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1 고정밀저가휴대용경도기개발 성명우 *, 류지열 ** 이논문은 2017 년중소기업청이지원한 산학연협력기술개발사업 ( 기업부설연구소신규설치 ) 으로지원을받아수행된 연구결과입니다 [ 과제명 : 휴대용고정밀경도측정기개발 ]. 요약 본논문은리브반동경도측정방법을이용한고정밀저가디지털휴대용경도기를제안한다 리브반동경도측정방법은일반적으로다른경도측정방법에비해측정이더용이하고더정확하다 이러한방법은 너무많은변동을초래하는측정금속구조와표면상태를제외한모든금속에사용된다 이러한휴대용방법은또한큰금속제조제품 주로 이상 의표면및접근이힘든모서리의경도를효율적으로측정하는데사용된다 본논문에서제안하는경도기는리브반동을측정할 종류의센서프로브 임팩트디바이스 와이를 제어하고신호처리를할임베디드시스템유닛으로구성되어있다 이러한경도기는다양한측정시편에대해기존시스템보다 높은분해능 높은측정정확도 의가격절감특성및 의응답시간을보였다 이러한경도기가경도를측정해야하는금속산업계에서널리사용되길기대한다 Abstract This paper presents high-precision low-cost digital portable hardness tester using the Leeb rebound hardness test method. The Leeb rebound test method is generally easier to measure, and more accurate than other types of hardness testing methods. This method is used on all metals, except in condition where the test metal structure or surface conditions would introduce too much variations. This portable method is also used for testing efficiently hardness of surface and unreachable edges of large metal workpiece(mainly above 1kg). The proposed hardness tester consists of sensor probes(impact devices) of 7-type to measure Leeb rebound and embedded system unit for its control and signal processing. This hardness tester showed resolution of more than 20%, measurement accuracy of more than 25%, cost effective of 33% and response time of 15msec for the various test samples as compared to conventional hardness tester. We believe that this tester is widely used in the metal industries to measure hardness. Keywords portable hardness tester, leeb rebound, sensor probes(impact devices), embedded system unit 부경대학교정보통신공학과 - ORCID: 부경대학교정보통신학과 교신저자 - ORCID: ž Received: Nov. 12, 2017, Revised: Dec. 18, 2017, Accepted: Dec. 21, 2017 ž Corresponding Author: Jee-Youl Ryu Dept. of Information and Communications Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Namgu, Busan, , Korea, Tel.: , ryujy@pknu.ac.kr

