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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 16, No. 12 pp , ISSN / eissn RFID 를기반으로한실내위치파악및효율적 Tag 배치 윤창선 1*, 윤동민 1, 권영찬 1, 홍연찬 1 1 인천대학교전자공학과 RFID Based Indoor Localization and Effective Tag Arrangement Method Chang-Sun Yoon 1*, Dong-Min Yoon 1, Young-Chan Kwon 1, Yeon-Chan Hong 1 1 Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University 요약본논문에서는실내에서의정확한위치파악을하여넓은실내에서사람의길안내및로봇청소기등의위치파악에적용할수있는기술을개발하고자한다. 이를위해 RFID tag를지면에부착하여, tag 배치패턴을다르게하면서, 위치파악을하는데있어서어떤패턴이오차가적은지를확인하고자한다. 연구에는 MT92(900MHz 대안테나 ) 와 ALR 9900+( 리더기 ) 를이용하여실험을하였다. 그결과마름모, 직사각형, 정육각형그리고정사각형 tag 배치중정사각형배치에서 21.19cm의적은오차를확인하였다. 그러나단위면적당배치된 tag수가 6개인정육각형배치를함께고려하였을때, 정육각형배치가비교적효율적인배치라는것을확인하였다. Abstract In this paper a technology which gives directions to people and also localization of the robotic vacuum cleaners inside some spacious buildings is developed. For this purpose, it is confirmed that which pattern has a small error in dealing with the indoor localization with various RFID tag arrangements attached on the ground. This experiment was conducted by using MT92(900MHz range Antenna) and ALR 9900+(Reader). As a result, the square arrangement has the least error, 21.19cm, among other patterns which are diamond, rectangle and regular hexagon. However, it is necessary to consider the number of tags in the unit area, from this point of view the regular hexagon arrangement is the most efficient arrangement among other patterns because it needs only 6 tags in the unit area. Keywords : Indoor localization, RFID, RFID Localization, Tag arrangement, Tag patterns 1. 서론최근실내위치파악기술이많은각광을받고있다. 주변환경에구애받지않고사람이나사물의위치를파악하여유용한서비스를제공하는기술이중요하게대두되고있다. 예를들면서비스로봇은가정혹은병원과같은공공장소에서다양한역할로응용되고있다. 이러한로봇은사람이항상따라다닐수없기때문에그위치를계속파악하는것이중요하다. 또한병원에서는환 자들의무분별한이동의통제가필수적인데, CCTV의한계를극복하여위치를더쉽고정확하게파악할수있는시스템이필요하다. 이러한위치를파악하는데에는카메라, 센서, 인터넷등등여러가지기술이있지만보다경제적이고간편한기술이필요하다. 그것이바로 RFID를이용한위치파악시스템이다 [1-3]. 기존의신호세기를이용한거리측정방식은전파속도, 주파수, 전송손실등을이용하여구해진다. 장애물이없는가까운거리에서는실제와비슷하게나타나는것을 이논문은인천대학교 2014년도자체연구비지원에의하여연구되었음. * Corresponding Author : Chang-Sun Yoon(Incheon Univ.) Tel: cyoon36@gmail.com Received November 3, 2015 Revised (1st November 23, 2015, 2nd December 3, 2015) Accepted December 4, 2015 Published December 31,

2 RFID 를기반으로한실내위치파악및효율적 Tag 배치 확인할수있다. 그러나거리가멀어지거나, 장애물이있을경우에는오차가발생하게된다 [4-5]. RFID를이용하는이유는인식뿐만아니라데이터의저장에서도나타난다. RFID는데이터저장능력과활용능력그리고손상을막는능력까지모두우수하다 [6]. 특히 RFID기술은쓰여진데이터를읽는능력뿐만아니라그위에데이터를쓸수있는능력까지갖추고있기때문에활용도가더욱높다. 손상확률이드물며, 또한재활용도가능하다. tag를배치후위치파악을하면기본적으로오차가발생하기마련이다. 추정오차를줄이기위해물체의위치추정을확률적으로취급하여, 물체가현재추정위치를중심으로팽창하는원호상에위치한다고하고새로운 tag가감지되는순간이동로봇의추정위치를갱신하는방법이있다 [7-8]. 본논문에서는이러한오차를줄이기위하여 tag 배치를다르게하면서, 배치에따라서리더를보유한물체가있다고예상되는위치와실제의위치가어떻게다른지확인해봤다. 다양한 tag 배치를해보고, tag의정보를리더기로읽어들인후어떤패턴의배치가가장오차가적고효율적인지알아보고자한다. 가독범위측정은 Fig. 1과같이바닥에 tag를배치하고그위수직 70cm 높이에서진행하였다. 안테나를중심으로가장먼 tag간간격 196cm, 가장짧은 tag간간격은 164cm로측정되었다. 본논문에서는무게중심의원리로물체의위치를파악하였다. Fig. 2. Regular hexagon with coordinates 예를들어 Fig. 2와같은육각형의무게중심좌표를구하려면다음과같다 [10]. 식 (1) 처럼 와 좌표를각각더한후꼭짓점의개수로나누면된다. 2. 위치파악원리 안테나가 tag를감지하는면적은거의일정하다. 그러나각 tag에도달하는신호의세기는실험환경이나장애물의유무에따라서다르게나타난다. 그래서안테나에읽힌 tag들만을고려하여중심값을구하면안테나 ( 물체 ) 의위치에가장근접한좌표가나오게된다 [9]. 안테나의가독범위를 Fig. 1에나타내었다. 3. 실험및결과 3.1 실험장비 Fig. 3은본실험에직접사용한리더기와안테나이다. Alien사의 ALR 리더기를사용하였고, 안테나는동일사의 MT92 제품을사용하였다. Fig. 3. Experiment equipments Fig. 1. Legible range of the Antenna Table 1 과 Table 2 는 Fig. 3 의실험장비들의사양을 8761

