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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 4 pp. 437~443, ISSN Print ISSN Online 국내 DGPS 내륙기준국전파측정및서비스분석 전중성 1 김영완 ( 원고접수일 :2014 년 1 월 20 일, 원고수정일 :2014 년 4 월 21 일, 심사완료일 :2014 년 4 월 18 일 ) Service analysis and propagation measurement for DGPS land-based reference station in Korea Joong seong Jeon 1 Young wan Kim 요약 : 본논문에서는국내 DGPS 내륙기준국의전파환경을측정하고기준국별서비스영역과 DGPS 수신신호의품질을분석하였다. DGPS 기준국별로동절기와하절기에전파되는 DGPS 신호의수신전계레벨과신호대잡음비를측정하여서비스영역이낮은기준국의영향과영역을향상하기위한방안을모색하였다. 산악지형과대지도전율이낮은기준국을제외한기준국의서비스영역은약 80 % 이상의설계기준서비스영역을제공하고있으며, 평탄한지형과대지도전율이양호한대지의기준국설치운영과송신안테나의효율향상을통하여서비스영역의향상을기대할수있다. 제어 : 위성항법보정시스템, DGPS 기준국, 내륙기준국, DGPS 서비스영역 Abstract: Based on the radio wave propagation measurement of DGPS land-based reference stations, the DGPS service coverage and signal quality in the receiving points are analyzed in this paper. The DGPS signal strength and SNR in the receiving point are measured in the winter and summer season, respectively. In case of DGPS reference station that can not provide the designed service coverage, the solution to improve the service coverage is presented in this paper. Almost all DGPS reference station except reference station with low ground conductivity or mountainous terrain provide the DGPS service coverages of 80% or more of the designed service area. The service coverages of DGPS reference stations can be improved to pre-designed service area in case of installation management of DGPS site on the plain terrain and good ground conductivity. It is necessary to get the high efficiency of transmitting antenna to improve the service area. Keywords: DGPS, DGPS reference station, Land-based reference station, DGPS service coverage 1. 서론 우리나라의위성항법보정시스템은해양용기준국 11개소와내륙용기준국 6개소가구축운영되고있다 [1]. 전파환경이거의균일한해상과달리육상에서는전파경로상의다양한요소와낮은대지도전율로인하여전파수신환경이다양하여 일정한수신영역을확보하기가어려운실정이다. 더욱이, 우리나라는산악과구릉이많은자연환경으로내륙기준국사이의배치간격이약 100~150 여 km에이르는상황에서는 DGPS(Differential GPS) 전파수신이어려운음영지역이발생된다. 중파대역의 DGPS 전송신호는지표파로전송되 Corresponding Author: Radio communication Engineering, Kunsan National University, 558 Dahak-ro, Kunsan, , Korea, ywkim@kunsan.ac.kr, Tel: IT Lab, ANSE Technologies Co., Ltd. Suite 701, Ace High-End Tower, 235-2, Kuro-dong, Kuro-ku, Seoul, , Korea, kmujsjeon@msn.com, Tel:
