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1 도플러효과를이용한마이크로파센서의구현 도플러효과를이용한마이크로파센서의구현 김태진 * 이영철 * 김선효 ** Implementation of a Microwave Doppler Sensor Tae-jin Kim* Young-chul Rhee* Sun-hyo Kim** 요약 본논문에서는 GHz 에서동작하는마이크로파도플러레이더센서를설계 / 제작하였다. 움직이는물체를이용한측정을통해도플러효과에따른센서의특성을연구분석하였으며, 측정결과를통해물체의속도와물체와센서사이의거리에따라특성에주파수의차이를보임을알수있었다. 측정된결과를이용해마이크로파도플러레이더센서의 FMCW 신호에의하여댁내보안탐지와같은용도로활용할수있다. ABSTRACT In this paper, Microwave doppler radar sensor operated in GHz is designed by dielectric resonant oscillator. According to doppler effects, a characteristic of Microwave sensor with FMCW was analyzed. the qualities of objects velocity and distance between object and microwave sensor by sensor output frequency difference was measured. As a result of Microwave doppler radar sensor, the prototype sensor is available for indoor burglar alarms and other application through FMCW signal. 키워드 Microwave, FMCW, Doppler, Radar Sensor Ⅰ. 서론최근 RF 기술과통신기술이발전함에따라저렴하면서도소형화된무선통신기기들을사용할수있게되었다. 이로인해공학, 의학을비롯한많은분야에다양하게이용되고있다. 노인인구와천식, 당뇨병, 그리고심장병과같은만성질환을앓고있는인구의비율이증가함에따라, 가정건강관리 [1][2] 와원격진료 [3][4] 는점차적으로중요해져만가고있다. 심장과호흡의속도와고른정도는이같은감시에대한매우유용한매개변수이다. 심장과호흡의속도와생명징후의원격비침습성 검출은마이크로파도플러레이더센서를사용하여가능하다. 호흡과혈액순환의수축과팽창에의해야기된몸의움직임은물체를노출시키는마이크로파신호로도플러천이를일으킨다. 그결과몸체로부터반사된신호는이같은움직임에대한정보를포함하며, 이정보는간단하고비싸지않은하드웨어와소프트웨어컴포넌트들을사용하여쉽게추출되어질수있다. 어떠한센서도환자의몸에직접적으로요구되지않으며, 레이더센서의사용을위해오직최소한의교육만이필요하기때문에, 가정건강관리와원결진료에이용하기에매우매력적이다. 또한환자와의직접적인접촉이불가능한곳의경우, 예를들어환자가 * 경남대학교정보통신공학과 ** 한국폴리텍 Ⅶ 대학전자과접수일자 : 심사완료일자 :

2 한국전자통신학회논문지제 4 권제 2 호 심한화상을입었을경우, 그리고수색 / 구조작업과같이접촉이불가능할경우특히유용할것이다. 도플러레이더센서의응용은 1975년에는호흡수 [5] 를 1979년에는맥박수 [6] 를처음으로측정하였다. 이당시에는 X-대역도파관도플러송수신기를이용하였다. 이와유사한많은송수신기를이용하여지속적으로이같은시스템이개발되어왔고, 생명검출시스템 [7] 과공군조종사를위한천측두동맥감시시스템등의많은장치들이개발되었다. 이당시에사용된소자들은부피가크고, 값비싼상용화된소자들이사용되었다. 최근에는 RF기술과하드웨어설계기술의발달로저렴하면서도소형화된소자들이사용되고있다. 본논문에서 GHz의 X-대역에서동작하는마이크로파도플러레이더센서를설계하였다. 0.6mm Epoxy Glass 기판 (FR4) 과플라스틱패키지소자 (SOT- 23) 의사용으로크기의최적화를이루고동시에높은신뢰도와경제성을가지는우수한성능의회로를구현하였다. 이회로는단일양전압 ( ±) 이바이어스로인가된다. 동작온도는 -25 C ~ 60 C 이내이고, 주파수흐름은전체온도범위에걸쳐 1dB이하의출력전력변화를가지는 10MHz이하특성을보였다. (2) 여기서, 는입력신호의주파수, 는움직이는물체의속도, 는광속도, 는주파수변화량, 는입력신호의파장, 는물체의변위이다. 변위의크기가파장의크기에비해적을때, 위상변화는적다. 그리고위상변조된신호는원래신호와합치는믹서에의해복조된다. 그러면복조신호는물체의변위에비례하게된다. Ⅱ. 마이크로파도플러레이더센서 2.1 도플러레이더센서의원리 움직임을감지하는시스템의기본동작원리는아주간단하다. 마이크로파신호가움직이는물체에반사될때, 도플러효과로인해신호의주파수가물체의속도에비례하여변화된다. 일정한주기를갖고움직이는물체로부터반사된신호의주파수는동일하게유지되나위상이시간에따라변화한다. 부하를갖는전송선로의위상변화는그림1에나타내었는데, 시간에따라변화되는위상은변위 에비례한다. 그림 1. 물체의움직임이일정한주기를가지고변화되었을때도플러효과 2.2 도플러레이더센서시스템 도플러이론에따르면, 주기적으로변화되는변위를가지고움직이는물체에대해주파수는일정하나위상 는시간에따라변화된다. 이것을수식으로표현하면식 (3) 과같다. (1) 76

