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1 Carbon Science Vol. 8, No. 1 March 2007 pp Characterization and Fabrication of Chemically Activated Carbon Fibers with Various Drying Temperatures using OXI-PAN Fibers Sook Young Moon, Byung-Ha Lee and Yun Soo Lim Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do , Korea yslim@mju.ac.kr (Received January 19, 2007; Accepted February 16, 2007) Abstract Oxidized PAN (OXI-PAN) fibers were used for the precursors of activated carbon fiber in study. How drying temperature affected the properties of carbon fibers on activating process of carbon fibers was investigated. The specific surface areas of activated carbon fibers have been determined on a series of chemically activated carbons with KOH and NaOH. The experimental data showed variations in specific surface area, iodine and silver adsorptions by the activated carbon fibers. The amount of iodine adsorption increases with increasing specific surface areas in both activation methods. This was because the ionic radius of iodine was smaller than the interior micropore size of activated carbon fibers. Silver adsorbed well in NaOH activated carbon fibers rather than KOH activated carbon fibers in this study. Keywords : Chemically activation, Surface areas, Drying temperature, Silver adsorption, Iodine adsorption 1. ˆ o p l sq p p p ˆl l n. v, ˆ o ˈ m p, o p p rsnp,,, em nre l o p v p l qmm p rp, n rëlr r p qrp. p p v ˆ o v, PAN ˆ o o o ˆ l, l v p v p [1]. p ˆ o rs o p rp rp p p. tl r p r l k l t p. p nk [2, 3], ~w, r l n m r l p m. w, ƒ vp ˆ lp 1 p n. w, r q s l o ƒ p ˆ p p kp r lk l pp v, r p n q l l m p t dehydratingrql ˆ p p lr l p ˆ p pp ˆ. w, p rp. w, p q p, p rl o v p. p r rq k k Š vp, vp p n rp v KOH, K 2 CO 3, NaOH, AlCl 3, ZnCl 3 H 2 PO 4 p p [3-9]. tl KOH agent pn p p p lp p l p l p. KOHl p ˆ l Œ KOH p p p(1)p ~ K ˆ m d p Œ l ml v l ˆ p p tp f p l ˆ p rp v [10, 11]. 6KOH + 2C Ë 2K + 3H 2 + 2K 2 CO 3 (1) K 2 CO 3 + C Ë K 2 O + 2CO (2) K 2 O + C Ë2K + CO (3) NaOHp n KOH rp qp po NaOH ˆ p R=O group pp v k l KOH p p r p p Ž. ˆ l p p sq, p p v v rr rp qnp l p vl k l l p m p t p. v p (3) p pp p Na 2 CO 3 R=Om R- OHm pp v k [10, 11]. 6NaOH + 2C Ë 2Na + 3H 2 + 2Na 2 CO 3 (4) KOH NaOH k e p j l rp v ˆ p l p p p po p.
2 Characterization and Fabrication of Chemically Activated Carbon Fibers with Various Drying Temperatures using OXI-PAN Fibers 31 Table 1. Symbol and Conditions of Fabricated Activated Carbon Fibers Symbol OKOH-3/8-1.5 OKOH-6/8-1.5 OKOH-9/8-1.5 ONOH-3/8-1.5 ONOH-6/8-1.5 ONOH-9/8-1.5 Fabrication Condition Activated by 1.5 M KOH, Drying Temp.: 30 o C, Activation Temp.: 800 o C Activated by 1.5 M KOH, Drying Temp.: 60 o C, Activation Temp.: 800 o C Activated by 1.5 M KOH, Drying Temp.: 90 o C, Activation Temp.: 800 o C Activated by 1.5 M NaOH, Drying Temp.: 30 o C, Activation Temp.: 800 o C Activated by 1.5 M NaOH, Drying Temp.: 60 o C, Activation Temp.: 800 o C Activated by 1.5 M NaOH, Drying Temp.: 90 o C, Activation Temp.: 800 o C l l PAN ˆ op precursorp OXI PAN o r p ˆ o rs k p r, sm l ˆ op p q m. 2. yw y y OXI-PAN o KOH nk NaOH nkl 24e reˆ, 30 o C, 60 o C 90 o Cl 24e s l p o l 1e k m. p l p o l o l o 5gjp 0.5~2 M p KOH nk NaOH nkl r m, m 800 o C m. p dm 5 o C/minp mp, v dp o p 150 m/minp m. e v m p m p pn l } l qs KOH r 100 o Cp s l s m. Table 1l rs ˆ op rs s p r p. d rs ˆ op r s m p rq (Surface area and Pore size analyzer, Autosorb-I, Quantachrome Co., U.S.A) pn l 77 Kl v r m. rp tr BET l p l r lp, v (pore diameter) nr(micropore volume)p Dubinin-Radushkevich(DR)e Horvath- Kawazoe(HK)ep pn l llp, t (mesopore) p nr r r m. ˆ o p n s o l t rq (Scanning Electron Microscope, S-3500N, Hitachi Co., Japan) p pn l m. rs ˆ op nm p l (KS-1802)l p l rp m. rs ˆ o 0.5 gp d l 4ppmp AgNO 3 nk 50 ml ml 24e reˆ shakingeˆ. e v l } 100 o C l 48e seˆ. p e p SEMp l p p pq EDS m. 3. m y y w t y Fig. 1 Fig. 2l sm l p(activation yield)p m rp ˆ l. Fig. 1p OXI Fig. 1. Changes of yield and specific surface area of KOH activated ACFs at 800 o C. Fig. 2. Changes of yield and specific surface area of NaOH activated ACFs at 800 o C.
