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1 Journal of Life Science 2015 Vol. 25. No ~946 Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed by Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus Infection in the Korean Rhinoceros Beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma Kisang Kwon 1, Bo-Kyung Yoo 2, Hyun-Woo Suh 2, Young Hwa Ko 2, Hong Geun Kim 3, Seokhyun Lee 3, Kwan-Ho Park 3, Ji-Young Choi 3 and O-Yu Kwon 2 * 1 Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health & Welfare, Kyungwoon University, Gumi , Korea 2 Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon , Korea 3 Applied Entomology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun , Korea Received July 7, 2015 /Revised July 31, 2015 /Accepted July 31, 2015 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI : The Korean rhinoceros beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) is popular as a pet and as a food ingredient, and it is commercially distributed in Korea. It is also traditionally regarded as a medicine for liver-related diseases. Recently, the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus was introduced from Southeast Asia. This virus is reported as a disease factor for A. dichotoma in mass-rearing facilities, and economic losses due to this viral infection have been increasing in Korea since the 2010s. In this study, we observed serious structural changes in the fat body and the intestine of virus-infected beetles. We report five genes that are up-regulated by the viral infection in the intestine: BTF3H4-like (transcription factor BTF3 homolog 4-like), SPS-like (serine proteinase stubble-like), COPB1 (coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 1), T-CP (T-complex 1 subunit gamma), and HSP70 HSP70 (heat shock protein 70). The results may provide a clue for the early diagnosis and disease-treatment that occurs in mass-rearing facilities. The improvement of stable productivity will increase the farmers income, and quality control of beetle-breeding will help industries to utilize this beetle as a promising food ingredient. Key words : Allomyrina dichotoma, Korean rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus infection - Note - 서 2014 년현재국내곤충산업의시장규모는 2,000 억원정도. 곤충사육농가는약 500 곳으로추산된다 년에는 3,000 억 원을넘을것으로예상된다. 단백질공급원, 소자본ㆍ작은공 간에서사육가능, 강한번식력, 상대적으로쉬운사육관리, 대 량살상의윤리문제회피, 온실가스와자원비용절감등의장 점을가지고있어곤충산업은미래녹색생명산업으로주목을 받고있다 [9]. 그러나곤충의산업화가진행되면서건강한곤 충의대량사육이요구되고있다. Virus 에의한백강병 (white muscardine), 녹강병 (green muscardine), 고름병, bacteria 에 의한물렁물렁병등과함께 fungus, 원충 (protozoa), 선충 (nematoda), 응애 (mites) 등에의해서대량집단사육시질병 발생이발생하여대규모피해가만성적으로발생하고있다 [6]. 그동안에농진청에서진단 / 판별 kit, 병유발유전자탐색, 친 환경방제법을발전시켜오고있다. 그러나정밀한진단및치 료법이개발되지않은상태이다. *Corresponding author *Tel : , Fax : * oykwon@cnu.ac.kr This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 론 장수풍뎅이 (Korean rhinoceros beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma) 는사육되는대표적인곤충이다. 