화를최소화할수있는방법을지속적으로모색해야될것으로생각한다. 결 론 퇴행성요추질환으로유천추부유합술시에술전인접분절퇴행성병변, 술후전만각감소와심한육체노동은유합근위부재수술의원인으로생각된다. 따라서일차수술시기존의인접분절병변을유합범위에포함시킬지신중히고려해야하며, 인접분절의이차적발병을줄이기위해술후지속적인요추부관리와생활형태개선으로인접분절의퇴행성변화를줄일수있다고생각한다. 참고문헌 01) Cho JL, Park YS, Han JH, Lee CH, Rho WI: The changes of adjacent segments after spinal fusion, followup more than three years after spinal fusion. J Kor Soc Spine Surg 1998; 5: ) Etebar S, Cahill DW: Risk factors for adjacent segment failure following lumbar fixation with rigid instrumentation for degenerative instability. J Neurosurg 1999; 90: ) Ha KY, Kim KW, Park SJ, Lee YH: Changes of the adjacent-unfused mobile segment after instrumental lumbar fusion, more than 5-years follow-up. J Kor Soc Spine Surg 1998; 5: ) Shono Y, Kaneda K, Abum K, McAfee PC, Cunningham BW: Stability of posterior spinal instrumentation and its effects on adjacent motion segments in the lumbosacral spine. Spine 1998; 23: ) Frymoyer JW, Hanley EN Jr, Howe J, Kuhlmann D, Matteri RE: A comparison of radiographic findings in fusion and non-fusion patients in or more years following lumbar disc surgery. Spine 1979; 4: ) Lee CK: Accelerated degeneration of the segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine 1988; 13: ) Schlegel JD, Smith JA, Schleusener RL: Lumbar motion segment pathology adjacent to thoracolumbar, lumbar and lumbosacral fusions. Spine 1996; 21: ) Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS, Bler F: Genetic factors in generalized osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1963; 22: ) Gelb DE, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Blanke K, McEnery KW: An analysis of sagittal spinal alignment in 100 asymptomatic middle and older aged volunteers. Spine 1995; 20: ) Aota Y, Kumano K, Hirabayashi S: Postfusion instability at the adjacent segments after rigid pedicle screw fixation for degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. J Spinal Disord 1995; 8: ) Hambly MF, Wiltse LL, Raghavan N, Schneiderman G, Koenig C: The transition zone above a lumbosacral fusion. Spine 1998; 23: ) Cunningham BW, Kotani Y, McNulty PS, Cappuccino A, McAfee PC: The effect of spinal destabilization and instrumentation on lumbar intradiscal pressure: an in vitro biomechanical analysis. Spine 1997; 22: ) Lee CK, Langrana NA: Lumbosacral spinal fusion: A biomechanical study. Spine 1984; 9: ) Weinhoffer SL, Guyer RD, Herbert M, Griffith SL: Intradiscal pressure measurements above an instrumented fusion: a cadaveric study. Spine 1995; 20: ) Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N: Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 2001; 26: ) Grouw AV, Nadel CI, Weierman RJ, Lowell HA: Long term follow-up of patients with idiopathic scoliosis treated surgically: A preliminary subjective study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1976; 117: ) Goel VK, Voo LM, Weinstein JN, Liu YK, Okuma T, Njus GO: Response of the ligamentous lumbar spine to cyclic bending loads. Spine 1998; 13:
6 요천추부유합술후재유합술원인 송경진외 18) Lehmann TR, Spratt KF, tozzi JE, et al.: Long-term follow-up of lower lumbar fusion patients. Spine 1987; 12: ) Whitecloud TS 3rd, Davis JM, Olive PM: Operative treatment of the degenerated segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine 1994; 19: 국문초록 연구계획 : 요천추부유합술후인접분절퇴행성변화에대한재유합술의원인을후향적으로분석하였다. 연구목적 : 인접분절퇴행성변화에대해재유합술을받은환자를대상으로인접분절퇴행성변화의원인을분석하고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 유합인접분절의퇴행성병변으로재유합술을했던 20례를대상으로하였다. 일차유합술전인접분절의퇴행성변화유무및인접분절의위치, 일차유합범위와일차수술후요추전만각의변화를관찰하였고, 재유합술전, 후환자의거주지역및활동정도, 생활습관등을조사하여인접분절퇴행성변화와의인과관계를분석하였다. 결과 : 일차수술전이미인접분절에퇴행성변화가존재했던경우가 20례중 14례 (70%) 였고, 인접분절병변위치는유합부상위분절이 19례였다. 일차유합술시두분절이상을유합한 20례중에서는 10례 (77%) 에서존재하였다. 일차수술후분절간전만각이정상범위를벗어난경우는 15례 (75%) 였다. 재유합술전인접분절의퇴행성변화는농촌거주16 례, 일차수술후심한육체노동을했던 15례에서있었다. 결론 : 퇴행성요추질환으로유천추부유합술시에술전인접분절퇴행성병변, 술후전만각감소와심한육체노동은유합근위부재수술의원인으로생각된다. 색인단어 : 요천추부유합술, 인접분절퇴행성병변, 재유합술 통신저자 : 김규형전북전주시덕진구금암동 전북대학교의학전문대학정형외과학교실 Tel: , 2300 Fax: cbnuhosman@naver.com
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