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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 83 권제 5 호 특집 (Special Review) - 일차의료기관에서흔하게접하는하부기능성위장관질환증상의진단및치료 만성설사의진단과치료 가톨릭대학교의과대학내과학교실 최명규 Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Diarrhea Myung-Gyu Choi Department of Internal Mdicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Diarrhea is exceedingly common and produces high economic burden. Understanding pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic diarrhea facilitates a rational approach to diagnosis and management. Careful history taking and physical examination can characterize the mechanism of diarrhea and identify causes. In contrast to acute diarrhea, causes of chronic diarrhea are noninfectious, and most common causes in primary care are functional disorders. The first step is to differentiate functional from organic cause by asking about alarm symptoms and performing minimal screening tests. A therapeutic trial, for example, cholestyramine for bile acid malabsorption, is often appropriate, definitive, and highly cost effective without need for further evaluation. Treatment of chronic diarrhea depends on the specific etiology. For many chronic conditions, diarrhea can be controlled by suppression of the underlying mechanism. For functional diarrhea, empirical therapy may be beneficial. (Korean J Med 2012;83: ) Keywords: Chronic diarrhea 서론설사는환자들이흔히호소하는증상중의하나이다. 우리나라의표본인구조사에서만성설사는과민성증후군환자를포함하여 1.7% 로보고되어있으며, 설사는소화기증상을주소로내원하는환자의 3-5% 을차지한다. 과민성증후군환자를포함하면, 일차의료기관, 3차의료기관모두약 15-20% 의환자가설사로내원한다고할수있다. 환자들은묽은변이나물변을볼때를설사라고한다. 일부 환자에서는배변의빈도가증가하거나대변못참음 (urgency) 도설사라고호소한다. Bristol stool form score 는대변형태를분류한점수로임상에서변의형태를규정할때유용하며로마기준 III에서는설사를대변형태가묽은변 (type 6) 이나물변 (type 7) 일때로정의하고있다 (Fig. 1) [1]. 설사의정의와기초생리정상성인의대변은하루 200 g 이하이며, 배변횟수는매일 3회에서주 3회로다양하다. 설사는하루에대변량이 200 g Correspondence to Myung-Gyu Choi, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , choim@catholic.ac.kr Copyright c 2012 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 83, No. 5, Figure 3. Right sided and left sided diarrhea. Figure 1. The bristol stool form scale. Figure 2. The secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. 을넘거나배변횟수가 3회를초과하는경우로정의할수있다. 대변에서수분은약 60-85% 를차지하는데, 대변의무게, 부피, 성상, 횟수는식사에포함된섬유소의양, 성별 ( 여자가남자보다적다 ), 약물, 운동및스트레스등에의해영향을받으므로개인차가크다. 설사는 2주이내는급성설사, 2-4주는지속되는 (persistent) 설사, 4주를초과하면만성설사로정의한다 [2]. 설사의병태생리를이해하기위해서는정상적인소화흡수분비에대한이해가필요하다 (Fig. 2). 정상성인은일일 2 L의음식을섭취한다. 약 7 L의소화액이소화관에서분비되어음식을소화시키며이는대부분소장에서흡수된다. 