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1 KSAE 2008 Annual Conference 2008 KSAE pp.1-9 / KSAE08-A0407 목표주차위치설정방법 동향및전망 정호기 *1) 강형진 1) 김재희 2) 만도중앙연구소 1) 연세대학교전기전자공학부 2)) Target Parking Position Designation Method - Review and Perspective Ho Gi Jung *1) Hyoung Jin Kang *1) Jaihie Kim 2) Global R&D Center, Mando Corp. 1), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University 2) Abstract : Automatic/semi-automatic parking system consists of three components: target parking position designation, path planning, and path tracking. This paper summarizes published papers about target parking position designation up to now, and proposes four phase strategy based on the strong and weak points of each method. Generally, target parking position designation can be classified into four categories: GUI-based, parking slot marking-based, free space-based, and infrastructure-based. Among them, according to used sensor and signal processing technology free space-based can be divided into seven categories again: ultrasonic sensor-based, short range radar(srr)-based, still image-based, motion stereo-based, binocular stereo-based, light stripe projection(lsp)- based, and scanning laser radar-based. As we can not find one almighty method, we expect target parking position designation method to evolve according to changes of related technologies and industrial environments. Our prediction suggests four phase strategy: 1) Ultrasonic sensor-based free space detection + rear view camera-based monitoring, 2) ultrasonic sensor-based free space detection + human machine interface (HMI) + semi-automatic parking slot markings recognition, 3) scanning laser radar-based + HMI + semi-automatic parking slot markings recognition, and 4) scanning laser radar-based + HMI + full automatic parking slot markings recognition. Key words : Parking Assist( 주차보조 ), Free Space Detection( 빈공간인식 ), Scanning Laser Radar Signal Processing( 스캐닝레이저레이더신호처리 ), Light Stripe Projection( 빛줄무늬투영법 ), Motion Stereo( 모션스테레오 ), Binocular Stereo( 양안스테레오 ), Parking Slot Markings Recognition( 주차구획표시인식 ) 1. 서론최근소비자들은주차보조시스템에점점더많은관심을보이고있다. J. D. Power의 2001 Emerging Technologies Study 에따르면, 66% 의소비자가주차보조시스템을구매할의향이있다고 답변하였다 1). Tori Tellem의 Top 10 High-Tech Car Safety Technologies 는후방카메라를포함하였다 2). 이러한소비자들의관심은실제적인구매로도이어졌다 3), 4), 5). 다양한형태의주차보조시스템들이개발되고있다. - 후방영상에조향각을근거로예측한경로와거리표시를보여주는방법 6), 7). 1