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 12 호, 2015 나타낸표이다. Table 1은 ALR 와사용된 tag의사양을나타낸표로, 본장비는 900MHz 대의주파수용도이며 50 개의전송채널을가지고있다. 통신은 RS- 232케이블을이용한통신과 LAN선을이용한통신두가지가가능하다. 본실험에서는 LAN선을이용해기존 IP를리더기가통신할수있는 IP로바꾸어통신하는방식으로진행하였다. 안테나는 4개까지연결할수있다. 사용된 tag는리더기 ALR 제조사의 ALN-9640 모델로사양은다음표와같다. 것을확인할수있는데이경우물체가 1 번원부근에서 2 번원부근의위치로이동한것을확인할수있다. Table 1. Specifications of ALR and tags Model Number ALR Frequency 902 MHz ~ 928 MHz Transmit Channels 50 Robust universal AC-DC Power Power converter, 100~240 VAC, 50/60 Hz Communications LAN TCP/IP, RS reserve polarity TNC Antennas monostatic ports; circular or linear polarization; near and far field compatible ISO/IEC C complaint RFID UHF operation Tags ( MHz) 800-bits of Nonvolatile Memory Dimensions 94.8 x 8.15 mm 2 Thickness 0.25 mm Fig. 4. Confirmation principle of movement of an object Table 2는 MT-92 안테나와사양을나타낸표이다. 900MHz 대의안테나이며, 원형타입의편광을갖는다. 입력임피던스는 50Ω, 크기는가로, 세로 213mm 크기의정사각형안테나이다. Table 2. Specifications of MT-92 Antenna Model Number MT-92 Antenna Frequency 902 MHz ~ 928 MHz Polarization Circular Type Beam Width(3dB) 70 degree nominal Input Impedance 50ohm Size 213mm x 213mm 3.2 실험과정 Fig. 4 와같이정사각형모양으로 tag를배치할경우, 1번원의가독범위를가지고안테나가위치하였을때, tag1 과 tag9 가읽히는것을확인할수있다. 2번원의가독범위를가지면서위치하였을때는 tag 2, 9, 10이읽히는 Fig. 5. Installation of the Antenna and an experiment process Fig. 5와같이 tag를원하는모양으로바닥에배치한다. 넓은건물의실내에서바닥재에내장및부착된 tag 로부터수신된정보를이용하여이동로봇의위치파악및길안내를받을수있기때문에, Fig. 5와같이 tag들을바닥에놓고실험을진행하였다. 브라켓을이용하여안테나가바닥을향하도록고정시킨철제선반을통째로이동시키는것이물체의이동이된다. 물체를각배치별로 10회다른위치로이동시켜가며마름모, 직사각형, 정사각형그리고정육각형의 4개의모양총 40회의실험을진행하였다. 그리고실험시 30cm를좌표 1.0으로하여실험하였다. 8762

