CMV Real-Time PCR 299 이러스치료의효과를지속적으로추적하기위해서는신속하고정확한검사가필수적이며, 여러가지검사방법중에서도백혈구내에서 CMV pp65 저밀도단백을검출하는 pp65 항원검사가지금까지 CMV 감염의표준검사법으로널리시행되어왔다 [2]. 그러나 pp6
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1 대한진단검사의학회지제 27 권제 4 호 2007 Korean J Lab Med 2007;27: 원저 진단유전학 거대세포바이러스정량검출을위한 Biosewoom TM Real-Q Cytomegalovirus Quantification kit 평가 허운보 1 원동일 1 김유리 2 김명희 3 오흥범 3 서장수 1 경북대학교병원진단검사의학과 1, ㄜ바이오세움생명공학연구소 2, 울산의대서울아산병원진단검사의학과 3 Evaluation of Biosewoom TM Real-Q Cytomegalovirus Quantification kit for Cytomegalovirus Viral Load Measure Woon Bo Heo, M.D. 1, Dong Il Won, M.D. 1, Yoo Li Kim, Ph.D. 2, Myeong Hee Kim, M.D. 3, Heung Bum Oh, M.D. 3, and Jang Soo Suh, M.D. 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine 1, Kyung Pook National University Hospital, Daegu; Biosewoom Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology 2, Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine 3, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Background : Rapid and accurate laboratory tests are essential to detect cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in solid organs and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. We assessed the realtime quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) technology for its usefulness in detecting CMV DNA. Methods : We evaluated the analytical performance of CMV RQ-PCR using Real-Q Cytomegalovirus Quantification kit (BioSewoom Inc., Korea). To evaluate its clinical utility, we also compared it to pp65 antigenemia test, an immunostaining method, on 343 samples of total 84 patients, including 63 transplant recipients. Results : The detection limit of RQ-PCR was 63 copies/ml and none of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or human immunodeficiency virus showed a cross-reactivity with CMV. Total coefficient of variation (CV) was %. It detected CMV DNA in a linear range from to copies/ml (P<10-13, R 2 =0.9994). The qualitative positive rates of pp65 antigenemia test and RQ-PCR were 4.7%, 16.3%, respectively and concordance rate between the two tests was 84.8% ( =0.221, P<10-6 ). In comparison of quantitative results, the correlation between two tests was significant (r= 0.45, P<10-17 ). In comparison among three groups by pp65 antigen level, CMV DNA level obtained with RQ-PCR increased significantly (P<10-3 and P<10-7, respectively). Conclusions : The RQ-PCR is easier to perform than the immunostaining method, has good analytical performance and reflects the blood level of viral DNA well. It may be a new method substituting the pp65 antigenemia