2 - 차량주변을조감도로보여주는방식 8), 9). - 시청각방법으로필요한조향조작을안내해주는방식 10)-13). - 안전하고편안한주차를위해최적의초기위치까지조향조작을자동화한방식 14). - 초기위치에서목표주차위치까지조향조작을자동화한방식 3)-6), 13), 15)-19). - 전자동주차 20), 21). 주차보조시스템은목표주차위치지정, 경로설계, 경로추종의세가지로구성된다. 목표주차위치설정은그림1과같이네가지로구분할수있다. - GUI 기반 : 조향조작과이에따른예상경로를표시해주는 HMI를이용하는방식 7), HMI 에목표주차위치의위치와방향을변경할수있는화살표표시를보여주고운전자가조작하는방식 6), HMI에표시된목표주차위치의안쪽을끌어옮기고바깥쪽을끌어회전시키는방식 22). - 주차구획표시기반 : 한장의후방영상에서주차구획표시를완전자동으로인식하는방법 23), 24), 26), 운전자가터치스크린을통해제공한힌트를이용하여주차구획표시를인식하는방식 25). - 빈공간기반 : 주차된두차를인식함으로써, 사이의빈공간을목표주차위치로인식하는방식. - 인프라스트럭쳐기반 : GPS(Global Positioning System), 디지털지도, 주차관리시스템과의통신을통하여목표주차위치를설정하는방식 11), 12). Fig. 1 Taxonomy of target position designation methods. 빈공간인식방법은다시사용하는센서와신호처리방법에따라그림1과같이일곱가지로구분할수있다 : 초음파센서기반 27)-29), SRR 기반 30), 정지영상기반 31), 움직임스테레오기반 32)-36), 양안스테레오기반 37), 38), LSP 기반 39), 스캐닝레이저레이더기반 40)-43), 50). 본논문은기존에발표된목표주차위치지정방법들의원리와장단점, 이슈들을정리하여독자들이빠르게연구에참여할수있도록도움을제공하고자한다. 또, 그동안의연구결과를종합해본결과, 한가지방법으로모든경우의목표주차위치설정을수행할수없다는것을알게되었다. 따라서, 우리는관련기술과산업환경의변화에따라, 목표주차위치지정이네단계를거치며진화할것으로전망해본다 : 1) 초음파센서기반빈주차공간검출 + 후방카메라기반모니터링, 2) 초음파센서기반빈주차공간검출 + HMI + 반자동주차구획표시인식, 3) 스캐닝레이저레이더기반 + HMI + 반자동주차구획표시인식, 4) 스캐닝레이저레이더기반 + HMI + 전자동주차구획표시인식. 2. GUI 기반 자동목표주차위치설정의발전에도불구하고수동목표주차위치설정은두가지중요한역할을담당할것으로예상된다. 첫째, 수동방법은자동방법의결과를수정하거나교정하는수단으로사용될것이다. 더욱이, 디스플레이를포함하는 HMI는자동으로인식된목표주차위치에대하여운전자의확인을요청할것이기때문에, 수동방법에의한수정이나교정이자연스럽게통합될수있다. 둘째, 수동방법은자동방법이실패할경우에대한안전장치로필요하다. 자동방법에사용되는센서들은각각의단점을가지고있기때문에, 인식결과가항상옳을수만은없다. 시스템이자동인식결과의오류를쉽게수정할수있는방법을제공함으로써, 자동방법의단점을큰불편없이보상할수있다. Aisin Seiki는조향조작과정보표시가추가된디스플레이를기반으로하는상호작용형 (interactive) 방법을평행주차상황에적용하였다 7). 운전자는화면상의수직막대가빈주차공간앞쪽에주차된차의뒤쪽끝과일치할때까지후진 2
3 한다. 운전자가핸들을돌리면목표주차위치가화획표시기반목표주차위치설정방법을개발하였다면에표시되는데, 조향각도에따라좌우로움직인 23). 이시스템은 RCE 신경망을사용한 color 다. 이목표주차위치를원하는위치로이동시킴으 segmentation으로주차구획표시를추출한다. 주차로써, 목표주차위치도설정하고첫번째회전을구획표시의색은 RCE 신경망을훈련시킴으로써학위한조향각도설정할수있다. 습된다. 주차구획표시에속한점들을분리해낸후, Toyota는첫 IPA(Intelligent Parking Assist) 시스템은이점들의외곽선을기하학적특징으로를 Prius에적용할때, 화살표모양버튼을이용사용한다. 아래에서위쪽으로영상을처리하면서하는방법을채용하였다 6). 이시스템은후방영상분리된점모임의외곽선을구하고, 이외곽선을에현재목표주차위치를사각형으로표시하고, 그대표하는두개의직선을찾음으로써목표주차위치옆에화살표모양버튼을표시한다 : 평행주차시를설정한다. 엔 4개의위치이동버튼, 직각주차시엔 8개의위 Aisin Seiki는직선형과말발굽형의주차구획치이동버튼과 2개의회전버튼을표시한다. 운전표시인식알고리즘을개발하였다 24). 이알고리즘자는이화살표모양버튼을반복적으로클릭함으은 6단계로구성된다 : ROI 설정, 필터링 (primary 로써목표주차위치를원하는곳에지정한다. differentiation), 이진화, 특징점변환 (2D Tokyo 대학, Toshiba, Yazaki는인프라스트럭쳐 3D), RANSAC(Random Sample Consensus) 기반직선기반목표위치설정방법과 GUI 기반조향안내시인식, 목표주차위치설정. 인식성능의향상과처리스템을개발하였다 11), 12). 일단시스템이인프라스시간의단축을위하여, ROI가사용된다. 자차의위트럭쳐의도움을받아목표주차위치를설정하게치와자세를고려하여 ROI를설정하는데, 위치정되면, 운전자에게필요한조향각에해당하는타이밀도는떨어지지만 outlier는효과적으로제거할어모양을보여줌으로써조향조작을안내한다. 운수있다. 실험결과, 약 85% 성공률을보였으며, 처전자는조향조작을통하여실제타이어와목표타리시간을 14초에서 5초로단축하였다. 이어를일치시킴으로써, 목표주차위치에적합한저자들도전자동주차구획표시인식방법을개발조향각을설정할수있다. 하였다 26). 주차구획표시선의양쪽경계선이조감도저자들은 drag and drop 이라는 PC 사용자에서일정거리떨어진두평행한선이며 Hough 공에게익숙한 HMI 기법을목표주차위치설정에적용간상에서특별한문양을만든다는사실을활용하하였다 22). 