3 도플러효과를이용한마이크로파센서의구현 재하게된다. 그리고시간지연에관계있는상관관계레벨은물체의크기와주파수차이에의해변화된다. (3) 여기서, 는신호의파장이다. 물체로부터반사된신호는위상변조가되어있다. 이물체의변위변화크기가신호파장의트기에비해적으면, 위상변화는적을것이다. 그리고 PM신호는믹서에의해복조될것이고변조신호의위상은물체의변위에비례하게될것이다. 도플러이론에기반으로개발된마이크로파도플러레이더센서는마이크로파신호가움직이는물체에부딪히면, 이신호의주파수는도플러효과에의해주파수변화가발생하게된다. 만약, 물체의움직임이주기적이라면, 물체의움직임에따라마이크로파신호의위상변화가있게된다. 위상변화는물체의변위에비례하여변화된다. 이위상변조된신호를검출하려면그림2와같이간단한송수신기에의해서신호가검출된다. 되돌아오는신호는전송신호의샘플과믹서에서합쳐지게되는데, 그이유는물체로보내는신호와물체로부터되돌아오는신호간의위상변화의크기를그에비례하는출력전압으로나타내기위해서이다. 이때, 신호는두개의 2-패치안테나를이용하여송신신호와수신신호를분리시킨다. 송신신호인국부발진기의일부분을이용하여수신된신호는기저대역으로하향변환된다. 조그마한변위에대해이기저대역신호의주파수는물체의주기적인변위에직접비례하여변화되며, 국부발진기의위상잡음이이시스템의감도를떨어뜨리는원인중하나가된다. 기저대역신호의크기가 RF입력신호의위상에비례하게되므로, RF신호의위상잡음이출력신호의잡음의크기를증가시키게된다. 그러나송신신호를발생시키는발진기나국부발진기가같은것이므로, 수신신호와국부발진기신호의위상잡음사이에는상관관계가존 그림 2. 마이크로파도플러레이더센서의시스템구성도 Ⅲ. 시스템설계및측정 3.1 X-band 유전체공진발진기 (DRO) 설계 본논문에서는게이트바이어스전압제어방식의유전체공진발진기를설계하였다. 본논문에서이용한게이트바이어스전압제어방식은직렬형유전체공진발진기의형태를기본으로하고, 주파수동조를유전체공진기를이용하는것이아니라, 능동소자의동작점을조정하는방식이다. 바이어스동작점을이용하여우수한위상잡음을가지는 X-대역게이트전압제어유전체공진발진기를설계하였으며, 그방식은일반적으로사용되어지는방식인바렉터다이오드를이용한전압제어방식과달리능동소자의게이트바이어스전압튜닝방식을이용하였다. 설계된유전체공진발진기는마이크로파도플러레이더센서의상용주파수인 GHz에맞추어설계하였다. 유전율이 3.6인 FR-4기판을사용하였고, NEC사의 NE3210S01 소자를사용하여설계하였다. 그림 3과 4는 ADS툴을사용하여설계한유전체공진기와유전체공진기의시뮬레이션특성을보여준다. 소자의바이어스동작점은비선형해석을통해 Vds=2V, Vgs=-0.52V, Ids=10mA로선정하였다. 설계한유전체공진기와비선형해석된 NE3210S01소자를이용하여 ADS 툴에서유전체공진발진기를설계하였으며, 이는그림 5에나타내었다. 유전체공진발진기의시뮬레이션결과는그림 6에나타나있다. 77

4 한국전자통신학회논문지제 4 권제 2 호 그림 3. 유전체공진기설계회로 그림 6. 발진기시뮬레이션결과 3.2 X-band 주파수믹서및안테나설계 그림 4. 유전체공진기의시뮬레이션결과 믹서는서로격리된두개의포트에연결된단일칩위에두개의쇼트키다이오드를가지는상용 SOT-23패키지쇼트키다이오드를사용하여구현되었다 [8]. 그림7은믹서의레이아웃을나타내고있다. 레이아웃에서보여진바와같이송신신호와수신신호가서로반대방향으로입력됨을알수있다, 이를위해역방향직렬쌍형태의내부구조를가진 SOT-23 패키지쇼트키다이오드를사용하였다. 안테나는앞서언급한바를토대로 FR-4기판을사용하여 2개의 2- 패치마이크로스트립안테나를설계하였다. 안테나의반사손실을시뮬레이션한결과는그림 8(a) 와그림 8(b) 에나타내었다. 그림 5. 발진기설계회로 그림 7. 믹서레이아웃 78