test. Further studies determining RQ-PCR value starting pre-emptive therapy will be required. (Korean J Lab Med 2007;27: ) Key Words : RQ-PCR, pp65 antigenemia test, CMV DNA 접 수 : 2007년 5월 2일 접수번호 : KJLM2037 수정본접수 : 2007년 6월 20일 게재승인일 : 2007년 6월 25일 교신저자 : 서장수 우 대구광역시중구삼덕2가 50 경북대학교병원진단검사의학과 전화 : , Fax: suhjs@knu.ac.kr * 이논문은 2006년도정부 ( 과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국과학재단의지원을 받아수행된연구임 (No ROA ). 서론거대세포바이러스 (cytomegalovirus, CMV) 감염은선행적치료 (pre-emptive therapy) 나조기진단법의발전에도불구하고고형장기이식환자나조혈모세포이식환자의이환율과사망률의중요한원인이다 [1]. 따라서 CMV 감염을조기에진단하고항바 298
2 CMV Real-Time PCR 299 이러스치료의효과를지속적으로추적하기위해서는신속하고정확한검사가필수적이며, 여러가지검사방법중에서도백혈구내에서 CMV pp65 저밀도단백을검출하는 pp65 항원검사가지금까지 CMV 감염의표준검사법으로널리시행되어왔다 [2]. 그러나 pp65 항원검사는전과정이수작업으로이루어지고즉각적인검체처리를요구하는점, 판독의주관성, 낮은민감도등의문제점외에도검사실간방법상의표준화가이루어져있지않아민감도와특이도의차이가크고, 특히이식후나항암치료등으로호중구감소증을보이는환자에서는검사를시행하기어려운한계점을가지고있다 [3, 4]. 중합효소연쇄반응 (PCR) 을이용한 CMV-DNA 정성검사가 pp65 항원검사보다더민감하다고밝혀져있으나, 잠복감염과현증감염을감별해내지못하고특이도나양성예측도가낮아서임상적의의는적다 [5, 6]. 반면에실시간정량중합효소연쇄반응 (real-time quantitative PCR, RQ-PCR) 과같은기법을이용하여바이러스양을측정하는것이 CMV 감염의임상경과와도잘일치하며, 민감도, 특이도가높을뿐만아니라정확하고신속한검사가가능하여, pp65 항원검사를대체할수있는새로운검사법으로주목받고있다 [7]. 이에저자들은국내에서개발된 CMV RQ-PCR 키트의분석성능을평가하고, 임상검체에서면역염색법인 pp65 항원검사와비교하여임상적적용을평가하고자하였다. 1. 대상 대상및방법 분석성능평가는 CMV 표준플라스미드 DNA 를 CMV 음성 Table 1. Classification of the patients in this study Underlying disease No of CMV infection I II III Transplant recipients Peripheral blood stem cell Bone marrow 7 Kidney 6 3 Liver 1 1 HIV infection Hepatitis 4 Gastroenteritis 2 1 Pneumonia/Pneumonitis 4 Pericarditis 1 1 Chronic renal failure 2 Leukemia/Lymphoma 2 Aplastic anemia 1 Systemic lupus erythematosus 1 Total I, Asymptomatic infection; II, End organ disease; III, CMV syndrome. Abbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. No 혈장으로희석하여사용하였다. 임상적평가를위하여, 2006년 7 월부터 2007년 1월까지본과에 CMV pp65 항원검사가의뢰된 63명의이식수혜자를포함한총 84명 ( 남 52명, 여 32명, 연령 0-70세, 평균연령 38세 ) 의 343검체를대상으로하였다 (Table 1). 이식후환자는주단위로추적검사하였고, 평균추적검사횟수는 5회이었다. 검체는 EDTA 용기에채취하여즉시검사에사용하였다. 무증상 CMV 감염은증상없이 pp65 항원이나 CMV DNA 가검출된경우로대상군중 17명이었다. 이중 ganciclovir로선행적치료를받은환자는 7명, 치료를받지않은환자는 10명이었다. 조직학적검사상 CMV 감염에의한위염, 망막염, 심장막염이확진된 CMV 말단장기질환환자는 3명, 발열과호중구감소증, 혈소판감소증을보이면서 ganciclovir 치료에반응하여 CMV 바이러스증후군의기준을만족한환자는 1명이었다 (Table 1). 2. 방법 1) RQ-PCR법에의한 CMV DNA 정량 QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) 를사용하여 500 L의전혈로부터 DNA를추출하였다. 이때내부대조 (internal control, IC) DNA를첨가하여추출함으로써핵산추출및증폭과정상의오류가없음을확인할수있도록하였다. RQ-PCR은 CMV 유전체내 glycoprotein B (gb) 의 64 bp 크기의생성물을증폭하도록고안된 Real-Q Cytomegalovirus Quantification kit (Biosewoom Inc., Seoul, Korea) 를사용하였다. 