09_1교_( ) 한선기.hwp
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1 Trans. of the Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society( ), Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 533~539 DOI: ISSN eissn 음식물류폐기물의혐기성소화시식종방법에따른 start-up 특성평가 이채영 1 ㆍ한선기 2 1 수원대학교토목공학과 하천환경기술연구소, 2 한국방송통신대학교환경보건학과 Evaluation of Characterization During Start-up of Anaerobic Digestion Via Various Seeding Methods CHAE-YOUNG LEE 1, SUN-KEE HAN 2 1 Dept. of Civil Eng., The University of Suwon, 17, Wauan-gil, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Institute River Environmental Technology, 17, Wauan-gil, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea 2 Dept. of Environ. Health, Korea National Open University, 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea Abstract >> This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of start-up of anaerobic digestion from food waste with different inoculum ratios. The hydrogen yield was similar with different inoculum ratios. The hydrogen production rate increased with increasing inoculum ratio. But the specific hydrogen production rate decreased with increasing inoculum ratio. Total volatile fatty acids composition analysis showed that butyrate and acetate were the prevalent products in all reactors, followed by lactate and propionate. The acetate was most prevalent product in reactors at X 0/S 0=0.080 and But in reactors at X 0/S 0=0.239 and 0.318, butyrate accounted for greater than 50% of the total volatile fatty acids. Key words : Anaerobic H 2 fermentation( 혐기성수소발효 ), Inoculum( 식종균 ), X0/S0 ratio( 단위기질당식종균비 ), Food waste( 음식물류폐기물 ) 1. 서론국내생활폐기물중음식물류폐기물이차지하는비중은 2003년을기준으로점차증가하는추세이다. 음식물류폐기물은다량의유기성물질을포함하고있어에너지원으로써활용이가능하다. 이러한음식물류폐기물을적절한기술적용시기존의화석연료의소비를감소시킬수있으며환경보전에도크 Corresponding author : skhan003@knou.ac.kr Received : in revised form : Accepted : Copyright c 2016 KHNES 게기여할수있다 1-2). 혐기성소화기술은음식물류폐기물의감량화뿐만아니라바이오가스형태로에너지를회수할수있는장점을가지고있다. 혐기성소화기술로회수할수있는바이오가스에는메탄과수소또는두가지모두가능하다. 이중수소는 122 kj/g으로열량이높은장점을가지고있으며연소에따른부산물이물만존재하는친환경적인에너지매체로알려져있다 3). 수소를생산할수있는생물학적공정에는광발효 (photo fermentation) 그리고혐기성발효 (anaerobic or dark fermentation) 등이있다 4-5). 혐기성수소발효의경 533
2 534 음식물류폐기물의혐기성소화시식종방법에따른 start-up 특성평가 우빛이없는조건에서생산이가능하며발생속도가빠르고음식물류폐기물, 도시고형폐기물등과같이적용가능한기질의폭이넓다는장점을가지고있다 6-7). 혐기성수소발효의식종균으로는순수배양미생물과소화조의유출수등과같은혼합미생물을이용한다. Hawkes 등 (2002) 은 Clostridium spp. 를식종균으로하고탄수화물을기질로이용하여 1.61~2.36 mol H 2/mol 의수소전환율을제시하였다. Clostridium spp. 은절대혐기성미생물로써부적합한환경조건일경우스포어 (spore) 를형성하는특징을가지고있다 8). 이러한특징을이용하여혐기성소화슬러지와같은혼합미생물을이용하는경우전처리를통해수소생성미생물을우점화한다 3). 혐기성소화식종시고려되는사항으로써는초기식종균및기질의종류그리고두인자의비율등이있다 9). Liu Y. U.(1996) 는단위식종균당기질의양 (S 0/X 0) 에따라미생물의물질대사경로에영향을준다고보고하였다. Argun과 Dao(2016) 는 peach pulp를기질로이용하였으며식종균의투입량에따른수소전환율및속도를평가하였다. Kim 등 (2008) 은 sucrose 를기질로이용하여초기회분식으로식종후연속반응조로전환되는시점에관하여연구를수행하였다. 혐기성소화시식종에관한연구는많은연구자들에의해수행되었다. 그러나혐기성소화식종시식종균과기질의종류에따라식종후 start-up 의특성이달라질수있어실제폐기물또는폐수를이용한연구는미비한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는국내에서발생되는음식물류폐기물을기질로이용하고혐기성수소발효시식종방법에따른 start-up 특성을평가하였다. 폐기물을제조하였다. 합성음식물류폐기물의함량은무게기준으로곡식류 ( 쌀밥 ) 35%, 야채류 ( 배추 ) 35%, 과일류 ( 수박껍질 ) 25%, 그리고육류 ( 닭가슴살 ) 5% 의비율로구성하였다. 