4 RFID 를기반으로한실내위치파악및효율적 Tag 배치 3.3 실험결과 Table 3. Results of the Rectangle tag arrangement Rectangle Position Test Position Error(cm) 1 2,2 2.86, ,2 4.57, ,2 4.88, ,4 5.6, ,4 3, ,4 2.44, ,4 1.66, ,6 2.11, ,6 4, ,6 5.5, Avg 가로 30cm, 세로 60cm의크기로배치하였다. 색칠된부분이읽힌 tag이고, 8번째실험에서물체는동그라미부분에위치하였다. 총 9개의 tag가인식되었고, 각 tag 의 x, y좌표를구해무게중심값을측정하였다. 실제물체의위치의좌표는 (2,6) 이고측정한무게중심좌표는 (2.11,6) 이다. Table 4는정사각형 tag 배치에서물체를 10회이동시켜가며실험한결과표이다. 정사각형 tag 배치실험에서는 1번째실험에서오차가 3.84cm로가장작은오차를보였고, 10회의실험평균오차는 21.19cm이다. Table 3은직사각형 tag 배치에서물체를 10회이동시켜가며실험한결과표이다. 각각의위치마다실제좌표를구하고, 읽힌 tag들을이용해무게중심좌표를구하여오차를도출하였다. 그리고마지막에는 10번의모든실험의평균오차를구하였다. 직사각형 tag 배치실험에서는 8번째실험에서오차가 3.30cm로가장적은오차를보였고, 10회의실험평균오차는 29.36cm이다. Fig. 7. First experiment result of the Square tag arrangement Fig. 6. 8th experiment result of the Rectangle tag arrangement Table 4. Results of the Square tag arrangement Square Position Test Position Error(cm) 1 2,2 2.3, ,2 3.82, ,2 5, ,3 4.9, ,3 2.8, ,4 2.35, ,3 1.63, ,4 4.9, ,5 1.6, ,5 3.7, Avg Fig. 6은직사각형 tag 배치실험에서가장오차가작은 8번째실험결과를나타낸그림이다. 직사각형 1개당 Fig. 7은정사각형 tag 배치실험에서가장오차가작은 1번째실험결과를나타낸그림이다. 정사각형 1개당가로, 세로 30cm의크기로배치하였다. 색칠된부분이읽힌 tag이고, 1번째실험에서물체는동그라미부분에위치하였다. 총 11개의 tag가인식되었고, 각 tag의 x, y좌표를구해무게중심값을측정하였다. 실제물체의위치의좌표는 (2,2) 이고측정한무게중심좌표는 (2.3,1.92) 이다. Table 5. Results of the Diamond tag arrangement Diamond Position Test Position Error(cm) 1 2,6 2.6, ,5 3, ,08 3 4,6 4.29, ,5 5.44, ,4 4.86, ,3 3, ,4 6.25, ,3 5.43, ,2 6, ,6 5.78, Avg Table 5 는마름모 tag 배치에서물체를 10 회이동시 8763

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 12 호, 2015 켜가며실험한결과표이다. 마름모 tag 배치실험에서는 3번째실험에서오차가 8.70cm로가장작은오차를보였고, 10회의실험평균오차는 24.96cm이다. Fig. 9. 4th experiment result of the Regular hexagon tag arrangement Fig. 8. 3rd experiment result of the Diamond tag arrangement Fig. 8 은마름모 tag 배치실험에서가장오차가작은 3번째실험결과를나타낸그림이다. 한변이 38cm크기인마름모로배치하였다. 색칠된부분이읽힌 tag이고, 3번째실험에서물체는동그라미부분에위치하였다. 총 7개의 tag가인식되었고, 각 tag의 x, y좌표를구해무게중심값을측정하였다. 실제물체의위치의좌표는 (4,6) 이고측정한무게중심좌표는 (4.29,6) 이다. Table 6. Results of the Regular hexagon tag arrangement Regular hexagon Position Test Position Error(cm) 1 4,5 4.21, ,5 6.26, ,4 7.77, ,3 6.13, ,2 4.69, ,2 3.11, ,4 2.79, ,5 2.72, ,2 6.69, ,3 4.06, Avg Table 6은정육각형 tag 배치에서물체를 10회이동시켜가며실험한결과표이다. 정육각형 tag 배치실험에서는 3번째실험에서오차가 11.46cm로가장작은오차를보였고, 10회의실험평균오차는 22.31cm이다. Fig. 9 는정육각형 tag 배치실험에서가장오차가작은 4번째실험결과를나타낸그림이다. 정육각형 1개당한변이 38cm인크기로배치하였다. 색칠된부분이읽힌 tag 이고, 4번째실험에서물체는동그라미부분에위치하였다. 총 15개의 tag가인식되었고, 각 tag의 x, y좌표를구해무게중심값을측정하였다. 실제물체의위치의좌표는 (6,3) 이고측정한무게중심좌표는 (6.13,2.6) 이다. Table 7. The number of tags of the unit area Arrangement shapes The number of tags of the unit area Rectangle 6 Square 9 Diamond 5 Regular hexagon 6 Table 7은각배치모양별단위면적당 tag 수를비교한표이다. 정사각형은가장적은오차를보였지만가장많은수의 tag가소요되었다. 정사각형을제외한나머지배치들은단위면적당비슷한 tag 수가소요되었다. 4. 결론 본연구는 tag 의배치를기본적인도형들인직사각형, 정사각형, 마름모그리고정육각형등의모양으로실험을하였으며, 이들중최적의 tag 배치를찾아보았다. 이를위해물체의위치는무게중심법을사용하여계산하였다. 10번의실험의결과실제위치와측정위치와의 8764