3 32 S. Y. Moon et al. / Carbon Science Vol. 8, No. 1 (2007) PAN o KOHnkl r ˆ o p p rp ˆ p. KOH pp 0.5 Mp KOHnkl r 30 o C s n 78.4% q kp, 2 Mp KOH nkl r 90 o C l s n 18.7% q k. rp n 2Mp KOH r 90 o Cl s n 2578 m 2 /gp q k, 0.5 Mp KOH nkl r 60 o C s n 2m 2 /gp m. Fig. 2 OXI PAN o NaOHnkl r ˆ op p rp ˆ p. pp 0.5 Mp NaOHnkl r 30 o C s n 76.9% q kp, 2 Mp NaOHnkl r 90 o C s n 26.3% q k. rp n 2Mp NaOHl r 90 o C s n 1786 m 2 /gp q k, 0.5 Mp NaOH nkl r 60 o C s n 2m 2 /gp m. p p kl p, KOHl p ˆ l Œ KOHp K m(800 o C)l v l ˆ p p tp f p l ˆ p rp v l p. KOH k p nl p pe(1) 6KOH + 2C Ë 2K + 3H 2 + 2K 2 CO 3 p 600 o Cl pl p KOH K 2 CO 3 rp. pe (2) K 2 CO 3 + C Ë K 2 O + 2CO 700 o Cl pl K 2 CO 3 K 2 O rp, pe (3) K 2 O + C Ë2K + CO 800 o C l pl K pm p ˆ p (002) l Œ l v [12]. NaOHp n KOH rp qp po NaOH ˆ p R=O group pp v k l KOH p p r p. KOH NaOH k e p j l rp v ˆ p l p p p po p. l l n OXI PAN o p ˆ ˆ ol r r p p l KOH NaOH d o v r l Ž l p rp ˆ p Ž. k r sm pl m p, 30 o Cl s n k p s l lp pp o C k., 60 o Cl s nl KOHp n k p 1M p l 90 o C l s n pp. k p 1.5 M p p kv o Cl s np t r ˆ. NaOH n n 60 o C l s n k p p n(1 M p )l sm kv pp kr. k p 1.5 p p p 60 o Cm 90 o Cl s n pp p d p ˆ. rl sm m p p rp p m, KOH k p n e, 90 o Cl s n r ol ~ p p ˆ p, 60 o Cl s n rp p rp ˆ. NaOHp n KOHm sm kv rp kv p m.»œ s l l rs ˆ op m p Fig. 3 l ˆ l. Fig. 3(a)l KOHl p n B.D.D.T.p type I IIp t ˆ ˆ l p k, t p l p pp k p. Type Ip m p p p p l rp kt rp n rp o ppp ˆ p p l n p l p p p. type I p k p ~r}n(micropore volume filling)p l p p, e p p k l ˆ Fig. 3. Nitrogen adsorption isotherm of activated carbon fibers at 77 K: (a) ACFs with KOH (b) ACFs with NaOH.
