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1 한국해양공학회지제 28 권제 2 호, pp , 2014 년 4 월 / ISSN(print) / ISSN(online) Original Research Article Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 28(2), , April, 복합재료고전적층판이론을이용한 MW 급해상풍력블레이드구조설계 배성열 * 김범석 * 이상래 * 김우준 * 김윤해 ** * ( 사 ) 한국선급신성장산업본부 ** 한국해양대학교조선기자재공학부 Structural Design of Multi-Megawatt Wind Turbine Blade by Classical Lamination Theory Sung-Youl Bae *, Bum-Suk Kim *, Sang-Lae Lee *, Woo-June Kim * and Yun-Hae Kim ** * New Growth Industry Division, Korean Register, Seoul, Korea ** Division of Marine Equipment Engineering, Korea Maritime Univ., Busan, Korea KEY WORDS: Wind Turbine Blade 풍력터빈블레이드, Structural Design 구조설계, Classical Lamination Theory 고전적층판이론 ABSTRACT: This research presents a method for the initial structural design of a multi-megawatt wind turbine blade. The structural data for a 2-MW blade were applied as the blade structural characteristic data of the reference blade. Tenkinds of blade models were newly designed by replacing the spar cap axial GRRP with a GFRP and CFRP These terms should be defined. at different orientations. The axial stiffness coefficients of the newly designed models were made equal to the coefficient of the reference blade. The required numbers of layers in each section of blades were calculated, and the lay-up designs were based on these numbers. Verification results showed that the design method that used the structural data of the reference blade was appropriate for the initial structural design of a wind turbine blade. 1. 서론풍력블레이드의설계는공력설계, 구조설계, 시스템통합하중해석, 구조건전성평가의절차를통해서수행되며, 최종적으로공력및구조성능이설계시설정한목표사양을만족한경우에설계가완료된다 (Kim et al., 2013; Lago et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2012; Mohamed et al., 2006). 블레이드공력설계관점에서는목표출력및효율, 축하중및소음등이설계의핵심인자이며, 구조설계관점에서는중량, 변형량, 극한및피로파손안전여유, 좌굴하중계수등이주요한설계고려인자이다. 하지만, 각설계인자들이독립적이지않고상호작용을하는관계에있으므로블레이드설계시에공력설계, 구조설계, 하중해석, 구조건전성평가의수많은반복수행을통해서최적의설계결과를얻게된다. 따라서블레이드개발기간을최소화하기위해서는반복설계횟수를줄이는것이중요하고, 이를위해서는공력및구조초기설계가반드시적절하게이루어져야한다. 특히, 구조설계의경우상대적으로많은시간이소요되기때문에초기설계에서타당한설계가이루어져야하고, 이러한이유로블레 이드개발과정에서의초기구조설계는유사한용량, 길이, 중량, 바람등급 (IEC wind class) 을가지는검증된모델의블레이드적층구조및특성값등을이용하여수행되는사례가많다 (Cox and Echtermeyer, 2012; Song et al., 2011). 본연구에서는구조 / 공력성능이검증된참고용블레이드의구조특성데이터를이용하여블레이드초기구조설계를수행하는방법에대해나타내었다. 참고용블레이드구조적특성데이터는기개발된 2MW 블레이드의데이터가적용되었다. 블레이드초기구조설계는참고용블레이드에서스파캡에대한구조설계만을변경하여수행하였으며, 그이외의부위에대해서는기존사양과동일한적층구조가적용되었다. 스파캡구조설계는기존의 GFRP(Glass fiber reinforced plastics) 재료및 0 적층각도를가지는참고용블레이드의스파캡을 GFRP, CFRP(Carbon fiber reinforced plastics) 재료및 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 의적층각도를가지도록각각재설계하였다. 그이유는 20 이상의적층각도에서는풍력터빈의출력성능을향상시키고블레이드의피로하중을줄여주는연계계수가이미수렴되었다고판단 (Fig. 5, Fig. 6) 하여총 5가지적층각도에대해서재설계를 Received 2 September 2013, revised 23 October 2013, accepted 10 April 2014 Corresponding author Yun-Hae Kim: , yunheak@kmou.ac.kr c 2014, The Korean Society of Ocean Engineers It is noted that this paper is revised edition based on proceedings of KSME 2013 in Busan. 147