시스템은터치스크린에후방영상을디여, Hough 공간상에서작동하는 1차원필터를제스플레이하고, 목표주차위치를사각형으로표시한안하였다. 하지만, 자동방법은많은계산시간과다. 사각형의안쪽은이동을위한커서역할을하큰메모리를필요로하였다. 저자들은운전자가자고, 바깥쪽은회전을위한커서역할을한다. 직동방법으로인식된목표주차위치를확인하기위하관적이고연속적인변경을조작할수있기때문에, 여몇차례의 HMI 조작을할수밖에없는사실에 Prius의화살표버튼방식과비교했을때, 조작주목하였다. 즉, 운전자가 HMI 조작을배제하지않회수와시간에서월등함을확인할수있었다. 는다면, 목표주차위치에대한힌트도제공할수있다고보았다. 이러한발상을전제로제안한방법들 3. 주차구획표시기반이반자동주차구획표시인식방법이다. 이경우, 운전자는 HMI를통하여목표주차위치에대한힌트주차보조시스템이도심지역에서사용될것으로를제공한다. 직사각형주차구획표시인경우, 목표기대되기때문에, 아파트나백화점과같은일반적주차구획표시의안쪽을클릭함으로써, 목표주차구인주차환경에서는주차구획표시가있다고가정할획탐색의범위를대폭줄일수있었다 25). 하지만, 수있다. 따라서, 주차구획표시기반목표주차위이방법은직사각형주차구획표시에만적용할수치설정은실제적으로가장많이사용되는목표주있다는한계가있었다. 다양한모양의주차구획표차위치설정이될수있다. 시에대응하기위하여, 목표주차구획표시의입구 Jin Xu 등은주차구획표시가일정한특성을지양쪽을클릭하는방법을제안하였다 91). 이방법은니며배경과는확연히다르다고전제하고, 주차구주차구획입구양쪽의표시가특정하다는사실을 3
4 이용하여, 운전자의부정확한입력을패턴인식을통하여극복하는방법을제안하였다. 4. 빈주차공간기반 4.1 초음파센서기반초음파센서기반방법은평행주차상황을위한가장일반적인방법이다. 시스템은차량이빈공간을지나치는동안거리데이터를수집하고, odometry를이용하여수집된거리데이터들을조합한다. 조합된거리데이터들을근거로자차주변의깊이지도 (depth map) 을구성한다. 기존의주차보조용초음파센서와목표위치설정용초음파센서는서로다른 opening angle을갖는다. 센서상호간의방해를야기하고획득된거리데이터의신뢰성을저해하는 cross-talk를줄이기위해서는좁은 opening angle을사용할수밖에없다. 빈주차공간의끝부분에대한정확한정보를얻기위하여, 다양한방법들이시도되고있다. Hella는수평방향으로는좁고수직방향으로는넓은감지영역을갖는초음파센서를개발하였다 16). Linköping 대학과 Toyota는복수개의거리센서상호간의 correlation을이용하였다 : multilateration 15), 28), rotational correction 27). 4.2 SRR 센서기반 SRR은일반적으로사각감시 (BSD) 나측방충돌검출등에사용되며, 수평방향정밀도및해상도가낮다. 이러한 SRR을평행주차에초음파센서대신사용하려는시도가있었다 10). Stefan Görner 등은 SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) 알고리즘을사용하여수평방향각도정밀도를향상시키는방법을제시하였다 30). 4.3 정지영상이해기반정지영상에패턴인식기반빈공간검출방법을적용하여목표주차위치를설정하는방법도개발되었다 31). 이방법은수평에지를사용하여차량위치를검출하였다. 하지만, 이방법은차량의종류를일정한가로-세로비율을갖는승용차로한정하고, 그크기또한한가지로한정함으로써, 실용적인방법이라고하기엔무리가있었다. 4.4 움직임스테레오기반 IMRA Europe는 IVR(Intermediate View Reconstruction) 을이용하여가장이상적인시각에서주차상황을보여주는시스템을개발하였다. 이시스템은 odometry와차량이움직이면서획득한연속영상에서추적한특징점들을사용하여 3차원정보를복원한다 32)-35). 이시스템은 CCD 카메라신호, ABS 센서신호, 기어위치등을입력받는다. 이러한신호들로부터카메라의외부변수들을추정한다. 지표면이평평하다고가정하면, 상대위치변화로부터카메라외부변수들을추정할수있다. 자차위치는좌우후륜의 ABS 센서신호로부터추정할수있다. 저자들은기존연구의문제점의원인을밝혀내고, 움직임스테레오로획득한 3차원정보로부터빈주차구획을인식할수있는방법을제안하였다 36). 제안한방법은여섯단계로구성된다 : 연속이미지획득, 특징점추적, 3차원복원, 3차원구조모자이킹, 길이정보 (metric) 복원, 빈주차구획인식. 기존의 IMRA Europe의방법은움직임스테레오를적용할때 epipole 근처에서발생하는왜곡을처리하지못하여목표위치설정까지진행하지못하고운전자에게보여주는방법까지만제공하였다. 저자들은주차동작은일반적인직선주행과는달리 epipole이빈주차공간좌우의차량을향하기때문에, 중요한 3차원정보에왜곡이심하다는점을발견하였다. 이를극복하기위하여, epipole 근처의 3차원정보는버리고, 나머지 3차원정보를다른순간의 3차원정보와모자이킹하는방법을제안하였다. 4.5 양안스테레오기반 Nico Kaempchen 등은특징기반스테레오정합과 ICP(Iterative Closest Point) 알고리즘을사용하여 3차원정보를복원하였다 37). 이데이터를근거로자세추정알고리즘이 2단계로구현되었다. 먼저, 템플릿매칭알고리즘이깊이지도로부터차량일가능성있는모든위치를추출한다. 두번째단계에선, 3차원정보들이평면으로나뉘어지고, 평면들로구성된차량모델과최대한일치하도록하는 3차원매개변수들을찾는다. 가장일반적인차량모양에해당하는네가지모델이적용되었다. 거리데이터의평면과모델의평면은 ICP 알고리즘을사 4