5 도플러 효과를 이용한 마이크로파 센서의 구현 진주파수를 측정한 데이터이다 GHz에서 3.67 dbm의 송신신호를 출력한다. (a) (b) 그림 9. 실제 제작된 마이크로파 도플러 레이더 센서 (a)전면부 (b)후면부 (a) 그림 11은 1m 거리에서 느린 속도로 움직일 때의 추력신호를 나타내고 있으며, 그림 12는 빠르게 움직 일 때의 출력신호를 나타내고 있다. 일정한 거리에서 움직이는 물체의 속도에 따른 차이는 육안으로도 구 별이 가능할 정도로 확연한 차이를 보인다. 느리게 움 직일 때는 출력신호의 주기가 상대적으로 크고, 빠르 게 움직일 때는 그 주기가 줄어든다. 그림 13은 일정 한 속도로 움직이면서 센서와의 거리를 변화시켰을 때의 출력신호이다. 센서와 가까워질수록 신호의 주기 가 짧아지고, 멀어지면 주기가 커진다. 즉, 가까울수록 주파수가 커진다는 것을 의미한다. (b) 그림 8. 안테나의 반사손실 3.3 시스템 측정 제작된 마이크로파 도플러 센서의 시스템 특성 측 정은 센서의 위치를 고정시킨 후 사람이 직접 움직이 는 물체가 되어 측정하였다. 측정은 일정한 거리에서 움직이는 물체의 속도에 따른 출력과 센서 쪽을 향해 그림 10. 발진기의 출력신호 직선방향으로 움직일 때, 즉 물체와 센서 사이에 거리 변화가 있을 경우의 출력을 측정하였다. 거리변화는 1m와 2m를 기준으로 하였다. 그림 10은 발진기의 발 79

6 한국전자통신학회논문지제 4 권제 2 호 그림 11. 1m 거리에서느린속도로움직일때 서의안정적인설계를위해발진기의위상잡음을고려하여유전체공진기를이용한발진기를설계하였다. 그리고실제마이크로파도플러레이더센서의응용을고려하여실질적으로요구되는 25cm2에맞추어제작하였다. 그리고 IF 출력신호가미세하기때문에신호검출을위해 IF출력단에 OP-Amp. 를이용하여출력신호를증폭시켰다. 발진기의출력은 GHz에서 3.67dBm을나타내었다. 상용화된 MMIC와마이크로스트립패치안테나를이용하여경량소형화가가능하였다. 제작된센서는움직이는물체를이용한측정에서도움직이는물체의움직임에대한정보를이용할수있을정도의신호검출이가능함을알수있었다. 이러한특성을이용하면노령화와만성질환환자의증가로주목받고있는원격진료나댁내모니터링과같은의료사업에적용할수있고, 또한댁내침입감지와같은시스템에모션센서로서이용이가능하다. 참고문헌 그림 12. 1m거리에서빠른속도로움직일때그림 13. 거리가변화할때 Ⅳ. 결론본논문에서는 GHz대에서동작하는마이크로파도플러레이더센서를제작하고분석하였다. 센 [1] J. bai, Y. Zhang, D. Shen, L. Wen, C. Ding, Z. Cui, F. Tian, B. Yu, B.Dai, J. Zhang, "A portable ECG and blood pressure telemonitoring system", IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 18, No. 4. pp.63-70, [2] V. M. Lubecke, O. Boric-Lubecke, G. Awater, P. W. Ong, P. L. Gammel, R. H. Yan, and J. C. Lin, "Remote Sensing of vital signs with telecommunications signals", World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, CicagoⅡ, July [3] J. Lin, "Applying telecommunication technology to health-care delivery", IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 18, No. 4. pp.28-31, [4]K. Simizu, "Telemedicine by mobile communication", IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 18, No. 4. pp.32-44, [5] J. C. Lin, "Non-invasive microwave measurement of respiration", Proc. of IEEE, Vol. 63, pp.1530, [6] J. C. Lin, J. Kiernicki, M. Kiernich, P. B. Wollschaeger, "Microwave apexcardiography", IEEE Tran. Microwave Theory and Technique, Vol. 27, pp ,

7 도플러효과를이용한마이크로파센서의구현 [7] K. M. Chen, D. Misra, H. Wang, H. R. Chuang, E. postow, "An X band microwave life-detection system", IEEE Trans. On Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 33, pp , [8] C. Y. Pon, "Hybrid ring directional coupler for arbitrary power division", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-9, pp , Nov 저자소개 김태진 (Tae-jin Kim) 2007년02월 : 경남대학교정보통신공학과졸업 ( 공학사 ) 2007년03월 : 경남대학교대학원정보통신공학과 ( 석사과정 ) 관심분야 : 마이크로파능동소자응용, RFIC설계 이영철 (Young-chul Rhee) 1981년 ~ 현재 : 경남대학교공과대학정보통신공학과교수 김선효 (Sun-hyo Kim) 1988년 ~ 1993년 : 삼성전자 ( 주 ) 1993년 ~ 1995년 : 부일이동통신 ( 주 ) 1995년 ~ 현재 : 한국폴리텍Ⅶ창원대학전자과교수 81

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