한국을포함한동남아시아등지에분포하는장수풍뎅이의전체몸길이는 mm로매우단단한외피에싸여있다. 몸색깔은전체적으로흑밤색을띤다. 수컷은반짝이는광택이나며머리에긴뿔이나있는데, 그길이가몸길이의절반정도이다. 이들은주로낮에는어두운썩은나무속혹은땅속에숨어있다가밤에나와서졸참나무 (Quercus serrata), 상수리나무 (Quercus acutissima) 의수액을먹는다. 6-8월에짝짓기를한다음에썩은부엽토에 30~70개의알을낳는다. 유충은일생중두번탈피를한뒤월동하였다가다음해초여름에땅속에서번데기가되었다가, 15~20일뒤에성충으로우화한다 [8]. 이들은최근에관상용으로인기가높으며, 특히애벌레는곤충식품으로도주목을받고있다. 장수풍뎅이의대량사육시발생하는질병의원인이최근에 virus (Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus) 인것이보고되었다 [5]. 그러나아직정확한발병기전과치료방법을알지못하여사육농가에심각한경제적손실을주고있다. 본연구팀은이문제를해결하기위하여 virus에감염된장수풍뎅이의장 (intestine) 특이적으로발현하는유전자를 Differential Display (DD)-PCR방법으로동정하였다. 장수풍뎅이의질병관련유전자에관한보고는본논문이최초이다. 이들유전자에대한깊은연구는질병예찰과치료에도움을줄수있는실마리를제공할것이다. 이는장수풍뎅이의안정적인대량생산을통해서생산성향상과소득증대효과및균일화된대량사육을통
2 Journal of Life Science 2015, Vol. 25. No 해서곤충식품원료의품질관리가능하게할것이다. 재료및방법곤충사육및장 (gut) 분리본연구에이용된장수풍뎅이는표준사육기준에따라사육된 3령 larvae를경기도시흥시아이벅스캠프 ( 영농조합법인 ) 로부터구입한후, 약 25, 40% 의습도조건의발효톱밥에보관하였다. 3령 larvae의머리부분을해부침으로고정시킨후표피를아래에서머리방향으로한번에가른다. Fat body 를제거한후장을통째로분리하여장내부의톱밥등의내용물을제거하고, 차가운 phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 에 3회세척하여불순물질을모두제거후 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) 로고정또는 total RNA를분리하였다. Virus 감염유무는아래의 primer를사용하여확인하였다. OrNV-F1; TCCG- GAAATTACACGAGCCAC, OrNV-R1; ATGCCGTACGAG- AGTATAGGTCG. H&E 염색 4% PFA에고정한장조직을흐르는물에충분히수세하여저농도에서고농도의에탄올에순차적으로담가탈수시킨후자일렌을이용하여투명화하였다. 그다음파라핀으로포매하고마이크로톰을이용하여 4 μm 두께로잘라슬라이드에올린후파라핀을제거하였다. Hematoxylin과 eosin을이용하여염색한후봉입하여현미경으로관찰하였다. RNA 분리 3 MM paper를이용하여수분을제거한조직을 1.5 ml tube 에넣고 500 μl의 RNA isolation buffer를첨가하여 lysis 시킨후 100 μl의 chloroform을넣어충분히섞어주었다. 13,000 rpm, 4 에서 10분동안원심분리하여약 250 μl의상등액을취하여새로운 tube에옮긴후동량의 isopropanol을첨가하였다. 실온에서 10분정도침전반응유도한후 13,000 rpm, 4 에서 10분동안원심분리하고, 75% ethanol을 500 μl로세척하여 total RNA을얻어 RNase-free water로녹인후 nonodrop (Thermo Scientific, USA) 을이용하여정량하였다. DD-PCR GeneFishing DEG kit (Seegene, Korea) 를사용하여 PCRbased differential display 방법으로선별하였다. Total RNA 3 μg과 dt-acp1 oligomer 를섞어 80 에서 3분동안열변성시킨후, 10x buffer, dntp, MML-V, RNase inhibitor 등이포함된용액과혼합하여 42 에서 90분간반응시켜 cdna를합성하였다. 이 cdna를주형으로하여 dt-acp2와 20가지의 arbitrary ACP를이용하여 95 에서 1분, 50 에서 3분, 72 에서 1분동안반응하여 double-strand cdna 를합성하였다. 그런다음 94 에서 30초, 65 에서 30초, 72 에서 1분씩 40회반복한후, 2% agarose gel에서확인하였다. Target band를오려서 Gel elution kit (ELPIS Biotech, Korea) 를이용하여 DNA를회수한후 pgem-t easy vector (Promega, USA) 를이용하여 cloning 하였다. Plasmid miniprep kit (ELPIS Biotech, Korea) 를이용하여 DNA를추출한후솔젠트회사에의뢰하여염기서열을결정하였다 (Solgent, Korea). RT-PCR 발현차이를보인유전자에해당하는 primer를이용하여 reverse transcription-pcr을수행하였다. Total RNA 3 μg과 oligo-dt를섞어 80 에서 3분동안열변성시킨후, 10x buffer, dntp, MML-V, RNase inhibitor 등이포함된용액과혼합하여 42 에서 90분간반응시켜 cdna를합성하였다. cdna를증폭시키기위해서해당 primer를이용하여 95 에서 30초, 56 에서 30초, 72 에서 30초로 28회반응하여전기영동으로확인하였다. 