4 Characterization and Fabrication of Chemically Activated Carbon Fibers with Various Drying Temperatures using OXI-PAN Fibers 33 Table 2. Characteristics of Porous Structure of PAN-based Activated Carbon Fibers Sample S BET (m 2 /g) D DR (Å) V DR (cc/g) D HK (Å) V HK (cc/g) OKOH-3/ OKOH-6/ OKOH-9/ ONOH-3/ ONOH-6/ ONOH-9/ p n p k (mesopore macropore n p )l p l p p. Fig. 3(b)l NaOH p rs ˆ op m type I IIp t ˆ ˆ p. v, r rl p rp l p p sn p k pl. Table 2l ˆ op Dubinin- Radushkevich(DR) Horvath-Kawazoe(HK) l p p ˆ l. el p, DR ep t ( Å)p v HK ep (k 20 Å)p v m. KOH r j n NaOH n r p l sp ˆ l. p p NaOHm KOHl p ˆ k Œ KOH K 2 O p K 2 O e oq K o l ˆ m d p Œ l ml v l ˆ p p tp f p ƒ v p. NaOH n p r v p rp n p ˆ. p s l p p p l pp rqp p e lr p p p. Fig. 4l OXI PAN o p nkl r 90 o Cl s eˆ ˆ op Dubinin-Astakhov (DA)e Horvath-Kawazoe(HK)el p ˆ l. Fig. 4(a)l DAel p Pore size distributionp KOHm NaOH 20 Å r l p nrp ˆ lv NaOHp r n k k., Fig. 4(b)l HKel p Pore size distributionp KOH n NaOHm d 15 Å r l p nrp ˆ v nr l j n. p Table 2p pore sizel l p KOHp ˆ p k Œ l p ƒ v p r p ˆ op SEMp Fig. 5m 6l ˆ l. KOHl p n Fig. 4-9l p p o v p prl 8.25 μml 800 o C 13 μm 4.75 μm v p p. p KOH ˆ k Œ l, KOH K 2 O p K 2 O e oq K o l ˆ m d p Œ l ml v l ˆ p p tp f p ƒ vp p p. NaOH m o v p p p, p o Œ KOHm NaOH ˆ l qn l NaOHm p p l NaOH l p o peel offeˆ p. Fig. 7l rl v l nm p ˆ l. Fig. 1 2l ˆ p } rp v m nm l v p k pl. p n Fig. 4. Pore size distributions of ACFs dried at 90 o C: (a) DA method (b) HK method.
5 34 S. Y. Moon et al. / Carbon Science Vol. 8, No. 1 (2007) SEM micrographs of activated carbon fibers: (a) As-received OXI PAN fiber, (b) OKOH-3/8-1.5, (c) OKOH-6/8-1.5, (d) OKOH-9/ Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of activated carbon fibers: (a) As-received OXI PAN fiber (b) OKOH-3/8-1.5, (c) OKOH-6/8-1.5, (d) OKOH-9/ Fig. 6. 오드 분자(0.44 nm)가 매우 작아서 평균 Å의 내부 미세 공에 충분히 침투하여 흡착하였기 때문이다. KOH와 NaOH 모두 요오드 흡착량과 비표면적이 차이가 나는 것을 볼 수 있 는데 이는 pore size distribution에서 나타나듯이 중세공들이 상대적으로 발달하였기 때문으로 사료된다. 즉, K원자들의 움 직임이 안정화 PAN 섬유표면에서 높아져, 세공벽이 파괴되어 기공의 크기가 커져서 요오드 흡착량이 저하된 것으로 판단 된다 은(Ag) 흡착력 은(Ag) 흡착용량은 (1) Ag+의 초기 농도, (2) function group 의 함유량, (3) 용액의 PH 및 (4) 섬유의 microporocity과 같은 조건에 따라 변화 된다[13]. 활성탄소섬유 표면의 C-OH와 C=O group은 액체속의 은 제거반응 에 관련이 있다. 활성탄소 표 면의 C-OH group의 함유량이 많으면 은 흡착이 매우 높게 증 가하고, C=O group은 약간 증가한다. 반면, COOH group이 있을 경우에는 현저히 감소한다. 결정학적으로 봤을 때, 활성 탄소섬유 표면의 은(Ag) 입자의 크기는 결정핵 생성 속도와 결정성장 속도에 의해 결정된다. 활성탄소섬유 표면의 용액으 로부터 은이온 환원은 다음 두 단계로 설명될 수 있다. 첫 번 째 단계는 활성탄소섬유 표면의 함산소 관능기와 은(Ag)입자 사이의 정전기적력에 의한 은이온 흡착, 두 번째 단계는 활성 탄소섬유의 은이온(Ag+)이 Ag 로 환원됨으로 인해 Ag 결정 0