소장에서흡수되지않고대장으로넘어오는장내용물은 1 L로이중 800 ml는대장에서흡수되고나머지는대변으로배출된다. 대변의수분은 200 ml 이하이며 K + 이 90 meq 로매우 높아많은양의설사는저칼륨혈증을동반한다. 수분의흡수는우측대장에서주로일어나며좌측대장은대변을배출하기전까지일시적으로대변을저장하는기능을주로한다. 따라서원인질환이일어나는부위에따라설사의양과임상상의차이가있게된다. 소장이나우측대장에서수분이제대로흡수되지못하여일어나는우측설사 (right-sided diarrhea, large volume diarrhea) 는양이많고, 좌측대장의원인에의해일어나는설사 (left-sided diarrhea, small volume diarrhea) 는양이적다 (Fig. 3). 좌측설사는저장기능이상실되므로배변횟수가잦고, 배변후에도시원하지않고잔변감, 뒤무직 (tenesmus) 을호소하며대변못참음이특징이다. 좌측설사는흔히감염이나염증에의해일어나므로대변에점액이나혈액이섞여나오는경우가많다. 설사의병태생리설사는병태생리학적인측면에서염증성설사, 삼투성설사, 분비성설사, 장관이상운동에의한설사, 인위적설사로구분된다 (Table 1). 분비성설사분비성설사는용어그대로소화액의분비가많아져생기는설사이다. 금식을시키더라도설사의양은줄지않으며, 대변의삼투압은전해질에의해결정되므로삼투압차이 [osmotic gap = 대변의삼투압 - 2 (Na + + K + )] 가 50 mosm 이하로적다. 대변으로 K + 이많이소실되므로저칼륨혈증이흔히동반된다. 임상에서볼수있는예는세균독소에의한분비성설사이며, 만성분비성설사는습관적인변비치료제복용과담즙산에의한설사를들수있다. 말단회장에서담즙산의흡수가안되면 ( 예 : 회장크론병이나 100 cm 미만의회장절제후 )

3 - Myung-Gyu Choi. Diagnosis and management of chronic diarrhea - Table 1. Major causes of chronic diarrhea according to predominant pathophysiologic mechanism [5] Secretory causes Exogenous stimulant laxatives Chronic ethanol ingestion Other drugs and toxins Endogenous laxatives (dihydroxy bile acids) Idiopathic secretory diarrhea Certain bacterial infections Bowel resection, disease, or fistula ( absorption) Partial bowel obstruction or fecal impaction Hormone-producing tumors (carcinoid, VIPoma, medullary cancer of thyroid, mastocytosis, gastrinoma, colorectal villous adenoma) Addison's disease Congenital electrolyte absorption defects Osmotic causes Osmotic laxatives (Mg 2+, PO 4-3, SO 4-2 ) Lactase and other disaccharide deficiencies Nonabsorbable carbohydrates (sorbitol, lactulose, polyethylene glycol) Steatorrheal causes Intraluminal maldigestion (pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, bacterial overgrowth, bariatric surgery, liver disease) Mucosal malabsorption (celiac sprue, Whipple's disease, infections, abetalipoproteinemia, ischemia) Postmucosal obstruction (1 or 2 lymphatic obstruction) Inflammatory causes Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's, chronic ulcerative colitis) Lymphocytic and collagenous colitis Immune-related mucosal disease (1 or 2 immunodeficiencies, food allergy, eosinophilicgastroenteritis, graft-vs-host disease) Infections (invasive bacteria, viruses, and parasites, Brainerd diarrhea) Radiation injury Gastrointestinal malignancies Dysmotility causes Irritable bowel syndrome (including postinfectious IBS) Visceral neuromyopathies Hyperthyroidism Drugs (prokinetic agents) Postvagotomy Factitial causes Munchausen Eating disorders Iatrogenic causes Cholecystectomy Ileal resection Bariatric surgery Vagotomy, fundoplication 담즙산은대장의분비를자극하여설사를일으킨다 (cholorrheic diarrhea). Idiopathic bile acid malabsorption는원인불명의만성설사의 40% 을차지하는것으로보고되어있으며간에서담즙산을생성을저해하는 Fibroblast growth factor 19의생산이회장에서감소되어일어나는것으로여겨진다. 