5 용해서정합되었으며, 이과정을통하여주차된차량의자세와차종을동시에알아낼수있었다. 저자들은양안스테레오를적용함에있어, 카메라와지표면의 homography가고정이기때문에, 바닥에속한거리정보와물체의거리정보를분리할수있다는사실을활용하였다 38). 특징점기반스테레오정합으로얻은거리정보중바닥에속한것들은주차구획표시인식에사용되고, 물체에속한것들은탐색영역을설정하는데사용되었다. 4.6 LSP 기반 LSP는 light plane projector에서투영된빛이물체에만든줄무늬를해석하여 3차원정보를복원하는방법이다. 어두운지하주차장은아파트, 백화점, 도심건물등일반적인도심생활에서흔히마주칠수있는조건이다. 이렇게어두운조명조건에서는스테레오정합의기본인특징점을추출하기어려워진다. 더욱이반짝이는차표면근처에서비춰지는조명은커다란반사상을만들어정합의오차를만들어낸다. 주차구획표시인식역시어두운조명조건과반짝이는바닥때문에제성능을발휘하기힘들다. 저자들은저가의 light plane projector를차량후미범퍼에장착함으로써, 빈주차공간의 3차원정보를복원할수있음을보였다 39). 보행자나다른운전자를방해하지않기위하여근적외선 (NIR: Near Infra-Red) 대역의빛을사용하고, 이대역에감도가좋은카메라를사용하였다. 순전히 LSP 만을위한경우와차이점은주차보조시스템의경우, 후방영상을운전자에게제공해야하기때문에, 근적외선대역만을통과시키는광학필터를사용할수없다. 대신, 짧은주기동안광원을켜고찍은영상은 LSP에사용하고, 끄고찍은영상은운전자모니터링용으로사용하는방법을제안하였다. 4.7 스캐닝레이저레이더기반 Alexander Schanz 등은스캐닝레이저레이더를자차측면에수직방향으로설치하고빈주차공간옆을지나가면서수집한거리정보를 odometry를사용하여종합하는방법을제안하였다. 이경우, 사용된스캐닝레이저레이더는 FOV(Field of View) 가좁은정밀한초음파센서로생각될수있 다 20), 40), 41). CyCab 프로젝트는자차전방에스캐닝레이저레이더를수평으로설치하였다. 이스캐닝레이저레이더를이용하여주차된차량들의위치를인식하고, 이를근거로경로계획및 SLAM(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) 을수행하였다 42). 하지만, CyCab에서는모든차량이동일한종류라는비현실적인가정을사용하였다. 저자들은차량후미에수평으로장착한스캐닝레이저레이더로직각주차상황의목표주차위치를설정할수있음을보였다 50). 제안한방법은 odometry를사용하지않기때문에, 이로인한오차를제거할수있다. 더욱이, 단한번의스캔에의해획득한거리데이터만을사용하기때문에, 여러거리데이터들을결합할때발생하는오류 44) 를제거할수있었다. 제안한알고리즘은 3단계로구성되었다 : 거리데이터에대한전처리, 코너인식, 목표주차위치인식. 거리데이터에대한전처리는노이즈제거, 불연속점 (occlusion) 인식, 클러스터인식. 코너인식은직각코너인식과타원인식 45) 기반둥근코너인식으로구성되었다. 실험결과, 스캐닝레이저레이더를사용한제안방법이거의모든기존방법의문제점을극복할수있음을확인하였다. 주 / 야간, 차량의부드럽고반짝이는표면, 태양광. 5. 인프라스트럭쳐기반 Tokyo 대학, Toshiba, Yazaki는 ican(intelligent Car Navigation System) 을개발하고, 주차보조시스템을첫번째응용분야로선택하였다 11), 12). 주차보조시스템은주차관리, 센싱, 운전자보조로이루어졌다. 주차관리시스템은 1) 주차구획관리, 2) 주차구획할당, 3) 주차정보전송등의역할을수행한다. 센싱시스템은실시간으로차량의상태 ( 위치, 속도, 등 ) 추정치를제공하고, 주차과정을이해하는데필요한명령을생성하고표시한다. 시청각인터페이스는목표한시스템성능을달성하기위하여개발되었는데, 네가지모드로이루어져있다 : 대략적인안내를담당하는네비게이션모드, 핸들조작모드, 목표위치모드, 자세한안내를담당하는기어변경모드. 6. 주요이슈초음파센서기반방법의가장큰이슈는빈주 5
6 차공간의양쪽에주차한차량의수평위치정밀도수없다는단점이있다. 이것은레이저레이더가를향상시키는것이다. FOV를좁게설정하면감지빛의 TOF(Time of Flight) 만을구하기위해감도가가능한입사각의범위가좁아기울어진표면을감우수한검출센서를쓰는데비해, LSP는위치정보를지할수없고, FOV를넓게잡으면수평위치결정획득할수있는이미징소자를쓰기때문에발생하을위해복수의거리데이터의 correlation을사는문제이다. 이러한문제점을해결하기위해, 고용해야하는데이는스캔시차량속도에제한을출력레이저를순간적으로작동시키는레이저레이가한다. 더방식의활용에대한연구가필요할것으로보인비전센서를사용하는경우마주치는문제점들다. LSP 방법을주간에도사용할수있다면, 빈주은일반적인비전의문제점들에차량의특성때문차공간기반방법중가장경제적인방법이될수에발생하는문제점이추가된다. 조명조건에무있을것으로기대된다. 관한특징추출의일관성및충분한 dynamic 끝으로, 레이저레이더기반방법은인식성능면 range의확보. 부드럽고반짝이는차량표면때문에서다른어떤방법들보다우수한것으로기대된에특징추출이어렵고보는각도에따라위치가다. 하지만, 실용화를위해서는차량외관을훼손바뀌는문제. 