2 전중성 김영완 며, 대지의도전율에따라전파전파 (propagation) 특성이다르게나타난다 [2]. 따라서 NDGPS(National DGPS) 내륙기준국은약 80 km의서비스영역으로설계되어운영중이나, 서비스커버리지내에서전파세기는대지도전율에따라등가거리에서도지역에따라수신감도차가발생되고있다. 또한, 지역에따라다양하게발생되는잡음발생환경은 DGPS 전송신호의수신에영향을미치고있다. DGPS 보정신호를양호하게검파수신하기위해서는일정한크기의수신신호레벨이외에수신신호의신호대잡음비가확보되어야한다. 따라서내륙기준국에서송신하는전파의수신영역에서 DGPS 전송신호의수신레벨을측정하여수신가능여부를판단하고아울러신호대잡음비를측정하여 DGPS 신호의품질정도를분석할필요성이있다. 본논문에서는국내 DGPS 내륙기준국의전파환경을측정하고, DGPS 서비스영역에서 DGPS 신호의품질정도를분석한다. 국내 DGPS 내륙기준국별로전송되는 DGPS 신호의수신레벨을측정하고, 아울러수신신호의신호대잡음비를측정분석한다. 측정분석된내륙기준국별서비스영역으로부터서비스가용도향상을위한방안을모색한다. Figure 1: Service coverage of NDGPS in Korea. Figure 2: Land-based DGPS reference station. Table 1: Specification of land-based DGPS reference station 2. 국내 DGPS 기준국 국내 DGPS 시스템의구성은기준국및감시국의시스템상황을원격제어감시하는통제국 1개소, GPS 측위오차를보정하여보정데이터를송신하는기준국 17개소및기준국에서방송하는보정데이터를감시하는감시국 13개소로구성되어있다. 국내 DGPS 기준국은연안및내륙에 11개소의해양기준국과 6곳의내륙기준국을설치하여운용중에있으며, NDGPS 전파커버리지는 Figure 1 과같다 [1]. 내륙기준국은대지도전율이낮은산악및구릉이많은지형으로구성된국내내륙의서비스가용도향상을위하여설치운영되고있으며, Figure 2와 Table 1과같은제원으로내륙기준국이운영되고있다 [1]. reference station Mu-ju Young-ju Pyeongchang Seong-ju Chung-ju Chun-ch eon antenna frequency output service (khz) (W) range km km km km km NTA 24.9m km 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 38 권제 4 호 ( ) 438
3 국내 DGPS 내륙기준국전파측정및서비스분석 3. NDGPS 내륙기준국전파측정 어느한지점에서특정 DGPS 기준국의신호를수신하여재생하기위해서는그지점의신호대잡음비 (SNR:Signal to Noise Ratio) 이최소검파 SNR보다높아야한다. ITU-R 823에의하면 DGPS 수신기를설계할때의요건은수신기의 500Hz 대역폭범위에서 SNR이 7dB 이상에서 1000비트당 1비트이내의오차율로신호의재생이가능하여야하는것으로규정되어있다 [3][4]. 또한, 전파측정시수신전계강도서비스이용범위기준은 Table 2와같이측정수신기의수신한계레벨이 20 dbμv /m이며, 장비제작사마다수신한계레벨이약간씩차이가있다. 본장에서는 USCG 규정인 40 dbμv /m를기준으로이용범위를분석하였으며, 수신기한계레벨이 20 dbμv /m이므로실제수신범위는약간넓어질수있다. 4. 내륙기준국서비스분석 측정결과를바탕으로내륙에서의 DGPS 서비스이용범위를분석하며, 음영구역으로인해서비스개선이필요한지역을도출하여, NDGPS 기준국의이중커버리지를위한신규 NDGPS 기준국신설및기준국의고도화에활용할수있도록기준국별수신전계및 SNR 값을분석하였다. 아울러, 기준국에의한서비스영역내전파거리에서의신호수신전계및신호대잡음비를고려하였다. Figure 3과 Table 3은춘천기준국으로부터전송되는 DGPS 신호를동절기와하절기에측정한전계강도이다. 또한, Figure 4와 Table4 는동일기준국에대한동절기와하절기에측정된수신신호의신호대잡음비이다. Table 2: Standard specification for service coverage of land-based reference station standard specification remark max. coverage ~ 80Km in land 내륙기준 criterion receiving level NMEA-0183 Messages USCG receiver 40 dbμv /m *COMDTINST1 threshold level 규정 min. SNR > 8 db 7 db 이상 (ITU-R 823) receiver measurement threshold level 20 dbμv /m DSM232 (a) winter 내륙 DGPS 기준국의유효범위인기준국에서 80Km 이내지역에서기준국에서전송하는전파의유효서비스범위에대한수신전계강도및 SNR을측정하였다. 측정데이터의신뢰성을높이기위하여전국의고속도로, 국도, 지방도등의도로상에서전파를측정하며, 계절적변화 ( 동절기 / 하절기 ) 에의한전파특성을고려하여동절기와하절기로구분하여동일한기준국을중심으로전파측정을수행하였다. (b) summer Figure 3: Measured signal strength from Chuncheon DGPS reference station in, (a) winter and (b) summer. Table 3과 Table 4로부터춘천기준국에의한 DGPS 전파거리는동절기와하절기에유사한분 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 38 권제 4 호 ( ) 439