소장을자극하는분비성설사 ( 예, Zollinger Ellison syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, pancreatic cholera syndrome) 는우리나라에서매우드물다. 삼투성설사삼투성설사는경구로섭취한음식물이나약제가소장에서흡수되지않아삼투작용으로장관내로수분을이동시켜설사를일으키는것이다. 유당불내성증후군, 소화되지않는탄수화물 ( 과당등 ) 을과다섭취하거나약제로는 Mg을포함한제산제등을복용한경우가임상에서흔하다. 흡수장애증후군 (malabsorption syndrome) 은모두삼투성설사를일으킨다. 분비성설사와는달리설사의양이 1 L 내외이며금식시키면설사가호전된다. Osmotic gap은 50 mosm 이상으로크다. 흡수되지않는탄수화물은대장내세균에의해발효되므로대변 ph는산성이된다. 탄수화물흡수불량은삼투압설사의대표적예로 lactase 결핍이며, 무가당음료에첨가되는 fructose, sorbitol, or mannitol 등도흡수되지않으므로삼투성설사를일으킬수있다. 지방변설사는지방변이일일 7 g을초과할때로정의한다. 장관내소화불량 ( 만성췌장염 ), 점막흡수불량, 림프관폐색 (intestinal lymphangiectasia) 등이지방변설사의흔한원인이다. 점막흡수불량의대표적인질환은 celiac병이지만우리나라에서는드물다. 염증성설사 (inflammatory diarrhea) 염증성설사는염증, 궤양등으로인한장점막의손상에의해비정상적인세포막투과성, 흡수장애그리고혈청단백이나혈액점액등의삼출액이증가되어일어난것을말한다. 좌측대장의염증성장질환이대표적인예이다. 대표적인침습성세균감염으로는살모넬라, 이질을들수있다. 염증성설사는대개발열, 복부압통의임상증상이있으며, 대변에서백혈구를볼수있다. S상결장검사가진단에중요하다. 복부나골반내종양으로방사선치료를받은만성방사선조사장관염, 호산구성위장관염 (eosinophilic gastroenteritis),

4 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 83 권제 5 호통권제 627 호 베체트증후군, 동종골수이식후이식편대숙주병등에서도염증성설사를일으킬수있다. Microscopic colitis (lymphocytic and collagenous colitis를포함 ) 는만성수양성설사의원인으로최근증가추세이며특히중년여성으로 NSAIDs, statins, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 복용과관련되어발생한다. 대장내시경에서정상점막이지만이질환이의심되면생검으로진단할수있다. 대장운동변화에의한설사 (altered intestinal motility) 설사를일으킬수있는소장의운동이상은두가지경우이다. 하나는소장통과시간이빨라져미쳐수분이충분히흡수되지않아많은양의장내용물이대장으로들어가는것이고 ( 예, 위절제증후군 ), 다른하나는소장통과시간이늦어져과다하게증식된장내세균 (bacterial overgrowth) 이담즙산을 deconjugation시켜설사를일으키는것이다. 후자의경우는위장관협착으로인해소위 blind loop가형성되어있거나운동이상을가져올수있는당뇨병이나공피증환자에서흔히볼수있다. 대장운동이증가하여대장통과시간이빨라지면수분의흡수시간이단축되어설사가일어난다. 대표적인질환은과민성장증후군이다. 인위적설사 (factitious diarrhea) 설사는환자에의해인위적으로발생하기도한다. 여자에많으며만성적인수양성설사, 복통, 구역및구토, 체중감소, 말초부종, 저칼륨혈증에의한쇠약감등을호소한다. 정신과적기왕력이있는사람이나이전에설사에대한검사에서음성소견을보였던환자에서의심하여보아야한다. 설사에대한진단적접근자세한병력청취와이학적검사로만성설사의원인을진단하고평가할수있다. 설사의시작, 기간, 양상, 악화와완화요인, 설사환자에대한노출, 약제여행과같은위험요인, 대변의특징을물어봐야한다. 환자들은대변의횟수, 물기, 부피의증가나배변성상등어떠한변화가있어도설사라고표현하므로반드시의사가환자에게되물어확인해야한다. 대변량이증가되지않고배변횟수가증가하는가성설사 (pseudo-diarrhea) 또는과배변 (hyperdefecation) 은과민성장증후군, 직장염, 갑상선기능항진증환자에서흔히발생한다. 항문괄약근의손상으로인해변을참지못하는변실금 (fecal incontinence) 도설사와반드시구별되어야한다. 