2 148 배성열 김범석 이상래 김우준 김윤해 수행하였다. 구조설계본연구에서는초기구조설계단계에서참고용블레이드와유사한구조특성을갖는블레이드를설계하기위한구조설계방법에대해서제시하였고, 그설계방법의타당성을확인하고자하였다. 2. 복합재빔이론복합재중공보에대한강성계산은복합재료고전적층판이론을기초로하여다수의연구자들에의해제시되었다 (Berdichevsky et al., 1992; Armaniso and Badir, 1995; Libove, 1998). 재료및적층방향이상이한다수의단층으로구성된복합재중공보의응력계산은적층판 (Laminate) 단위 (Level) 에서계산이수행된다. 먼저, z와 s평면상에서적층판을구성하고있는라미나의응력과변형률의관계는식 (1) 과같이나타낼수있다. 여기서,, 는각각 z와 s방향의변형률을나타내며, 는 z와 s가이루고있는평면의전단변형율이다. 하중에의한복합재중공보를구성하고있는각각의라미나의변형이동일하다고가정하면, 복합재중공보를균질한 (Homogenous) 이방성 (Anisotropic) 특성을가지는적층판으로고려하여응력을계산할수있다. 복합재적층판의응력과변형률의관계는식 (2) 와같이나타낼수있으며, 좌표계와응력분포는 Fig. 1과같다. 여기서, 복합재적층판의응력합인 는적층판의응력을두께방향으로적분하여얻은값이므로적층판폭방향으로의단위길이당힘이된다. 또한, A 행렬은다음과같이나타낼수있다. (1) (2) (, = 1, 2, 6) (3) 식 (3) 에서, 은스파캡의단층수를나타낸다. 또한, 식 (2) 에서압축하중을받지않는얇은복합재구조의경우 는무시할수있는정도이므로 0으로가정한다. 이가정을통해서다음과같이나타낼수있다. (4) 식 (4) 를아래와같이나타내면행렬의각요소를쉽게구할수있다. (5) 여기서,, (6), (7) (8) 이다. 식 (6)~(8) 에서 은축강성계수로서굽힘강성에비례하는값이며, 은비틀림연계계수로서비틀림변형을유발하는정도를나타낸다. 본연구에서는하중에의한블레이드의변형에비례하는값인축강성계수를이용하여블레이드초기구조설계를수행하였으며, 적층재료및각도에따른축강성계수와비틀림연계계수의변화를관찰하여두계수간의상호연관성을밝히고자하였다. 3. 구조설계 Fig. 1 Coordinate system and stress of composite beam 3.1 베이스라인블레이드개발결과본연구에서는공력 / 구조성능이검증된 2MW급블레이드모델을블레이드초기구조설계를위한참고용모델로선정하였고, Table 1에참고용블레이드설계에적용된터빈시스템의사양에대해서나타내었다. 이풍력터빈은정격풍속조건에서 17.47RPM 으로회전하며, 2MW의전력을생산할수있도록설계되었다. 또한, IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission)

3 복합재료고전적층판이론을이용한 MW 급해상풍력블레이드구조설계 149 Table 1 Specification for reference turbine system Title Type Rotor diameter Rotor swept area Hub height Power regulation Rotor speed Rated power Cut-in wind speed Cut-out wind speed Rated wind speed Description 3 bladed upwind 82.0 m 5281 m m Variable speed, pitch regulated RPM (rated) 2,000 kw 4 m/s 25 m/s 11.5 m/s IIA (Vref=42.5 m/s, Design wind class Iref=0.16) Annual mean wind speed at hub height 8.5 m/s Required turbine life time 20 years Fig. 3 Axial stiffness coefficient of GFRP model wind class IIA로설계되었으며, 40.1m의길이를가지도록설계되었다. 공력및구조설계이후에시스템통합하중해석을통하여극한및피로하중을도출하였고, 팁변형평가, 라미네이트파손평가, 좌굴안정성평가, 샌드위치구조물파손평가, 볼트체결부평가, 접착체결부평가를통해서설계된블레이드의구조건전성을평가하였다. 구조건전성평가를통해서설계된블레이드가설계수명을만족하는것을확인하였으며, 베이스라인블레이드의개발이완료되었다. Fig. 4 Axial stiffness coefficient of CFRP model 3.2 강성계수계산본연구에서는풍력블레이드구조적측면에서가장중요하다고할수있는변형 (Deflection) 과직접적인관계에있는블레이드섹션별축강성계수 (Axial stiffness coefficient) 데이터를블레이드재설계에이용하였다. 블레이드설계는다음과같은절차로진행되었다. 1 스파캡섹션별축강성계수계산 - 참고용블레이드데이터이용 2 스파캡섹션별적층수계산 - 참고용블레이드와동일한축강성계수를가지게하기위한적층수계산 3 도출된적층수를이용한적층설계 4 참고용블레이드와재설계된블레이드의섹션별굽힘강성비교를통한검증 Fig. 5 Twist coupling coefficient of GFRP model Fig. 2 Stiffness calculation point for structural design Fig. 6 Twist coupling coefficient of CFRP model