2 28 고정밀저가휴대용경도기개발 서론 부품및시스템설계 금속및기계제작에있어서사용목적과특성에따라각부품들의원재료는서로상이하다. 그중경도 (Hardness) 는금속및기계설계에있어중요한지표중의하나이다 [1][2]. 경도측정에사용되는휴대용경도기는오일및가스분야 ( 용접, 기초재료, 입력용기, 플랜지, 파이프. 유정장비등 ), 자동차분야 ( 엔진블록, 샤프트, 판넬, 기어, 브레이크시스템등 ), 우주항공분야 ( 터빈블레이드, 케이싱 / 하우징, 판넬, 주물, 랜딩기어등 ), 제조및기계류 ( 롤시험, 코일, 웨지조임성, 열처리 / 주조, 전선등 ) 등다양한분야에활용가능하다. 따라서각종금속의경도검사에있어실시간및정확한데이터관리를통해넓은측정범위와광범위한경도단위에적용가능한휴대용경도기개발이필요하다 [3]-[7]. 그러나현재국내산업현장에일본산, 중국산및스위스산이사용되고있지만국산은전무한실정이다. 일본산및중국산은정밀성이떨어지고, 스위스산은정밀성은우수하나가격이너무높은단점을가지고있다. 또한외국장비공수기간및가격에의한문제로인하여낙후된장비를지속적으로사용되고있어신뢰성및고장난장비의수리로인한문제점이발생하고있다. 따라서정밀성이뛰어나며가격이저렴한국산제품개발이절실히요구되고있다 [1][2]. 본논문에서는경도측정을위한리브 (Leeb) 형고정밀저가디지털휴대용경도기를제안한다. 이러한경도기는리브반동을측정할 7종류 (DC, D, DL, C, S, E, G) 의센서프로브와제어및신호처리에사용할임베디드시스템유닛으로구성되어있다. 임베디드시스템유닛은인터페이스부, 디바이스제어부, 신호처리부, 통신모듈부, 디스플레이부및전원부로구성되어있다. 제작한경도기를이용하여다양한시료를측정하고, 그결과를분석하였다. 본연구에서제안하는경도기는다양한측정시편에대해기존시스템 (( 스위스 proceq Equotip 경도기 ) 보다 20% 높은분해능, 50% 높은측정정확도, 33% 의가격절감특성및 15msec 의응답시간을보였다. 금속의경도는재료및기계부품제조산업에서 기계부품의내마모성, 강도및열처리에대한특성 을평가하는데중요한속성으로널리사용된다 [1]- [5]. 대표적인경도측정방식으로는브리넬 (Brinell), 비커스 (Vickers), 락웰 (Rockwell) 및쇼어 (Shore) 방식 이있다. 그러나브리넬, 비커스및락웰방식은서 로다른모양의헤더를이용한압흔을이용하여경 도를측정하기때문에압흔으로인해실제제한된 분야에만사용하고있다. 반면쇼어방식은일정크 기의임팩트볼을일정높이에서낙하시켜리브반 동즉, 튀어오르는높이를이용하여경도를측정하 기때문에경도측정에널리사용되고있다. 리브반동경도측정방법은일반적으로다른경 도측정방법에비해측정이더용이하고더정확 한장점을가진다. 이러한방법은너무많은변동을 초래하는측정금속구조와표면상태를제외한모 든금속에사용가능하다. 또한이러한휴대용경도 측정방법은주로 1kg 이상의큰금속제조제품의 표면, 접근이힘든모서리, 스트레스를받는깊숙한 곳등제한된공간으로의접근성확보가가능하기 때문에특정위치의경도를효율적으로측정하는데 사용된다. 그림 1 은리브형경도기의측정원리를파형으 로나타낸것이다. 동일한힘으로낙하하는임팩트 가금속에충돌하고, 그충격량의일부는금속이흡 수하게되며, 남은충격량으로인하여임팩트는반 발하여튀어오르게된다.

3 여기서 HL 은리브의경도값, B 는임팩트바디의 도약속도, A 는임팩트바디의충격속도를각각 나타낸다. 그림 1 에서나타낸것처럼충격단계와반발단계, 즉두단계로나뉘게되며속도에따른변화된전 압값을이용하여경도를산출한다. 리브형경도기는자식이내장된임팩트볼을일 정한높이에서스프링의힘을빌려낙하시켜임팩 트볼이시편의표면을때릴때표면의변형으로 인한운동에너지가손실되면서반발되어튕겨져올 라오는데, 이때낙하속도 (V i) 와반발되어상승하는 속도 (V r) 의상관관계에의하여경도를측정한다. 식 (1) 은이러한원리를식으로나타낸것이다 [4]. (1) 리브형경도기는자식이내장된임팩트볼의충 격과반발을이용하여경도를측정하기때문에식 (2) 와같이동일한힘으로낙하하는임팩트에의한 낙하높이와튀어오른높이의비를이용하여경도 를측정할수있다 [1-2]. 여기서 h o 는임팩트의낙하높이, h 는임팩트의튀 어오른높이를나타낸다. impact ball magnetic field generated electrical current electromotive generated force (2)