환자의병력특히설사의기간에따라급성과만성으로구분하고, 설사량에따라우측설사와좌측설사를구분한다 (Fig. 2). 정상인은 1,000 ml의내용물이소장에들어가고 80% 가흡수되기때문에설사의양은병변의위치를짐작하게해준다. 1 L를훨씬초과할때는소장이상의경우로분비성설사는 2 L를초과하지만삼투성설사는 1-2 L 정도이다. 우측대장병변은 1 L 내외의설사를보통한다. 과민성장 Table 2. Drugs cause diarrhea Gastrointestinal drugs Chemotherapeutic agents Magnesium-containing antacids Hypolipidemic agents Laxatives Clofibrate Misoprostol Gemfibrozil Olsalazine Lovastatin Cardiac drugs Probucol Digitalis Neuropsychiatric drugs Quinidine Lithium Procainamide Fluoxetine (Prozac) Hydralazine Alprazolam (Xanax) Beta blockers Valproic acid Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Ethosuximide Diuretics L-Dopa Antibiotics Others Clindamycin Theophylline Ampicillin Thyroid hormones

5 - 최명규. 만성설사의진단과치료 - 증후군은하루 250 ml를초과하는것은드물다. 이에비해좌측대장은횟수가많지만설사량이적어 200 ml 내외이다. 또한좌측대장에의한원인에서는직장항문염증에의한증상 ( 급변, 절박, 점액변, 혈변 ) 이동반하지만우측설사에서는이러한증상이없다. 여러약제에의하여설사가일어날수있으므로 (Table 2) 최근의투약내용을반드시살펴야하고, 여행경력, 수술, 심리적긴장, 성관계에대한문진도필요하다. Bristol Stool Form Scale을포함한배변일기가배변형태를확인할수있는좋은방법이다 (Fig. 1). 음식일지는유당불내성을진단할수있고, 무가당음료에첨가되는 fructose, sorbitol, or mannitol의섭취를규명할수있다. 음주는소장에서수분과나트륨의흡수를막아설사를일으킨다. 담즙산에의한설사는소장절제환자에서흔한설사의원인이지만담낭절제술, 소장세균이상증식등여러질환과연관됨이보고되어있다. 갑작스런시작과밤중의설사는담즙산에의한설사를의심할수있다 [3]. 만성설사의가장흔한원인은과민성장증후군이므로기능성과기질적장질환을구분하는것이중요하다 (Table 3). 경고증상이있으면염증성장질환, 암성병변에대한조사를해야한다. 이학적검사로설사의원인을일부감별할수있다. 환자의탈수정도는기립성저혈압, 빈맥, 액와부발한유무, 피부긴장도감소, 의식혼탁, 전신적쇠약감등으로파악할수있다. 빈혈, clubbing 등영양불량의소견을살핀다. 젊은환자에서만져지는복부종괴는크론병을의심할수있다. 만성설사의원인으로설사우세형과민성장증후군이의심되는경우에는말초혈액도말검사를포함한전혈구계산 (CBC), 혈청전해질, 혈청알부민, 대변백혈구 (Wright's or methylene blue stain) 및잠혈검사등의최소한의선별검사 (screening test) 만시행하여기질적인원인을감별한다. 선별검사에서기능성질환은 3% 에서이상소견을보이지만기질적인질환에서는 62% 에서한가지이상의검사소견이관찰된다 [4]. 기질적원인을시사하는소견이발견되면각각의의심질환에따라적절한검사를추가한다. 발열을동반한복통, 장관외증상, 혈변등은염증성장질환을시사하므로 S상결장경이나대장내시경또는대장바륨조영술을실시하여야한다. 지방변, 영양장애, 흡수장애가의심되면단계적인검사를통하여흡수장애의원인질환을밝혀야한다. 체중감소나골대사이상, 빈혈, 비타민결핍이동반되었을경우에는반드시원인질환에대한조사가이루어져야한다 (Fig. 4). 만성수양성설사의경우에는설사의양과금식후설사의감소또는소실여부로삼투성설사와분비성설사를감별할수있다. 환자가호소하는대변량을믿지말고대변을 Figure 4. Initial management based on accompanying symptoms or features. Table 3. Differential diagnosis organic disorders from functional diarrhea Organic diarrhea Functional diarrhea Weight loss Often present Not present Duration of illness Variable (weeks to years) Usually long (> 6 mon) Quantity of stool Variable but usually large (> 200 g/day) Usually small (< 200 g/day) Presence of blood in stool May be present Never present (unless from hemorrhoids) Timing when diarrhea occurs No special pattern Usually in the morning but rarely wakes patient Fever, arthritis, skin lesions May be present Not present Emotional stress No relation to symptoms Usually precedes or coincides with symptoms Cramping abdominal pain Often May not be present