5 L의추출한 CMV-DNA 및 kit 내 CMV 표준 DNA를 20 L 의반응혼합물 (master mix) 에분주하고 ABI PRISM 7000 SDS (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) 를이용하여 50 2분, 95 10분이후 95 20초 /58 30초 /72 30초를 45회반복하였다. CMV DNA에는 VIC 염색제를, 내부대조물질에는 FAM 염색제를부착하여별도의형광채널에서검출하고내부대조물질의 threshold cycle (Ct) 범위가 33±3 cycle 이내에드는것을확인하였다. 또한매반응마다 PCR의오염을확인하기위해증류수를사용한음성대조군에서음성의결과가나오는지를확인하였다. 반응후 CMV 표준 DNA의농도에대한 Ct 값으로표준직선을얻고이직선에대비하여검체의 CMV DNA를 copies/ L 의단위로정량하였다. 표준직선에서계산된 CMV DNA 농도 (copies/ L) 에총추출된 DNA 부피 ( L) 를곱하고추출에사용한검체의양 (500 L) 으로나누어주어검체 1 ml 내존재하는 CMV DNA를계산하였다. 2) pp65 항원검사 EDTA 혈액 3 ml에 pentastarch (Pentaspan 10% ; 제일약품, 용인, 한국 ) 1 ml를섞어백혈구를분리하고, 검체마다세포수를일정하게맞춘후세포원침하여각슬라이드에 200,000 개의백혈구가부착되도록하였다. 슬라이드를 1% paraformalin 용액으로 4 10분간고정후인산완충액으로세척하고, metha-
3 300 허운보 원동일 김유리외 3 인 nol 로 분간고정후실온에서건조시켰다. 면역염색과정 은 Clonab CMV alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) kit (Biotest, Dreieich, Germany) 를사용하여시행하였다. 슬라이드에 CMV pp65 항원에대한단클론항체 (Clonab CMV, Biotest, Dreieich, Germany) 50 L를첨가한후습윤상자에서 37 15분간염색하고인산완충액으로두번세척하였다. 이차항체 50 L 첨가후다시 37 15분간염색, 인산완충액으로세척후 APAAP complex 50 L를첨가하고 37 15분간항온하였다. 세척후 50 L의 substrate chromogen과반응시키고 Mayer s haematoxylin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) 으로대조염색하여광학현미경으로판독하였다. 결과는 200,000개의백혈구 (peripheral blood leukocytes, PBLs) 당양성세포수를보고하였다. 3) RQ-PCR의분석성능평가민감도평가를위해 10,000, 5,000, 1,000, 500, 100, 75, 50 copies/ml 농도의 CMV 표준플라스미드 DNA를사용하였다. 각농도당 150번반복검사를하였다. 특이도평가를위해서는 CMV pp65 항원검사에서음성이면서 Absolute CMV PCR kit (Biosewoom Inc.) 로시행한 CMV 정성 PCR에서음성인 20검체와 ACCURUN 325 HBV DNA 양성대조검체 (BBI Diagnostics, MA, USA), ACCURUN HCV RNA performance panels (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 4h, 5a, 6a 유전자형 ), ACCURUN HIV-1 RNA performance panels (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H 유전자형 ) 을이용하여동일조건에서 RQ-PCR을시행하고교차반응여부를확인하였다. 정밀도 (coefficient of variation, CV) 평가를위해서는 , , , , copies/ml 농도의 CMV 표준플라스미드 DNA를사용하여각농도마다 5일간하루에 2시간이상의간격으로 2회씩시행하였고, 매번실시할때마다 5회반복측정하여총 50회를검사하였다. 이결과로검사차례내 (withinrun), 검사차례간 (between-run), 검사일간 (between-day) CV 를평가하였다. 또 DNA 정량값뿐만아니라 Ct 값에대해서도변이정도를분석하였다. 직선성은 CMV 표준플라스미드 DNA를 copies/ml 부터 범위에서 10배수로연속희석한농도및 copies/ml 농도에대해 ( 총11개농도 ) 각농도마다 8회씩반복측정하여직선성을평가하였다. 4) CMV 감염의임상분류 CMV 감염은 2002년 Ljungman 등 [8] 의정의에따라임상증상이나장기기능의손상이없이어느검체에서든지바이러스나항원, 핵산이검출되는경우로하였다. CMV 말단장기질환은임상증상없이직접적인조직생검이나내시경등의검사를통해조직학적으로침습적인 CMV 질환이증명된경우, CMV 바이러스증후군은 2일이상지속되는 38 이상의발열, 호중구감소증 (< /L) 혹은혈소판감소증 (< /L) 을동반한 CMV 감염상태로정의하였다. 