6 Characterization and Fabrication of Chemically Activated Carbon Fibers with Various Drying Temperatures using OXI-PAN Fibers 35 Changes of iodine adsorption amount according to change of drying temperature. Fig. 7. 이 형성된다. 따라서 결정핵 생성은 활성탄소표면의 함산소 관 능기에 밀접하게 관련되어 있고, 결정입자의 성장속도는 활성 탄소섬유의 reduction potential에 의해 정의 된다. 제조된 활성탄소섬유에 은을 흡착시킨 후, SEM을 통해 관 찰한 결과를 Fig. 8에 나타내었다. 그림에서 볼 수 있듯이 KOH 에 의해 활성화한 섬유보다는 NaOH에 의해 활성화한 섬유가 상대적으로 낮은 비표면적을 갖고 있음에도, 은이온의 흡착, 은결정 성장에는 더욱 뛰어난 특성을 갖고 있다. 이러한 결과 는 EDS data(fig. 9)로도 확인할 수 있는데, 앞에서도 말했듯 이 NaOH가 R=O group과는 반응을 하지 않고 중간 생성물인 Na CO 또한 R=O group과 R-OH group과 반응하지 않기 때 문에 상대적으로 낮은 비표면적을 갖지만, 남아있는 함산소 관 능기가 상대적으로 많기 때문인 것으로 보여진다. 또한 같은 활성화제를 쓴 경우, 비표면적이 높은 것이 더 많은 은을 흡 착, 은 결정을 성장시켰다. 이는 탄소섬유의 표면 뿐 아니라, 2 EDS data of Ag adsorption on ACFs: (a) OKOH-3/8-1.5 (b) OKOH-6/8-1.5 (c) OKOH-9/8-1.5, (d) ONOH-3/8-1.5 (e) ONOH-6/8-1.5 (f) ONOH-9/ Fig. 9. 비표면적 또한 중요한 역할을 하기 때문이다 결 론 본 연구에서는 OXI PAN 섬유를 KOH 및 NaOH수용액에 침적 후 30 C, 60 C, 90 C에서 각각 건조하여 고기능성 활성 o o o Silver particles on activated carbon fibers: (a) OKOH-3/8-1.5, (b) OKOH-6/8-1.5, (c) OKOH-9/8-1.5, (d) ONOH-3/8-1.5, (e) ONOH-6/8-1.5, (f) ONOH-9/ Fig. 8.
7 36 S. Y. Moon et al. / Carbon Science Vol. 8, No. 1 (2007) ˆ o rs m. OXI PAN o KOHm NaOH pn r l p l p ˆ o rs m. NaOH m KOH KOH n p rp ˆ l p ˆ o l pl NaOHm Koql p ˆ k p pl l ˆ p p tp f p l ˆ p rp v l p. KOH q~ k NaOH activity p. r l pl 800 o Cl n rp 2molp q n rp ˆ lv, rp v eˆ n ˆ op porem p ˆ p p p l p rp p ˆ p Ž l ˆ op ˆ ov ll. sm l ˆ o rs pp eˆ, 90 o Cl seˆ e p q p pp, p r qp., KOH ˆ o NaOH ˆ o rp p rl p pp m, r q rp. p NaOH rqp ˆ p R=O group R-OH group p p p l rp l p k p p tn pq p p p. p r n e, sm p 90 o Cl ˆ o p r po p p p k, r p p. m l v q l p l v l l, pl. References [1] Yue, Z.; Mangun, C. L.; Economy, J. Carbon 2002, 40, [2] Lozano-Rodenas, M. A.; Lozano-Castello, D.; Cazorla- Amoros, D.; Linares-Solano, A. Carbon 2001, 39, 741. [3] Illan-Gomez, M. J.; Garcia-Garcia, A.; Salinas-Martinez, C.; Linares-Solano, A. Energy Fuels 1996, 10, [4] Baker, F. S. Highly Microporous Carbon Derived from Lignocellulose Material, U.S. Patent (1998). [5] Lillo-Rodenas, M. A.; Cazorla-Amoros, D.; Linares-Solano, A. Carbon 2003, 41, 267. [6] Ahmadpour, A.; Do, D. D.; Carbon 1996, 34, 471. [7] Kim, K. W.; Jung, S. H.; Lim, Y. S.; Chung, Y. J. J. of Kor. Ceram. Soc. 1999, 36, 577. [8] Otowa, T.; Nojima, Y.; Miyazaki, T. Carbon 1997, 35, [9] Wu, M.; Zha, Q.; Qiu, J.; Guo, Y.; Shang, H.; Yuan, A. Carbon 2004, 42, 205. [10] Chan, B. K.; Thomas, K. M.; Marsh, H. Carbon 1993, 31, [11] Gomez-Serrano, V.; Sanchez-Iniguez, F.; Beranalte-Garcia, A.; Vlaenzuela-Calahorro, C. Fuel 1990, 69, 391. [12] Raymundo-Pinero, E.; Azais, A.; Cacciaguerra, T.; Cazorla- Amoros, D.; Linares-Solano, A.; Beguin, F. Carbon 2005, 43, 786. [13] Jia, Y. F.; Steele, C. J.; Hayward, I. P.; Thomas, K. M. Carbon 1998, 36, 1299.
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