4 150 배성열 김범석 이상래 김우준 김윤해 Fig. 2에블레이드축강성계수의계산지점을나타내었다. 축강성계수의계산은참고용블레이드의길이방향의 11개지점에대해서스파캡에적층되어있는일방향섬유와다축섬유의적층수, 각도, 개수데이터를이용하여수행되었다. Fig. 3, Fig. 4에각각 GFRP와 CFRP 모델에대한섹션별축강성계수를나타내었다. 그림을통해서일방향섬유의적층각도가커질수록축강성계수가줄어드는것을확인할수있다. 이는복합재료섬유의적층각도가블레이드주축방향인 0 와차이를가지게될경우에는그만큼주축방향의강성이감소되기때문인것으로판단된다. Fig. 5, Fig. 6에각각 GFRP와 CFRP 모델에대한비틀림연계계수를나타내었다. 그림을통해서일방향섬유의각도가증가할수록연계계수는증가하는경향을보이고, 일정각도에서수렴하여그값을유지하는것을확인할수있다. 결론적으로, 주축방향에대한일방향섬유의적층각이증가할수록축방향강성이감소하는대신비틀림을유발시키는연계계수가증가하여특정각도에서수렴되며, 이경향은재료마다차이가있는것을확인할수있었다. 일부블레이드구조설계의경우이러한재료적특성을이용하여하중에의한블레이드의굽힘변형과비틀림변형을동시에유발시키고, 이를통해서출력성능을향상시키고피로하중을줄이는구조설계를하고있다 (Goeij et al., 1999). Fig. 8 Mass Comparison 강성계수계산지점이 11개밖에되지않기때문인것으로판단된다. 또한, CFRP_0 deg 블레이드는 GFRP_0 deg 블레이드에비해 839kg의경량설계가가능한것을확인할수있었다. 결론적으로본연구를통해구축한초기구조설계프로세스를적용하여다양한케이스의적층설계를완료하였고, 이방법은단시간에다양한 design case study를하기에적절한방법이라고판단된다. 4. 결론 3.3 적층설계 10가지케이스에대한블레이드적층설계를수행하였다. 모든케이스의스파캡섹션별적층수는참고용블레이드의축강성계수와동일한값으로설정하여계산하였다. 축강성계수의계산을통해서각섹션별적층수를도출하였고, Fig. 7에나타낸계산과정을통해서스파캡의적층설계를완료하였다. Fig. 8에구조설계이후에도출된 10가지케이스의블레이드의중량을비교하여나타내었다. GFRP_0 deg 케이스는참고용블레이드와스파캡적층각도를동일하게하였고, 11개계산지점의축강성계수또한동일하게하였지만, 참고용블레이드와미세한중량차이를보였다. 그이유는참고용블레이드의경우스파캡에대해서 50개이상의섹션으로구분하여각섹션별적층수를다르게적용하였으나, 초기설계된블레이드의경우는 본연구를통해초기구조설계단계에서참고용블레이드의강성데이터를이용하여그와유사한구조특성을가지는블레이드구조설계방법에대해제시하였고, 검증을통해서그방법의타당성을확인하고자하였다. GFRP 와 CFRP 각각 5개케이스에대한초기구조설계를위해서블레이드섹션별축강성계수와연계계수를계산하였다. 이를통해서주축방향에대한일방향섬유의적층각이증가할수록축방향강성이감소하는대신연계계수가증가하여특정각도에서수렴되며, 이경향은재료마다차이가있다는것을확인하였다. 본연구를통해구축한초기구조설계프로세스를적용하여다양한케이스의적층설계를완료하였고, 이방법은단시간에다양한 Design case study 를하기에적절한방법이라고판단된다. 참고용블레이드와재설계된블레이드간의굽힘강성비교를통해서에지 Fig. 7 Lay-up design example(gfrp 20 deg blade)

5 복합재료고전적층판이론을이용한 MW 급해상풍력블레이드구조설계 151 (Edge) 방향의굽힘강성은참고용블레이드와거의유사하며, 플랩 (Flap) 방향의경우, 루트 (Root) 근방에서다소차이가있지만전체적으로거의유사한강성분포를확인할수있다. 이를통해서본연구에서제시한초기구조설계방법의타당성을확인할수있었다. 후기본연구는중소기업청에서 2013년도산학연협력기술개발업 (C ) 의연구수행으로인한일부결과물임을밝힘니다. References Armanios, E.A., Badir, A.M., Free Vibration Analysis of Anisotropic Thin-Walled Closed-Section Beams, AIAA Journal, 33(10), Berdichevsky, V., Armanios, E., Badir, A., Theory of Thin-Walled Anisotropic Beams. Journal of Composite Materials, 5(2), Cox, K., Echtermeyer A, Structural Design and Analysis of a 10MW Wind Turbine Blade. Energy Procedia, 24, Goeij, W., Tooren, M., Beukers, A., Implementation of Bending-Torsion Coupling in the Design of a Wind-Turbine Roter-Blade. Applied Energy, 63, Kim, B.S., Kim, W.J., Lee, S.L., Bae, S.Y., Lee, Y.H., 2013, Development and Verification of a Performance Based Optimal Design Software for Wind Turbine Blades. Renewable Energy, 54, Libove, C., Stress and Rate of Twist in Single-Cell Thin Walled Beams with Anisotropic Walls. AIAA Journal, 26(9), Lago, L., Ponta, F., Otero, A., Analysis of Alternative Adaptive Geometrical Configurations for the NREL-5MW Wind Turbine Blade. Renewable Energy, 59, Lee, Y.J., Jhan, Y.h., Chung, C.H., Fluid-Structure Interaction of FRP Wind Turbine under Aerodynamic Effect. Composites, 43, Mohamed, M. and Wetzel. K., D Woven Carbon/Glass Hybrid Spar Cap for Wind Turbine Rotor Blade. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 128(4), Song F, Ni Y, Tan Z, Optimization Design, Modeling and Dynamic Analysis for Composite Wind Turbine Blade. Procedia Engineering, 16,

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