5) 통계처리 SPSS (version 11.5, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하여두검사의정량적상관성은상관분석을시행하였고, pp65 항원검사결과에따라세군의 RQ-PCR 결과비교시분산분석과사후검정으로 Scheffe s test를하였다. RQ-PCR의분석성능평가에서최소검출농도는 Probit 분석을통하여 95% 신뢰수준에서예측하였고직선성은선형회귀분석으로평가하였다. P<0.05이면통계적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. 결 1. RQ-PCR 의분석성능평가 1) 민감도 100 copies/ml 이상의농도에서는모두 100% 의양성률을보였으며, 75 copies/ml 농도에서 150회의반복검사중 145회에서양성이검출되어 97%, 50 copies/ml의경우는 87% (130/150) 의양성률로검출되었다 (Table 2). 반복측정한자료를이용한 Probit 분석에서 95% 신뢰수준으로결정되는검출한계의정량값은 63 copies/ml (95% 신뢰구간 copies/ml) 이었다. 2) 특이도 CMV pp65 항원음성이면서 CMV 정성 PCR 음성인 20검체와 ACCURUN 325 HBV DNA 양성대조검체, ACCURUN HCV RNA performance panels (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 4h, 5a, 6a 유전자형 ), ACCURUN HIV-1 RNA performance panels (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H 유전자형 ) 에서 CMV DNA가증폭되지않아진단특이도는 100% 이었다 (Table 3). 과 3) 정밀도 (CV) , , , , copies/ml 농도에 Table 2. Analytical sensitivity of Real-Q CMV Quantification kit Input CMV (copies/ml) Result Replicates Positive reaction % 10, , , Abbreviation: CMV, cytomegalovirus.
4 CMV Real-Time PCR 301 Table 3. Analytical specificity of Real-Q CMV Quantification kit CMV (VIC)* Internal control (FAM)* Hepatitis B virus - + Hepatitis C virus 1a - + Hepatitis C virus 1b - + Hepatitis C virus 2a - + Hepatitis C virus 2b - + Hepatitis C virus 3a - + Hepatitis C virus 3b - + Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis C virus 4h - + Hepatitis C virus 5a - + Hepatitis C virus 6a - + HIV A - + HIV B - + HIV C - + HIV D - + HIV E - + HIV F - + HIV G - + HIV H - + *VIC and FAM are the reporter dyes. Abbreviations: See Table 1. Table 4. Comparison between pp65 antigenemia and CMV DNA obtained with RQ-PCR among 343 samples pp65 antigenemia* Positive Negative Total CMV DNA* Positive 10 (2.9%) 46 (13.4%) 56 (16.3%) Negative 6 (1.7%) 281 (81.9%) 287 (83.7%) Total 16 (4.7%) 327 (95.3%) 343 (100%) *Concordance rate 84.8%, Kappa coefficient (P<10-6 ). Abbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus; RQ-PCR, real-time quantitative PCR. 대해 DNA 정량값의검사차례내 CV는각각 8.6%, 8.9%, 7.1 %, 13.0%, 13.9%, 검사차례간 CV는 10.0%, 6.1%, 9.4%, 9.6 %, 14.3%, 검사일간 CV는각각 9.9%, 4.8%, 9.4%, 6.6%, 13.2 % 이었다. 총 CV는각각 12.8%, 10.4%, 11.6%, 16.5%, 19.5% 이었다. Ct 값의검사차례내 CV는각각 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.4%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 검사차례간 CV는 2.6%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 1.6%, 검사일간 CV는 1.3%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.1%, 0.7% 이었다. 