제조된음식물류폐기물은가정용분쇄기를이용하여 5 mm 이하로분쇄및혼합하였으며실험전까지 4 C에서보관하였다 식종미생물본연구에서사용된식종균은 S시에위치한혐기성소화조슬러지를이용하였으며 4 mm체를이용하여불순물을제거하였다. 불순물을제거한소화슬러지는 90 C에서 15분간열처리를통해수소생산과무관한미생물의성장을억제하였다. 2.2 혐기성수소생성실험혐기성수소발효시초기 start-up 기간을묘사하기위해회분식형태로운영하였다. 반응조는유효체적 300 ml인아크릴재질을이용하였다. 반응조에는가스배출구, ph 전극이장착가능하도록제작하였다. 기질의농도는탄수화물농도기준으로 30 g COD/L 로고정하였으며식종균은 Table 1에제시된조건에따라투입하였다. 식종균과기질로채워진반응조는질소가스를이용하여혐기성조건으로전환하였다. 반응조는열순환펌프가장착된온탕기에서운전온도 35±1 C를유지하며배양하였다. 교반속도는 150 rpm으로고정하였으며초기 ph는 8.0, 운전 ph는 5.5±0.1로고정하였다. 바이오가스의측정은체적측정이가능한유리주사기를이용하여측정하였다. 2. 실험재료및방법 2.1 기질및식종미생물 기질균일한기질조건을만족하기위해합성음식물류 2.3 분석방법바이오가스내수소의함량은열전도검출기 (thermal conductivity detector, TCD) 가장착된가스크로마토그래피 (gas chromatography, Gow Mac series 580, USA) 를이용하여측정하였다. 가스크로마토그래피의운 >> 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
3 이채영ㆍ한선기 535 Table 1 Hydrogen yield and production rate for different inoculum ratios Inoculum (v/v%) Hydrogen yield (mol H 2/mol ) Hydrogen production rate (mol H 2/mol.h) 반체로는초고순도질소 (99.999%) 를사용하였으며유속은 30 ml/min으로고정하였다. Column은 molecular sieve 5A (80/100 mesh) 를충진제로사용한 1.8 m 3.2 mm stainless steel column 을이용하였다. Column, injector와 detector의온도는 50, 80 및 90 C로유지하였다. 휘발성지방산 (volatile fatty acids, VFAs) 분석은자외선검출기 (210 nm) 와 fast acid column (BIO-RAD, mm, USA) 이장착된고성능액체크로마토그래피 (high performance liquid chromatography, YL 9100, Korea) 를이용하여분석하였다. 이동상물질은 M 황산을이용하였다. TS, VS 및 COD는 Standard Methods에준하여수행하였다 13). 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 식종균투입량에따른수소발생특성 Table 1 에제시된조건에따라식종하였으며 Fig. 1 에수소발생특성을나타내었다. 수소전환율, 전환속도를제시하였다. 수소전환율은유효체적대비식종균투입량에따라 5, 10, 15 및 20% 일때각각 0.597±0.034, 0.576±0.021, 0.585±0.031 및 0.589±0.028 mol H 2 /mo 로나타났다. 이는식종균투입량에따라기질로부터전환되는수소의양이큰차이가없는것으로나타났다 (Fig. 2 참조 ). Argun과 Dao(2016) 은반응조체적대비식종균의투입량을 0.0~10.0% 로하였으며이때의수소발생량은 296.4~338.6 ml H 2 의범위로나타났다. 이는본연구와유사한결과를나타내었다. 반면에수소발생속도는식종균투입량에따라증가하는경향으로나타났다 (Fig. 2 참조 ). 반응조유효체적대비투입량이 5, 10, 15, 20% 일때수소발생속도는각각 0.008± , 0.009±0.0008, 0.012± 및 0.013± mol H 2 /mol.h로나타났다. Das와 Veziroglu (2001) 은식종균투입량에따른수소발생속도를평 Fig. 1 Variation of hydrogen production with time for different inoculum ratios Fig. 2 Variation of hydrogen production and production rate with different inoculum ratios 제 27 권제 5 호 2016 년 10 월
4 536 음식물류폐기물의혐기성소화시식종방법에따른 start-up 특성평가 가하기위해투입된단위식종균당수소발생속도를이용하여비수소발생속도 (specific hydrogen production rate, SHPR) 를평가하였다. Argun 과 Dao (2016) 의연구결과에따르면 peach pulp를기질로이용하였을때식종균의투입량이 1.5~10.0% 까지증가할수록 SHPR은지수적으로감소하는것으로보고되었다. 본연구의 SHPR은식종균투입량 5, 10, 15, 20% 일때 129.3, 75.2, 64.6 및 52.9 ml H 2/g.h로나타났으며선행연구결과와유사한경향을나타내었다. 이는수소발생속도는식종균투입량이높은반응조에서높게나타났으나단위식종균당수소발생속도인 SHPR는식종균투입량이낮은반응조에서높게나타났다. 3.2 단위기질당식종균투입에따른수소발생특성평가 Table 2 에는단위기질당식종균투입 (X 0/S 0) 에 따른수소전환율및속도에관한선행연구및본연구의결과를제시하였다. 수소전환율의경우기질의특성에따라상이한결과를나타내었으며 X 0/S 0 와연관성이낮은것으로나타났다. 수소발생속도는기질에따라 7.8~99.0 ml H 2/h의범위로나타났다. Argun 등 (2008) 은 waste wheat powder를기질로이용하였으며식종균은혐기성슬러지를사용하였다. 이때 X 0/S 0 는 0.125이며수소발생속도는가장낮은 7.8 ml H 2/h로나타났다. Wicher 등 (2013) 은 dairy waste water를기질로, 혐기성슬러지를식종균으로하여 X 0/S 0 가 0.357로나타났으며이때수소발생속도는 99.0 ml H 2/h로제시하였다. 선행연구결과들을살펴보면 X 0/S 0 가증가할수록수소발생속도가전체적으로증가하는경향으로나타났다. 