4 전중성 김영완 Table 3: Measured signal strength from Chuncheon DGPS reference station 전계강도 (dbμv/m) 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 59.9 동절기비율 Point 하절기비율 Point 106, , , , , , , , ~ 15, , 합계 183, , (a) winter (b) summer Figure 4: Measured SNR from Chuncheon DGPS reference station in, (a) winter and (b) summer Table 4: Measured SNR from Chuncheon DGPS reference station 동절기하절기 SNR 비율비율 (db) Point Point 0 ~ , , ~ , , ~ 37, , 합계 182, , 포도를보여고있으나, 서비스영역은설계기준인 80km 서비스영역보다매우낮은서비스범위를나타내고있음을알수있다. DGPS 수신한계레벨을고려할경우서비스영역은설계기준값의약 26.2% ~ 32%, 그리고신호대잡음비를고려할경우약 31.4% ~ 36.3% 의서비스영역을제공하고있음을보여고있다. 춘천기준국의서비스영역은기준국의동쪽에는태백산맥이위치하고있고, 북쪽방면으로는광산맥이있어중파대역인 DGPS 신호의전파감쇄현상으로인해감소되는현상으로나타나고있다. 이와더불어서다른내륙기준국과달리춘천기준국에서는다른기준국보다낮은안테나이득및전기적길이가작은안테나를설치운영하고있으며이에대한영향도나타나고있음을알수있다. Table 5와 Table 6은춘천기준국과동일한방법으로국내 DGPS 내륙기준국별로측정된수신전계레벨과수신신호의신호대잡음비이다. 국내내륙기준국의서비스영역은설계기준값을기준으로수신한계레벨을기준으로할경우, 약 63.8% ~ 93.7% 의서비스영역을제공하고있으며, 신호대잡음비를기준으로할경우에는약 67.7% ~ 89.1% 의서비스영역을제공하고있음을알수있다. 평창기준국은다른기준국에비해다소낮은서비스영역을제공하고있으며, 이는위의산악지형의영향이반영되고있음을알수있다. 충기준국은서비스영역에서수신전계레벨이가장양호한기준국으로측정되고있다. 이는충기준국을기준으로반경 50km 이내에산악지형이거 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 38 권제 4 호 ( ) 440
5 국내 DGPS 내륙기준국전파측정및서비스분석 Table 5: Measured signal strength from land-based NDGPS reference station Table 6: Measured SNR from land-based NDGPS reference station 기준국성영무충평창 범위 동절기 하절기 (dbμv/m) 개수비율 개수비율 0~29.9 7, , ~39.9 5, , ~ , , ~ , , ~100 35, , ~29.9 8, , ~39.9 7, , ~ , , ~ , , ~100 16, , ~ , , ~39.9 3, , ~ , , ~ , , ~100 19, , ~ , , ~39.9 3, , ~ , , ~ , , ~100 72, , ~ , , ~ , , ~ , , ~ , , ~100 12, , 기동절기하절기범위준비율 (db) 개수개수비율국 0~7.9 30, , 무 8~ , , ~20 77, , ~7.9 13, , 성 8~11.9 6, , ~20 77, , ~7.9 18, , 영 8~ , , ~20 47, , ~7.9 25, , 충 8~ , , ~20 162, , ~7.9 28, , 평 8~ , , 창 12~20 46, , 검토및서비스향상방안 대지도전율이낮거나변지형이전파전파장애물로작용하는 DGPS기준국의서비스영역은기준설계값보다좁게나타나고있으며, 서비스영역을향상하기위해서는안테나효율을높여방사전력을개선하거나또는서비스음영지역에 DGPS 중계기및기준국설치운영이필요하다. 중파대역신호는표면파로전파되며, 수직편파를사용한다. 중파대역의수직편파의전계세기는다음과같이표현할수있다. (1) 의없는완만한지형으로써전파도달상의장애물이거의없고, 대지고유저항측정치가다른내륙기준국에비해낮은값으로인해보다넓은서비스영역을제공하고있음을알수있다. 따라서, 위에높은산악이없는비교적평탄한지형과대지도전율이양호한대지를갖는기준국의위치선정이매우중요함을알수있다. 여기서 P(kW) 는방사된전력이며, r(km) 은경로의거리, 그리고 E z (mv/m) 는전계강도이다. 도한 A 는감쇄요소이며, 상수 300은단형모노폴안테나를가정하였을경우, 1kW 방사시 1 km 거리에서수신되는전계강도의세기에의해결정된값이다. 감쇄요소 A는파수 ( ) 와송 수신단거리 ( ), 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 38 권제 4 호 ( ) 441