사용된 primer는다음과같다. BTF3H4-like; F (5'-TACCGGATTTGGTGGAGAAC)/R(5'-CACATTCCCGA CTGAAACAA), SPS; F(5'-GATGCATGCACGGGTGAC)/R (5'-GCAACCAAGACCCCATGTTA), COPB1; F(5'-GGCCA- CGTACGAGTTAGAGC)/R(5'-CATGCCTTAAATTGGCCT TT), T-cp1; F(5'-CGGGGAACTAGTCGAACAAA)/R(5'-CC- ATTTCCGAGGGTTTAGGT), Hsp70; F(5'-AAATCGGAAG- AGGTGCAAGA)/R(5'-CAAGACGCCTGGTTGGTTAT), α- Tublin; F(5'-TGGTGTCCAACAGGTTTCAA)/R(5'-AAATC- TTCACGGGCTTCTGA). 결과및고찰 Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus에감염된장수풍뎅이의 3령 larvae는정상적인것에비하여체장의변화는없다. 그러나육안으로도감염된것은몸전체가투명하지않으며진한노란색깔을띤다. 가장특징적인것은탈장을확인할수있다 (Fig. 1A). 본실험에서는 virus sequence를이용하여 RT-PCR 방법으로감염유무를확인하였다 (Fig. 1B). 곤충의 fat body는포유동물의 liver와같이지질대사와해독작용에관여하는기관이다. 결국 virus감염에의해서 fat body가방어시스템을작동하였기에정상적인 fat body보다가크게팽창한것으로생각된다. 해부하여각각의 fat body를 HE염색하여현미경하에서조직을관찰하였다. Virus에감염된것의 fat body가아주팽창되어있고부분적으로터져있는것을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 1C). 이와같은결과는정상적인신진대사가일어나지않아서탈장이유도되는것을생각된다. 이때에장 (intestine) 의구조적인변화를관찰하기위하여각각의장을 HE염색하여조직학적인구조변화를현미경하에서관찰하였다. 정상적인장구조에비하여 virus감염된장구조는기저층에있는근
3 944 생명과학회지 2015, Vol. 25. No. 8 A B C D E Fig. 1. (A) Visual comparison of both a virus-infected larva (left) and a healthy larva (right). The virus-infected larva appears more yellowish than the healthy one, and its abdomen is swollen with an intestinal hernia. (B) Virus infection confirmed by RT-PCR. (C) Histological changes of the fat body from the virus-infected larva (left) and that from the healthy larva (right). Fat body infected by virus is swollen and partially exploded. (D) Histological changes of intestine from the virus-infected larva (left) and that from the healthy one (right). Intestine from the virus-infected larva shows weak lamina muscular compared to that from a healthy larva. Virus-infected epithelium glands almost lost its goblet cells. (E) The result of DD-PCR, arrows indicate differentially expressed DNA fragments. 육층 (lamina musclaris) 이아주얇아져있고점막 (tunica musclaris) 층이빈약해져있다. 그결과점액 (mucin) 을분비하는술잔세포 (goblet cell) 의숫자가현저히감소되어거의관찰되지않는다 (Fig. 1D). 점액은산성단백질로미세융모 (microvillus) 의당질층 (glycocalyx) 에보호막을형성하여상피 (epithelium) 표면을윤활하게하고상피를보호하는역할을담당하고있다. 이처럼 virus감염에의해서장의정상적인기능이작동할수없는상태가질병유발의주요원인인것으로생각된다. 장수풍뎅이가 Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus에감염되었을때에장에서일어나는분자기전을이해하기위하여 DD-PCR방법을이용하여, 특이적으로발현하는유전자를탐색하였다. GeneFishing DEG kit (Seegene, Korea) 는포유동물의특이유전자탐색에사용되는것이지만, 곤충을상대로했을때에도잘적용되는것을확인하였다. Virus에감염된장과비감염된장으로부터 total RNA를얻어서사용하였다. 그결과다수의 1차결과를얻었지만 reverse PCR결과많은 false가확인되었지만특이적인 DNA단편이확인되었다 (Fig. 1E). 그러나 Fig. 2의결과에서보는것과같이 5개의유전자는 virus감염에의해서특이적으로발현이상승하는것이확인되었다. BTF3H4- like (transcription factor BTF3 homolog 4-like) 의발현은 virus감염에의해서 2이상상승하였다. 그러나이단백질의생체내기능은아직알려진것이없다. 단지일반적인유전자전사인자로서 RNA polymerase II complex와안정적인관계를유지한다는것정도가알려져있다 [2]. SPS-like (serine proteinase stubble-like) 의발현은 virus감염에의해서 3배상승하였다. 이단백질의주된생체내기능은 serine-type endopeptidase활성을가지고있는것으로 hormone 의존적으로 epithelial morphogenesis에관여한다 [3]. COPB1 (coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 1) 의발현은 virus감염에의해서 4배증가하였다. Golgi-to-ER transport 시스템에중요한단백질로서분비vesicles형성에관여한다 [4]. T-CP (T-complex 1 subunit gamma) 의발현은 virus감염에의해서 4배상승한다. 이단백질은 molecular chaperone으로서 ATP hydrolysis에의해서단백질의 folding을돕는다, 특히 actin and tubulin