본연구결과에따르면 X 0/S 0 가 0.080에서 0.318로증가할수록수소발생속도는 22.9에서 48.9 ml H 2/h로증가하여선행연구결과들과유사한경향으로나타났다. Fig. 3에는 X 0/S 0 비에따른총휘발성지방산 (total Table 2 Comparison of studies on dark fermentative hydrogen production with different X 0/S 0 ratios Substrate Waste wheat powder (20 g/l sugar) Cheese whey (26 g/l sugar) Sugar beet (37.2 g COD/L) Glucose (10 g/l) Dairy waste water (7.9 g COD/L) Food waste (30 g COD/L) Inoculum (2.5 g/l) (1.9 g/l) (8.1 g VSS/L) Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (10%, v/v) (2.5 g VSS/L) (15.4 g/l) X 0/S 0 (based on TS) Yield Rate Ref ml H 2/g starch 7.8 ml H 2/h Argun et al., mol H 2/mol 3.5 ml H 2/h Kargi et al., mol H 2/mol 84.0 ml H 2/h Dhar et al., mol H 2/mol 10.7 ml H 2/h Alalayah et al., ml/g VSS 99.0 ml H 2/h Wicher et al., mol H 2/mol mol H 2/mol mol H 2/mol mol H 2/mol 29.9 ml H 2/h This study 34.7 ml H 2/h This study 44.8 ml H 2/h This study 48.9 ml H 2/h This study >> 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
5 이채영ㆍ한선기 537 Table 3 Compositions of TVFAs with different X0/S0 ratios X 0/S 0 TVFAs (g/l) (based on TS) Lactate Acetate Butyrate Propionate volatile fatty acids, TVFAs) 의거동을제시하였으며 Table 3에는반응종료후 TVFAs 의구성성분을나타내었다. 초기반응조의 TVFAs의농도는 0.3 g/l로유사하였으나반응종료후단위기질당식종균투입량이많을수록 TVFAs의농도가높은것으로나타났다 (Fig. 1 참조 ). X 0/S 0 비가 및 0.159인경우에는초산염 (acetate) 이높은비율을차지하였으며 0.239와 0.318인경우에는부틸산염 (butyrate) 이높게나타났다. 초산염이부산물로발생되는경우부틸산염에비해수소전환율은높다 ( 식 1, 2 참조 ) 20). Glucose + 2H 2O 2Acetate + 2CO 2 + 4H 2 (1) Glucose 2Butyrate + 2CO 2 + 2H 2 (2) 또한, 초산염은 Clostridium acetobutylicum에의해젖산과함께산화되며그과정에서수소가생성되기 도하며 ( 식 3 참조 ) 수소를소모하는반응에의해생성되기도한다 ( 식 3, 4 참조 ) 21). Acetate + 2Lactate 1.5Butyrate + CO 2 + H 2 (3) 4H 2 + 2CO 2 Acetate + 2H 2O (4) 그에반해부틸산염은초산염에비해수소전환율은낮으나안정적인수소발효시나타나는부산물이다. 따라서단위기질당식종균투입량이증가할수록 TVFAs 중부틸산염의비율이증가하는경향으로나타났으며이는안정적인수소발효가진행된것으로판단된다. 즉, 혐기성수소발효시단위기질당식종균의투입량이증가할수록초기 start-up 기간중수소발생속도는빠르며부틸산염의농도가높아안정적인것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는음식물류폐기물을이용한혐기성수소발효시식종방법에따른초기 start-up 특성을평가하였다. Fig. 3 Variation of TVFAs with time for different X 0/S 0 ratios 1) 수소발생량은투입된기질의양이동일하여유사하게나타났으나수소발생속도는투입된식종균의양이증가할수록높아지는경향으로나타났다. 2) 단위기질당투입된식종균의양이증가할수록반응조내생성된부산물중부틸산염이차지하 제 27 권제 5 호 2016 년 10 월
6 538 음식물류폐기물의혐기성소화시식종방법에따른 start-up 특성평가 는비율이증가하였다. 3) 본연구는혐기성수소발효시초기식종균의투입양에따른특성을평가하였으며향후수소에너지생산플랜트운영시기초자료로활용될것으로기대된다. 후기 이논문은 2015년도한국방송통신대학교학술연구비지원을받아작성된것이며이에감사드립니다. Reference 1. Ministry of Environment, 2013 Waste production and disposal in Korea, 2014, pp (2014). 2. J. M. Choi and C. Y. Lee, Anaerobic hydrogen fermentation of food waste from garbage disposer, Trans. of the Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2014, pp J. M. Choi, Optimization of hydrogen production from microalgae using anaerobic fermentation, Master dissertation, The Univ. of Suwon, D. F. Call, and B. E. Logan, Hydrogen production in a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell lacking a membrane, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 43, 2008, pp L. B. Brentner, J. Peccia, and J. B. Zimmerman, Challenges in developing biohydrogen as a sustainable energy source: Implications for a research agenda, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 44, 2010, pp X, Gómez, C. Fernández, J. Fierro, M. E. Sánchez, A. Escapa, and A. Morán, Hydrogen production: Two stage processes for