하지않을정도로크기가작아져야할것으로보이주차구획표시와 HMI 기반방법과같이카메라와고 49), 기후조건에대하여밀리파레이더와동등한지표면사이의일정한관계를이용하는방법들은수준의강인성을확보하여야할것이다 47). 또, 아직차고와카메라각도변화에대한대처방법을필요은양산에적용하기에부담스러운가격도풀어야로한다. 잘못된값들은조감도에큰왜곡을야기할숙제로남아있다 46). 비교적고가인센서가격을하고결과적으로복원된 3차원정보의정밀도를해결하기위하여, 다양한기능을하나의스캐닝레저해한다. 따라서, 실시간으로카메라외부변수를이저로구현하는방식이연구되고있다 43), 48). 추정할수있는방법의개발이필요하다. 또, 주차보조용카메라가어안렌즈를사용하기 6. 결론 : 전망및전략때문에, 이를위한보정과조감도형성을위해많공개된자료와뉴스를근거로주차보조시스템의은계산량이필요한것도실용화를위해넘어야전망도를그려보면그림2와같다. 수평축은시간을, 할문제점이다. 해결책으로는이러한변환의량을수직축은자동화정도를의미한다. 관련기술은세최소화하기위한 ROI 설정과임베디드화를위한그룹으로나눌수있다 : 모니터링관련, 주차구획 VHDL 구현등이있겠다. 양안스테레오나움직임표시관련, 빈주차공간관련. 스테레오를이용한방법도비슷한문제점을가지첫째, 후방모니터링카메라의보급은확산되고고있다. 즉, 특징점정합과 3차원데이터처리를새롭게도입된사방감시시스템은이와경쟁할것위한많은계산량을실시간으로구현하기위해서이다. 하지만, 사방감시시스템이주변장애물의는일반적인임베디드프로세서로는대응하기어정보를디스플레이에효과적으로표시하지못한다렵다. 따라서, 핵심알고리즘의 VHDL 구현이필수면, 장애물의조감도상왜곡때문에조기에대중적이라고하겠다. 화되기어려울것으로전망된다. GUI 기반방법과반자동주차구획표시인식기반둘째, 자동방법의성능과가격현실성이확보되방법들은비교적빠른시일안에상품화할수있기전까진, HMI 기반방법이계속적으로사용될것는기술로기대된다. 비교적적은계산량과실용으로예상된다. 특히, HMI 기반방법이후방카메적인아이디어가중요한장점이라고하겠다. 특히, 라와터키스크린인터페이스를사용하기때문에, GUI 기반방법과반자동주차구획표시인식기반쉽게반자동주차구획표시인식기반방법과조합될방법은운전자의조작이필요하기때문에, 운전자것으로기대된다. 조작이부담스럽지않게하기위한 HMI 기법에대셋째, 빈주차공간기반방법에확실한해결책이한연구가계속되어야겠다. 준비될때까지, 초음파센서는빈주차공간기반 LSP 기반방법은어두운주차공간에대한효과방법의주류를형성할것으로보인다. 특히, 현재적인방법으로기대되지만, 밝은장소에서사용할의기술수준으로도평행주차의요구조건은충분히 6
7 만족하는것으로보인다 4), 5), 16), 27). 전통적인 passive vision 방법들은조명조건과반짝이는차량표면에대한해결책을찾지못하면적용이어려울것으로보인다. 이와같이한가지기술이모든경우에대응할수없기때문에, 다양한기술의적절한조합이당분간추구해야할방향인것으로생각된다. 이에, 저자들은다음과같은네단계진화적전략을제안한다. 1) 초음파센서기반빈공간인식 + 후방모니터링카메라 2) 초음파센서기반빈공간인식 + HMI + 반자동주차구획표시인식 3) 스캐닝레이저레이더기반 + HMI + 반자동주차구획표시인식 4) 스캐닝레이저레이더기반 + HMI + 전자동주차구획표시인식 References 1) Randy Frank, Sensing in the Ultimately Safe Vehicle, SAE Paper No.: ) Tori Tellem, Top 10 High-Tech Car Technologies, 84/article.html, Jul. 23, ) Yuri Kageyama, Look, no hand! New Toyota parks itself, Jan. 14, ) Tim Moran, Self-parking technology hits the market, Automotive News, Vol. 8 Issue 6227, 22-22, Oct ) Tim Moran and Jens Meiners, The arrival of problem-free parking, Automotive News Europe, Vol. 11 Issue 24, 8-8, Nov ) Masayuki Furutani, Obstacle Detection Systems for Vehicle Safety, SAE Paper No.: ) Shoji Hiramatsu, Akihito Hibi, Yu Tanaka, Toshiaki Kakinami, Yoshifumi Iwata, and Masahiko Nakamura, Rearview Camera Based Parking Assist System with Voice Guidance, SAE Paper No.: ) Nobuyuki Ozaki, Overhead-view Surveillance System for Driving Assistance, 12th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Nov ) Hiroaki Shimizu and Hirohiko Yanagawa, Overhead View Parking Support System, DENSO Technical Review, Vol. 11, Issue 1, ) Clinton Deacon, New Mercedes CL Class: Parking Assistance Technology, Aug. 29, ) Masaki Wada, Xuchu Mao, Hideki Hashimoto, Mami Mizutani, and Masaki Saito, ican: Pursuing Technology for Near-Future ITS, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 19, Issue 1, 18-23, Jan.