총 CV는각각 2.5%, 2.0%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 1.7% 이었다. 4) 직선성 copies/ml부터 copies/ml의농도범위에서구한선형회귀모델 (y=a+bx) 에서 b= (P<10-13 ), R 2 = 로이농도범위에서직선성이우수하였다 (Fig. 1). Estimated CMV DNA concentration (log copies/ml) Nominal CMV DNA concentration (log copies/ml) Fig. 1. Linearity range of Real-Q CMV Quantification kit. CMV DNA log copies/ ml y=0.9962x R 2 = pp65 antigen positive cells/200,000 PBLs Fig. 2. Quantitative comparison of pp65 antigen values and CMV DNA levels obtained by RQ-PCR (r=0.45, P<10-17 ). Table 5. CMV DNA levels according to the pp65 antigen levels Patient group (pp65 antigen positive cells/ 200,000 PBLs, N) CMV DNA levels* (Log10 copies/ml) 0 (N=327) 0.38± (N=12) 1.59 ± (N=4) 5.23 ±0.31 *Mean±SD. Scheffe s test, P<10-3, and P<10-7, respectively, compared with the group above. Abbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus; PBLs, peripheral blood leukocytes. 2. pp65 항원검사와비교를통한 RQ-PCR 의임상적적용평가 1) 전체환자검체에서의비교두검사의양성, 음성판정의비교에서 343검체중 pp65 항원검사와 RQ-PCR의양성률은각각 4.7%, 16.3% 이었고, 최고치는각각 16개 /200,000 PBLs, 5.63 log 10 copies/ml (424,281 copies/ ml) 이었다. 두검사의일치율은 84.8% 이었다 (Table 4). 두검사의정량결과비교에서, 두검사수치의상관성이유의하였다 (r=0.45, P<10-17, Fig. 2). pp65 항원검사를기준으로세군 (0개, 1-10개, 11-20개 /200,000 PBLs) 으로나누었을때, CMV DNA 수준은각각 0.38, 1.59, 5.23 log 10 copies/ml로세군별증가가유의하였다 (Scheffe 검정, P<0.05, Table 5). 따라서,
5 302 허운보 원동일 김유리외 3 인 Table 6. pp65 antigenemia and CMV DNA levels according to the clinical status of CMV infection *Mean±SD. Abbreviations: See Table 5. RQ-PCR 검사는혈중 CMV 수준을비교적잘반영하는것으로볼수있었다. 2) 환자임상분류에따른비교 (Table 6) 두검사중하나라도양성으로정의한무증상의감염환자 17명에서, pp65 항원은 1.5±3.9/200,000 PBLs로비교적낮았지만, CMV DNA는 2.72±1.54 log 10 copies/ml로비교적다양한범위를보였다. 이들중선행적치료를한군과하지않은군의 CMV DNA 수준은각각 2.77±1.73, 2.67±1.49 log 10 copies/ml로차이가없었다 (Mann-Whitney test: P=0.74). CMV 말단장기질환환자 3명에서, 모두 pp65 항원검사음성이었고, 한명만 RQ-PCR 양성 (5.06 log 10 copies/ml) 이었다. CMV 바이러스증후군환자 1명은 pp65 항원양성세포가 16개 / 200,000 PBLs, CMV DNA가 5.20 log 10 copies/ml이었다. 고 pp65 antigen (positive cells/ 200,000 PBLs) CMV는가장흔한기회감염병원체로건강인에서는아무증상이없는잠복감염의형태를보이지만면역억제상태의숙주에서는원발감염이나이차감염모두심각한질병을야기시킨다 [9, 10]. 이차감염은 CMV 양성혈청반응을보이는환자에서잠재된바이러스의재활성화나바이러스의재감염에의해발생하며, 장기이식이나 HIV 감염, 항암치료등의면역억제상태가바이러스가재활성화될수있는조건이된다 [11]. 골수이식환자에서 CMV 폐렴 은이식후에생명을위협하는가장흔한감염이며 [12], 후천성면 역결핍증 (AIDS) 환자에서 CMV는가장흔한바이러스병원체로서적극적인항바이러스치료에도불구하고이들에서의 CMV 망막염은생명을위협하는가장흔한감염으로알려져있다 [13, 14]. CMV 감염과심각한질환으로의진행을막기위해선행적인항바이러스치료가널리이용되고있으며선행적치료가효과를거두기위해서는 CMV 감염을조기에진단할수있는정확한검사가뒷받침되어야한다. 정량적 PCR은바이러스감염을진단하고추적하는유용한검사방법으로임상적으로널리이용되고있으며, CMV 감염에서 찰 CMV DNA levels (Log10 copies/ml) Asymptomatic CMV 1.5±3.9* 2.72±1.54* infection (N=17) CMV end-organ disease (N=3) 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 5.06 CMV viral syndrome (N=1) 도정량적 PCR 검사를이용해서바이러스양과 CMV 질환의상관성을규명하고항바이러스치료효과를평가및추적하려는시도가있어왔다 [15, 16]. 