waste degradation, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, 2011, pp H. S. Lee, W. F. Vermaas, and B. E. Rittmann, Biological hydrogen production: Prospects and challenges, Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 28, 2010, pp F. R. Hawkes, R. Dinsdale, D. L. Hawkes, and I. Hussy Sustainable fermentative hydrogen production: challenges for process optimization, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Vol. 27, 2002, pp A. Ghimire, F. Sposito, L. Frunzo, E. Trably, R. Escudie, and F. Pirozzi. Effects of operational parameters on dark fermentative hydrogen production from biodegradable complex waste biomass, Waste Manag. Vol. 60, 2016, pp Y. U. Liu, Bioenergetic interpretation on the So/Xo ratio in substrate-sufficient batch culture, Vol. 30, 1996, pp H, Argun, and S. Dao, Bio-hydrogen production from waste peach pulp by dark fermentation: Effect of inoculum addition, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, /j.ijhydene D. H. Kim, S. H. Kim, I. B. Ko, C. Y. Lee, and H. S. Shin, Start-up strategy for continuous fermentative hydrogen production: Early switchover from batch to continuous operation, Vol. 33, 2008, pp APHA-AWWA-WEF, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, American Public Health Assoc., Washington, D. C., USA, H. Argun, F. Kargi, I. K. Kapdan, and R. Oztekin, Batch dark fermentation of powdered wheat starch to hydrogen gas: Effects of the initial substrate and biomass concentrations. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, 2008, pp F. Kargi, N. S. Eren, and S. Ozmihci, Effect of initial bacteria concentration on hydrogen gas production from cheese whey powder solution by thermophilic dark fermentation, Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2012, pp B. R. Dhar, E. Elbeshbishy, H. Hafez, and H. S. Lee, Hydrogen production from sugar beet juice using an integrated biohydrogen process of dark fermentation and microbial electrolysis cell. Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 198, 2015, pp >> 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
7 이채영ㆍ한선기 W. M. Alalayah, M. S. Kalil, A. A. H. Kadhum, J. M. Jahim, S. Z. S. Jahim, and N. M. Alauj, Bio-hydrogen production using a two-stage fermentation process. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. Vol. 12, No. 22, 2009, pp E. Wicher, K. Seifert, R. Zagrodnik, B. Pietrzyk, and M. Laniecki, Hydrogen gas production from distillery wastewater by dark fermentation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, 2013, pp D. Das, and T. N. Veziroglu, Hydrogen production by biological processes: A survey of literature, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, pp D. H. Kim, S. H. Kim and H. S. Shin, Sodium inhibition of fermentative hydrogen production, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, 2009, pp S. K. Han, J. M. Choi, and C. Y. Lee, Hydrogen production from microalgae in anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, Trans. of the Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2014, pp 제 27 권제 5 호 2016 년 10 월
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