6 RFID 를기반으로한실내위치파악및효율적 Tag 배치 평균오차가가장작은 tag 배치는평균오차 21.19cm인정사각형 tag 배치로나타났다. 그다음오차가작은순서로는정육각형이 22.31cm, 마름모가 24.96cm, 그리고직사각형이 30cm의오차를보였다. 마름모에서 8.7cm, 정사각형에서 3.84cm, 심지어직사각형에서는 3.30cm의오차를보이는보다정확한실험이존재하였지만, 10번의실험중다른실험들의오차분포가커평균오차는정사각형보다컸다. 정육각형 tag 배치는비교적다른 tag 배치보다오차의분포가고르고평균오차도비교적작았다. 하지만정사각형 tag 배치보다오차가컸다. 그러나평균오차와단위면적당배치된 tag수를모두고려하였을때, 6개의 tag가소요되는정육각형배치가 9개의 tag가소요되는정사각형배치보다효율적이라고할수있다. 둘의오차의차이는 1.12cm밖에나지않지만, 단위면적당소모되는 tag 수의차이는 3개이므로정육각형배치가오차와경제성을함께고려할때효율적인배치라는것을확인하였다. References [1] Jae Ho Shin, Yeon Chan Hong, Development of High-Speed RFID Reader System, Journal of Control, Automation and System Engineering Vol. 13, No. 9 pp , Sep DOI: [2] Sae Hyeon Nam, You Chung Chung RFID Location Based Tree Management System Using Insertion UHF RFID TAG and GPS, The Journal of The Korean Institute Of Communication Sciences Vol. 37C No.10', Oct [3] R. Want, "An introduction to RFID technology.", IEEE Pervasive Computing, pp , Jan-Mar DOI: [4] Juels, A, "RFID security and privacy: a research survey", IEEE Volume:24 pp , Feb DOI: [5] Hyeon Tae Kim, Yong Kwan Ji, Jang Hyeon Park, RFID Tag Arrangement Algorithm for Estimation of Mobile Robot Position in an Indoor Environment, The Journal of The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Jun [6] Nichapat Pathanawongthum, Panarat Cherntan- omwong, "Empirical Evaluation of RFID-based Indoor Localization with Human Body Effect", Proceedings of the 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications pp , Oct [7] Jian Zhu, Prof. regory D. Durgin, "Indoor/ Outdoor Location of Cellular Handsets Based on Received Signal Strength", IEEE Electronics Letters, vol. 41, no. 1, pp , Jan DOI: [8] Dae Sung Seo, Ho Gil Lee Hong Suck Kim, Gwang Woong Yang, Dae Hee Won, Monte Carlo Localization for Mobile Robots Under RFID Tag Infrastructures, Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and System 12(1) pp , Jan [9] Lingfei Zhang, "A Fast Center of Mass Estimation Algorithm for Coordinates of IR Markers", The 9th International Conference pp , Nov DOI: [10] Beong Ju Ryu, Je Hun Lee, Jin Hwan Koh, Signal analysis of Hangul shaped Chipless RFID Tag The Journal of The Korean Institute Of Communication Sciences, 38(12) pp , Dec DOI: 윤창선 (Chang-Sun Yoon) [ 정회원 ] 제어계측, RFID, 정보통신 2012 년 2 월 : 고려대학교대학원전자컴퓨터공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2012 년 2 월 ~ 2015 년 11 월 : 인천대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 박사과정 ) 2004 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국전력기술 ( 주 ) 책임기술원 윤동민 (Dong-Min Yoon) [ 준회원 ] RFID, 계측제어 2009 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 인천대학교전자공학과 ( 학부과정 ) 8765

7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 12 호, 2015 권영찬 (Young-Chan Kwon) [ 준회원 ] 2009 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 인천대학교전자공학과 ( 학부과정 ) 제어공학, RFID 홍연찬 (Yeon-Chan Hong) [ 정회원 ] 1985 년 2 월 : 서울대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1989 년 2 월 : 서울대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1990 년 3 월 ~ 1992 년 2 월 : 순천향대학교전자공학과전임강사 1992 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 인천대학교전자공학과교수 제어계측, RFID, 홈네트워킹 8766

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