-Feb ) Masaki Wada, Kang Sup Yoon, and Hideki Hashimoto, Development of Advanced Parking Assistance System, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 50, Issue 1, 4-17, Feb ) Wei Chia Lee and Torsten Bertram, Driver Centered Design of an Advanced Parking Assistance, 5th European Congress and Exhibition on Intelligent Transportation Systems and Services, Jun. 1-3, ) Yoshirou Tsuruhara, Honda Develops Park Assist System, Nikkei Automotive Technology, Sep. 29, ) J. Pohl, M. Sethsson, P. Degerman, and J. Larsson, A Semi-automated Parallel Parking System for Passenger Cars, Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Vol. 220, Issue 1, 53-65, Jan ) Carten Heilenkötter, Norbert Höver, Peter Magyar, Thomas Ottenhues, Tilmann Seubert, and Joachim Wassmuth, The Consistent Use of Engineering Methods and Tools, Auto Technology, 6/2007, ) Ho Gi Jung, Chi Gun Choi, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, Semi-Automatic Parking System Recognizing Parking Lot Markings, The 8th International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control (AVEC 06), , Aug , ) Chi Gun Choi, Dong Suk Kim, Ho Gi Jung, and Pal Joo Yoon, Stereo Vision Based Parking Assist System, SAE Paper No.: ) Ho Gi Jung, Chi Gun Choi, Dong Suk Kim, and Pal Joo Yoon, System Configuration of Intelligent Parking Assistant System, 13th World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems and Services, Oct. 8-12, ) Alexander Schanz, Fahrerassistenz zum automatischen Parken, dcat=74&idart=381, Jul. 23, ) Tracy Dawson, Safe Parking Using the BMW Remote Park Assist, Aug. 18, ) Ho Gi Jung, Chi Gun Choi, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, Novel User Interface for Semiautomatic Parking Assistance System, 31st FISITA World Automotive Congress, Oct , ) Jin Xu, Guang Chen, and Ming Xie, Vision-Guided Automatic Parking for Smart Car, Proceedings of 7
8 the IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium 2000, , Oct. 3 5, ) Yu Tanaka, Mitsuyoshi Saiki, Masaya Katoh, and Tomohiko Endo, Development of Image Recognition for a Parking Assist System, 13th World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems and Services, Oct. 8 12, ) Ho Gi Jung, Dong Suk Kim, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, Structure Analysis Based Parking Slot Marking Recognition for Semi-automatic Parking System, Lecture Note in