정량적 PCR은 PCR 반응이완료된시점에서측정하는 end-point PCR과반응의각주기마다실시간분석이가능한 RQ-PCR 기법이있다. End-point PCR은증폭된 DNA 검출을위해서 PCR 후단계가반드시필요하여오염의기회가증가하고시간과노동력이많이드는한계점이있으며정량범위도비교적좁다. 또최종증폭산물을측정함으로써믿을수있는정량결과를기대하기힘든반면 RQ-PCR은 PCR 반응의초기, 즉증폭산물이정확하게 2배로증가하는대수증식기 (exponential phase) 에서분석이이루어지므로정확한결과를얻을수있고정량범위도넓다. 또실시간분석으로결과를빨리얻을수있으며검사를수행하기가용이한장점이있다 [10, 17, 18]. 이연구에서 RQ-PCR의분석성능평가에서, 95% 신뢰수준으로결정되는검출한계는 63 copies/ml이었고, 검사차례내, 검사차례간및검사일간정밀도도우수하였다 copies/ml 부터 copies/ml의농도범위에서의직선성평가에서도우수한결과를보였다. 두검사의양성, 음성판정의비교에서, RQ-PCR은 16.3%, pp65 항원검사는 4.7% 의양성률을보였고, 두검사의일치율은 84.8% 이었다. 정량결과비교에서, 두검사수치의상관성이유의하였다 (r=0.45). pp65 항원검사를기준으로세군으로나누었을때양성세포수가증가함에따라 CMV DNA 양도유의하게증가하여 RQ-PCR도혈중 CMV 수준을비교적잘반영하는것으로생각되어 pp65 항원검사를대체할수있는새로운검사로생각되었다. 무증상의 CMV 감염환자 17명에서, 선행적치료를한군과하지않은군의 CMV DNA 수준은차이가없어서 RQ-PCR의위양성가능성이의심되었으나, 본연구대상군의 CMV 치료시작방침이 pp65 항원검사양성이었기때문에정확한해석은할수없었다. 무증상의 CMV 감염환자에서실제로 CMV 질환이발병할것인지를예측하고선행적치료시점을결정하기위해 CMV DNA 양으로적정경계값 (optimal cutoff) 을정하기위한연구들이보고되고있는데 [19, 20] 이에대한연구가더필요할것으로생각된다. 이연구에서 pp65 항원검사만양성 1.7%, RQ-PCR에서만양성인경우가 13.4% 로불일치를보였는데원인으로는먼저방법상의민감도의차이로 CMV DNA가 pp65 항원보다더빠른시기에검출되는점, 두검사가대상으로하는검출부위가서로다른점, 검사수행과정에서의기술적오류에의한위양성등을생각할수있다 [21]. CMV는인간을감염시키는가장큰바이러스로 CMV 유전체는 kbp의선형의두가닥 DNA로구성되어있고, 230개의겹치지않는 open reading frame을포함한다 [11, 22]. CMV 유전체에는세군데의잘보존된영역 (highly conserved region) 이알려져있는데, IE1 혹은 major immediate-early (MIE) 유전자영역, DNA 중합효소유전자영역, gb 유전자
6 CMV Real-Time PCR 303 영역이다. MIE 유전자는 MIE 단백인 ppul123을, DNA 중합효소유전자는 DNA 증식에관여하는 UL54를합성하며주요외피단백인 gb (gpul55) 는세포간전파에관여한다 [23]. 이연구에서는 gb 유전자영역을증폭하는시발체와소식자로 RQ- PCR을시행하였으며면역염색법이대상으로하는 pp65 항원은 CMV 증식주기, 즉 immediate-early phase (IE), early phase (E), late phase (L) 의세단계중 L phase에서합성되는단백이다 [21]. 이연구에서 1주간격으로시행한 5회의검사중 4회에서 pp65 항원만양성, CMV DNA는음성 ( 나머지 1회는둘다음성 ) 의결과를보인환자가 1명있었는데, 급성림프구성백혈병으로말초혈액조혈모세포이식을받은환자였다. CMV DNA가음성이면서 pp65 항원만양성인경우는염색과정에서의위양성가능성과항바이러스치료에의해바이러스의 DNA가차단되었을가능성등을생각해볼수있다. 그러나이환자의경우는반복검사에서도같은결과를보여검사수행과정상의문제는아닌것으로생각되었고, ganciclovir는바이러스의 DNA 중합효소를길항하는약제이므로후자의가능성도배제할수있다. 또 MIE 유전자영역을증폭하는시발체로시행한 PCR 에서도 CMV DNA 가검출되지않아서각검사의검출부위가다르기때문일가능성이가장높은것으로생각되었다. 결론적으로 RQ-PCR에의한 CMV DNA 정량은 pp65 항원검사보다검사를수행하기가쉽고분석성능도우수하며혈중바이러스수준을잘반영하여 pp65 항원검사를대체할수있는새로운검사법이될수있을것으로생각된다. 또무증상의 CMV 감염환자에서실제로 CMV 질환이발병할것인지를예측하고선행적치료시점을결정하기위해 RQ-PCR로얻은 CMV DNA 결과로선행적치료시점을결정하는연구가앞으로있어야할것으로생각된다. 요약배경 : 이식수혜자에서거대세포바이러스 (cytomegalovirus, CMV) 감염에대한신속하고정확한검사가필수적이다. 저자들은최근개발된실시간정량 PCR (RQ-PCR) 방법에의한 CMV 검사를평가해보고자하였다. 방법 : Real-Q Cytomegalovirus Quantification kit (Biosewoom Inc., Korea) 를사용한 CMV RQ-PCR의분석성능을평가하였고, 임상적적용을평가하기위하여이식수혜자 63명을포함한총 84명의 343검체를대상으로면역염색법인 pp65 항원검사와비교하였다. 