4 Journal of Life Science 2015, Vol. 25. No A B C D E Fig. 2. Five genes up-regulated by virus infection in the intestine. H; healthy intestine, D; Virus-infected intestine. folding에중요하다 [1]. HSP70 (heat shock protein 70) 의발현은 virus감염에의해서 6배상승하였다. 어디에서나발현하는 heat shock protein으로서 protein folding, 외부스트레스로부터세포보호에중요한역할을한다 [7]. 본연구결과는장수풍뎅이 (Korean Rhinoceros Beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma) 가 Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus에감염되면 fat body와장에서조직적인구조변화가일어나는것을관찰되었다. 이와함께장에서특이적으로발현이상승하는유전자로 BTF3H4-like, SPS-like, COPB1, T-CP, HSP70를보고한다. 이결과는장수풍뎅이의대량사육시발생하는질병의조기진단과치료에새로운기회를제공할것이다. 그리고안정적인생산성향상을통해서소득증대효과및균일화된대량사육을통해서식품원료로인정받을수있을것이다. 감사의글본성과물 ( 논문 ) 은농촌진흥청연구사업 ( 세부과제번호 : PJ ) 의지원에의해이루어진것임. References 1. Bhaskar, Kumari, N. and Goyal N Cloning, characterization and sub-cellular localization of gamma subunit of T-complex protein-1 (chaperonin) from Leishmania donovani. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 429, Lee, S., Park, K. H., Nam, S. H., Kwak, K. W. and Choi, J. Y First report of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) causing severe disease in Allomyrina dichotoma in Korea. J. Insect Sci. 15: DOI: /jisesa/iev Manley, R., Boots, M. and Wilfert, L Emerging viral disease risk to pollinating insects: ecological, evolutionary and anthropogenic factors. J. Appl. Ecol. 52, Mayer, M. P Hsp70 chaperone dynamics and molecular mechanism. Trends Biochem. Sci. 38, Suh, H. J., Kim, S. R., Lee, K. S., Park, S. and Kang, S. C Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from Allomyrina dichotoma (Arthropoda: Insecta) larvae. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 99, van Huis, A Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58,
5 946 생명과학회지 2015, Vol. 25. No. 8 초록 : 장수풍뎅이 (Korean Rhinoceros Beettle, Allomyrina dichotoma) 에 Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus 감염특이적으로발현하는유전자동정권기상 1 유보경 2 서현우 2 고영화 2 김홍근 3 이석현 3 박관호 3 최지영 3 권오유 2 ( 1 경운대학교임상병리학과, 2 충남대학교의학전문대학원해부학교실, 3 농진청국립농업과학원곤충산업과 ) 장수풍뎅이 (Korean Rhinoceros Beettle, Allomyrina dichotoma) 는관상용으로인기가높으며, 애벌레는식품으로주목을받고있다. 장수풍뎅이의대량사육시발생하는질병의원인이최근에 virus (Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus) 인것이보고되었다. 그러나아직정확한발병기전과치료방법을알지못하여사육농가에심각한경제적손실을주고있다. 본연구에서는 virus에감염된장수풍뎅이의 fat body와장에서심각한조직변화가관찰되었다. 이때에유전자발현이상승하는것으로 BTF3H4-like, SPS-like, COPB1, T-CP, HSP70를보고한다. 이결과는장수풍뎅이의대량사육시발생하는질병의조기진단과치료에실마리를제공할것이다. 그리고안정적인생산성향상을통해서소득증대효과및균일화된대량사육을통해서식품원료로인정받을수있을것이다.
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