Computer Science Vol. 4109, , Aug ) Ho Gi Jung, Dong Suk Kim, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, Parking Slot Markings Recognition for Automatic Parking Assist System, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium 2006, , Jun , ) Hisashi Satonaka, Masato Okuda, Syoichi Hayasaka, Tomohiko Endo, Yu Tanaka, and Toru Yoshida, Development of Parking Space Detection Using an Ultrasonic Sensor, 13th World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems and Services, Oct. 8-12, ) Pär Degerman, Jochen Pohl, and Magnus Sethson, Hough Transform for Parking Space Estimation Using Long Range Ultrasonic Sensors, SAE Paper No.: ) Pär Degerman, Jochen Pohl, and Magnus Sethson, Ultasonic Sensor Modeling for Automatic Parallel Parking Systems in Passenger Cars, SAE Paper No.: ) Stefan Görner and Hermann Rohling, Parking Lot Detection with 24GHz Radar Sensor, 3rd International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation, Mar , ) Asako Hashizume, Shinji Ozawa, and Hirohiko Yanagawa, An Approach to Detect Vacant Parking Space in a Parallel Parking Area, 5th European Congress and Exhibition on Intelligent Transportation Systems and Services, Jun. 1-3, ) Katia Fintzel, Reny Bendahan, Christophe Vestri, and Sylvian Bougnoux, 3D Vision System for Vehicle, Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium 2003, Jun. 9-11, ) Katia Fintzel, Reny Bendahan, Christophe Vetsri, and Sylvian Bougnoux, 3D Parking Assistant System, 2004 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Jun , ) Christophe Vestri, Sylvian Bougnoux, Reny Bendahan, Katia Fintzel, Seba Wybo, Fred Abad, and Toshiakai Kakinami, Evaluation of a Vision- Based Parking Assistance System, Proceedings of the 8th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Sep , ) Christophe Vestri, Sylvian Bougnoux, Reny Bendahan, Katia Fintzel, Seba Wybo, Fred Abad, and Toshiakai Kakinami, Evaluation of a Point Tracking Vision System for Parking Assistance, 12th World Congress on ITS, Nov. 6-10, ) Jae Kyu Shur, Kwanghyuk Bae, Jaihie Kim, and Ho Gi Jung, Free Parking Space Detection Using Optical Flow-based Euclidean 3D Reconstruction, International Association of Pattern Recognition (IAPR) Conference on Machine Vision Application, May 16-18, ) Nico Kaempchen, Uwe Franke, and Rainer Ott, Stereo Vision Based Pose Estimation of Parking Lots Using 3D Vehicle Models, 2002 IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, , Vol. 2, Jun , ) Ho Gi Jung, Dong Suk Kim, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, 3D Vision System for