결과 : RQ-PCR의검출한계는 63 copies/ml이었고, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 양성검체와교차반응은없었다. 정밀도는총변이계수 % 이었으며, CMV DNA copies/ml의범위에서직선성이유지되었다 (P<10-13, R 2 = ). 환자검체에서, 정성판정의양성률은 pp65 항원검사 4.7%, RQ-PCR 16.3% 이었고, 두검사의일치율은 84.8% ( = 0.221, P<10-6 ) 이었다. 정량결과비교에서, 두검사수치간상관성이유의하였고 (r=0.45, P<10-17 ), pp65 항원수준에따라분류한세군에서도 RQ-PCR 수치의증가가유의하였다 ( 각각 P<10-3, P<10-7 ). 결론 : RQ-PCR은면역염색법보다검사과정이간편하고분석성능도우수하며혈중바이러스수준을잘반영하여 pp65 항원검사를대체할수있는새로운검사법이될수있을것으로생각된다. CMV 선행적치료시작을위한 RQ-PCR 결과값에대한추가적인연구가필요하다. 참고문헌 1. Paya CV. Prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of solid-organ transplants. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32: Boeckh M and Boivin G. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus: methodologic aspects and clinical applications. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11: Camargo LF, Uip DE, Simpson AA, Caballero O, Stolf NA, Vilas- Boas LS, et al. Comparison between antigenemia and a quantitativecompetitive polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection after heart transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 71: Guiver M, Fox AJ, Mutton K, Mogulkoc N, Egan J. Evaluation of CMV viral load using TaqMan CMV quantitative PCR and comparison with CMV antigenemia in heart and lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001;71: Monte PD, Lazzarotto T, Ripalti A, Landini MP. Human cytomegalovirus infection: a complex diagnostic problem in which molecular biology has induced a rapid evolution. Intervirology 1996;39: Delgado R, Lumbreras C, Alba C, Pedraza MA, Otero JR, Gomez R, et al. Low predictive value of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30: Schaade L, Kockelkorn P, Ritter K, Kleines M. Detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in human specimens by LightCycler PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38: Ljungman P, Griffiths P, Paya C. Definitions of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: Patel R, Snydman DR, Rubin RH, Ho M, Pescovitz M, Martin M, et al. Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 1996;61:
7 304 허운보 원동일 김유리외 3 인 10. Kearns AM, Guiver M, James V, King J. Development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of human cytomegalovirus. J Virol Methods 2001;95: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, et al. eds. Principles and practices of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005; Meyers JD, Flournoy N, Thomas ED. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection after human marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1986;153: Masur H, Whitcup SM, Cartwright C, Polis M, Nussenblatt R. Advances in the management of AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125: Nokta MA, Holland F, De Gruttola V, Emery VC, Jacobson MA, Griffiths P, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) polymerase chain reaction profiles in individuals with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: relationship to CMV disease. J Infect Dis 2002;185: Emery VC, Sabin CA, Cope AV, Gor D, Hassan-Walker AF, Griffiths PD. Application of viral-load kinetics to identify patients who develop cytomegalovirus disease after transplantation. Lancet 2000; 355: Sia IG, Wilson JA, Espy MJ, Paya CV, Smith TF. Evaluation of the COBAS AMPLICOR CMV MONITOR test for detection of viral DNA in specimens taken from patients after liver transplantation. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38: Allice T, Enrietto M, Pittaluga F, Varetto S, Franchello A, Marchiaro G, et al. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood specimens of patients with solid organ transplants: comparison with end-point PCR and pp65 antigen test. J Med Virol 2006;78: Piiparinen H and Lautenschlager I. Quantitative TaqMan assay for the detection and monitoring of cytomegalovirus infection in organ transplant patients. Methods Mol Biol 2006;335: Martin-Davila P, Fortun J, Gutierrez C, Marti-Belda P, Candelas A, Honrubia A, et al. Analysis of a quantitative PCR assay for CMV infection in liver transplant recipients: an intent to find the optimal cut-off value. J Clin Virol 2005;33: Hernando S, Folgueira L, Lumbreras C, San Juan R, Maldonado S, Prieto C, et al. Comparison of cytomegalovirus viral load measure by real-time PCR with pp65 antigenemia for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant patients. Transplant Proc 2005;37: Fan J, Ma WH, Yang MF, Xue H, Gao HN, Li LJ. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay for measuring cytomegalovirus DNA load in patients after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Chin Med J 2006;119: Cha TA, Tom E, Kemble GW, Duke GM, Mocarski ES, Spaete RR. Human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates carry at least 19 genes not found in laboratory strains. J Virol 1996;70: Zweygberg Wirgart B, Brytting M, Linde A, Wahren B, Grillner L. Sequence variation within three important cytomegalovirus gene regions in isolates from four different patient populations. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:
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