6 전중성 김영완 그리고대지도전율 ( ) 과유전율 ( ) 에의해구할수있다. (4) tan cos (2) 식 (4) 에서 는수치적거리 (numerical distance) 이며, 와 파라미터를구하여, Rong -long Li의 empirical approximations에의해다음과같이감쇄요소 A를구할수있다 [5]. (3) 여기서, 은각각방사전력과안테나에인가되는전력, 그리고전력손실을나타낸다. 전력손실은안테나대지면의대지손실이가장크게나타나므로안테나접지면의대지도전율양호하게유지하여손실을줄여안테나효율을증가할수있다. 따라서, 안테나접지면의도전율향상을위한방사접지면 (radial ground) 의보강및구축이필요하다. Figure 5는출력증강에따른평창기준국의서비스영역을보여고있다 [6]. 출력이 500 W, 700W, 그리고 900W로증가될경우서비스영역이확장되고있음을알수있다. 아울러, Figure 5와같이제한된출력범위내에서도서비스음영지역이발생되는경우에는 DGPS 중계기및기준국설치운영이필요할수있음을알수있다. 식 (3) 의감쇄요소는 와 의함수이며, 와 는대지의도전율과유전율그리고파수함수이므로, 대지의도전율값이크게영향을미친다. 따라서, 전파경로상대지도전율이열악한춘천기준국및평창기준국의서비스영역을확장하기위해서는전파경로상의전파감쇠를보상할수있는출력증강이필요하다. 식 (1) 로부터출력증강에의해수신전계세기가향상되어수신영역이넓어질수있다. 출력을증강하기위해서는최대 1000 W 출력을갖는기준국송신출력을 500 W에서증강하여운영할필요가있다. 또한, 송신안테나의방사효율증가에따라방사전력을향상할수있으므로, 안테나효율향상이중요하다. 중파대역안테나의효율은다음과같다. Figure 5: Service coverage according to radiaion power from Pyeongchang DGPS reference station (500W, 700W, 900W) 6. 결론 본논문에서는국내내륙 DGPS 기준국의서비스거리내에서수신전계레벨및수신신호의신호대잡음비를측정하여 DGPS 기준국의서비스설계기준영역을분석하였다. DGPS 기준국별로동절기와하절기에전파되는 DGPS 신호를측정하여계절별전파특성에따른서비스영역을분석 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 38 권제 4 호 ( ) 442
7 국내 DGPS 내륙기준국전파측정및서비스분석 하고, 서비스영역이좁은기준국의영향과영역을향상하기위한방안을모색하였다. 춘천및평창기준국을제외한기준국의서비스영역은약 80 % 이상의설계기준서비스영역을제공하고있으며, 산악지형과대지도전율이낮은경우서비스영역이낮아지므로, 비교적평탄한지형과대지도전율이양호한대지의기준국설치운영이필요함을알수있었다아울러, 송신안테나의효율향상을통하여서비스영역의향상을기대할수있다. 참고문헌 [1] Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, DGNSS Central Office: Accessed November [2] K. A. Norton, The propagation of radiowaves over the surface of the earth and in the upper atmosphere, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 25, no. 9, pp , [3] U. S. Coast Guard, Accessed October [4] IALA, On the Performance and Monitoring of DGNSS Services in the Frequency Band khz, IALA Recommendation R-121, International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities, France, [5] R. Li, The accuracy of norton's empirical approximations for groundwave attenuation, IEEE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, vol. 31, no. 4, pp [6] Y. W. KIM and H. J. Baek, Service coverage analysis on land-based DGPS station due to output power enhancement, Journal of Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering, vol. 16, no. 7, pp , 2012 (in Korean). 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 38 권제 4 호 ( ) 443
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