the Recognition of Free Parking Site Location, International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 7, No. 3, , May ) Ho Gi Jung, Dong Suk Kim, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, Light Stripe Projection based Parking Space Detection for Intelligent Parking Assist System, Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, Jun , ) Alexander Schanz, Andreas Spieker, and Klaus- Dieter Kuhnert, Autonomous Parking in Subterranean Garages A Look at the Position Estimation, Proceedings of 2003 IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, , Jun. 9-11, ) Uwe Regensburger, Alexander Schanz, and Thomas Stahs, Three-dimensional perception of environment, U.S. Patent No.: US 7,230,640, Data of Patent: Jun. 12, ) Christopher Tay Meng Keat, Cédric Pradalier, and Christian Laugier, Vehicle Detection and Car Park Mapping Using Laser Scanner, 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, , Aug. 2-6, ) Ho Gi Jung, Young Ha Cho, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, Integrated Side/Rear Safety System, 11th European Automotive Congress, May 30-Jun. 1, ) Kay Ch. Fuerstenberg, Dirk T. Linzmeier, and Klaus C. J. Dietmayer, Pedestrian Recognition and Tracking of Vehicles using a Vehicle based Multilayer Laser Scanner, 10th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Nov ) R. Halif and J. Flusser, Numerically Stable Direct Least Squares Fitting of Ellipses, Department of Software Engineering, Charles University, Czech Republic, ) Ibeo, Serial Price, Jul. 23, ) Automotive News, Laser or Radar? Battle for Supremacy in Vision Safety Systems Heats Up, Automotive News, Jun. 25,
9 48) Roland Schulz and Kay Fürstenberg, Laser scanner for Multiple Applications in Passenger Cars and Trucks, 10th International Conference on Microsystems for Automotive Applications, Apr ) Ibeo, Passenger Car Integration, rcar.asp, Jul. 23, ) Ho Gi Jung, Young Ha Cho, Pal Joo Yoon, and Jaihie Kim, Scanning Laser Radar-Based Target Position Designation for Parking Aid System, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 9, No. 3, Sep. 2008, pp Fig. 2 Prospective diagram of parking assistant system. 9
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Parking Assist System 주차보조시스템의 다양한 형태 후방 장애물 거리 경보 - 차량 후미에 장착된 초음파 센서를 이용하여 장애물 감지 - Visual, audio warning 제공 Parkmatic Parking Sensor Parking Dynamics PD1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xla9hmkrlsa http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqaxuks1ioo
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