6 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 83, No. 5, 모으게하여빈도와양을정확하게기록하여야한다. 모은대변을원심분리시킨후상청액에서삼투압과전해질의양을측정한다. 대변삼투압은혈장의삼투압과유사한 290 mosmol/ kg H 2O 정도이다. 대변삼투압이 300 이상이면흡수되지않은탄수화물이대변에포함되어있거나소변이섞인것을의미하고, 280 이하이면대변에수분이양이많은것을시사한다. Factitious diarrhea 환자는대변에소변이나물을타서설사로가장하므로삼투압이비정상적으로높거나낮으면진단의단서가될수있다, 삼투압차이가 100 mosmol 이상이면흡수가덜된탄수화물이나마그네슘함유설사약등에의한삼투성설사를나타낸다. 50 mosmol/kg H 2O 이하이면장관에서나트륨및칼륨의과다분비에의한분비성설사를의미한다. 만성설사의치료만성설사의원인을파악하여이를교정해준다. 예를들면, lactase 결핍환자에서유제품의제한, 만성염증성장질환에대한스테로이드투여, 회장담즙산흡수장애의경우 cholestyramine, gastrinoma의위산과다분비에대한 proton pump inhibitors, 악성 carcinoid 증후군에대한 octreotide, 갑상선 medullary carcinoma 환자에대한 prostaglandin inhibitors 인 indomethacin, 만성췌장염에서췌장효소의보충등을들수있다. 그러나만성설사는특별한원인질환이없는기능성질환이많으므로대증적인치료를하게된다. 탈수에대한교정으로수분과전해질공급이필요하다. Psyllium과다른수분친화성 (hydrophilic) 약제들은수분을흡수하여대변을굳게만들어줄수있다. 지사제들은장관의운동을변화시키거나항분비작용으로설사를멎게한다. 아편계통 (opiate) 의지사제 (diphenoxylate, loperamide) 는장관운동을억제하여경증및중등도의분비성설사에도움을준다. 이런종류의장관운동을저하시키는약제들은감염성설사나염증성설사에서는금기이며과도한사용은변비를유발할수있다. 분비성설사에는 octreotide가효과적이며 carcinoid syndrome 과신경내분비종양에서유효한성적이보고되어있다. Clonidine은 α 2-adrenergic agonist로아편금단에의한설사나당뇨병성설사에도움이된다. 담즙산에의한설사인경우에는 cholestyramine 투여가시험적치료로서가치가있다 ( 예, 회장절제 ). 결 만성설사의원인은여러병태생리가관여하는만큼다양한질환에의해일어나며유병률이매우낮은기질적인질환들이포함되어있다. 만성설사는급성과달리감염에의한경우는매우적다. 따라서설사의기간에따라급성과만성으로분류하고, 우측설사와좌측설사를구분하는것이다음검사를선택하는데도움이된다. 만성설사의가장흔한원인은과민성장증후군이므로기능성과기질적장질환을구분하는것이중요하다. 특정원인이의심되는경우시험적치료가고가의검사를피할수있는효과적인진단법이다. 예를들면유당불내성의경우제한식이, 회장절제로담즙에의한자극에대한 cholestyramine 투여등을들수있다. 만성설사의치료는설사의원인을파악하여이를교정한다. 특별한원인질환이없는과민성장증후군으로진단되면경험적치료를한다. 중심단어 : 만성설사 론 REFERENCES 1. LongstrethGF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology : Camilleri M. Chronic diarrhea: a review on pathophysiology and management for the clinical gastroenterologist. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 20042: Williams AJ, Merrick MV, Eastwood MA. Idiopathic bile acid malabsorption: a review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and response to treatment. Gut : Bertomeu A, Ros E, Barragán V, Sachje L, Navarro S. Chronic diarrhea with normal stool and colonic examinations: organic or functional? J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13: Camilleri M, Murray JA. Diarrhea and constipation. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012:

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