4 30 고정밀저가휴대용경도기개발 본연구에서는이를정규화된데이터로나타내기위하여유도전압을이용하는방식을선택하였다. 그림 2는유도기전력 ( 전압 ) 의기본원리를나타낸것이다. 그림 2에나타낸것처럼일정한권선으로감긴코일에자석을접근하게되면자석의자기장에의해전류가발생하게되고코일은이렇게발생된전류를전압으로변환시켜주는역할을하게된다. 유기기전력은시간에따라코일내부를통과하는자속으로나타낼수있다. 이렇게임팩트의자석을통해발생한전압 ( 유도전류 ) 을이용하여전압의높이및시간을측정하고, 이를이용하여데이터를측정하였다 [8]. GPIO USB Bluetooth UART Ethernet IO Interface APB User Interface AXI-APB Bridge Interface Part Device Control Part Signal Processing Part Power Management & Clock Control Battery Part Communication Module Part Display Part 리브형경도기는식 (1)~(2) 에서언급했던것처럼정확한경도값 (HL) 과높은유기기전력을획득하기위해서는프로브제작이아주중요하다. 특히프로브에있어가장중요한부분은자석이내장된임팩트볼및코일이다. 코일의두께및감은횟수에따라신호를증폭하는공진특성이달라지므로미묘한코일의특성차이로코일에서발생하는전압의특성이변하게된다. 따라서경도기의정규화를위해서동일하게감은횟수와임피던스를갖는코일제작이가장중요한사항이다. 그림 3은제작된경도기의프로브를나타낸것이다. 프로브는영구자석이부착된임팩트볼, 임팩트볼의이동경로인가이드튜브와로딩튜브및임팩트볼의이탈방지를위한스탑링과캡으로각각구성되어있으며, 튜브내에는임팩트볼을낙하시킬때사용되는스프링이내장되어있다. 또한그림 3(b) 와같이다양한금속의경도측정을위해서로다른프로브높이를가진 7종류 (DC, D, DL, C, S, E, G) 의센서프로브를제작하였다. 그림 4는센서프로브를제어하고, 프로브로부터측정된데이터를신호처리할임베디드시스템유닛을나타낸것이다. 이러한시스템은인터페이스부 (Interface Part), 신호처리부 (Signal Processing Part), 디바이스제어부 (Device Control Part), 통신모듈부 (Communication Module Part), 디스플레이부 (Display Part) 및전원부 (Battery Part) 로구성되어있다. 그림 5 는본연구에서제안하는경도기에대해 경도 ( 충격속도 ) 와분해능을측정하기위한시스템 구성을나타낸것이다. 다양한측정시편에대해기 존시스템과동일조건에서비교실험하였다

5 그림 6은산업계에서광범위하게사용하고측정시편에대해측정정확도를위한압입자국의직경 / 깊이측정방법을나타낸것이다. 그림 6에서 R은임팩트볼의반지름, d1은압입자국의최대지름및 dp 는압입자국의깊이를나타낸것이다. 공구현미경 (Rational, VMS-1510P) 을이용하여압입자국의크기 (R) 와최대지름 (d1) 을측정하고, 그측정치를수식 (3) 에대입하여압입자국의깊이를산출한다. (3) 측정결과제작한경도기를이용하여 0.105kg 의질량과 2.85mm 의두께를가진시편을실험하였다. 표 1은본실험에서사용한시편특성을나타낸것이다. 그림 7은제작한프로브에대해측정오차에대한정규성테스트결과와측정부안정성테스트결과를각각나타낸것이다. 측정부의측정오차를정확하게판단하기위해 25번반복측정을하였다 [8]. 그림 7로부터알수있듯이 0.57% 의적은측정오차를보였다. μ μ μ

6 32 고정밀저가휴대용경도기개발 표 2 는산업계에서광범위하게사용하고있는측 정시편 ( 표 1 참조 ) 에대해압입자국의직경 / 깊이 측정결과를나타낸것이다. 기존측정방법 ( 스위스 proceq Equotip R 경도기측정결과 [4]) 과동일조건에 서비교실험하였다. 압입자국의크기 (R) 와최대지 름 (d1) 을측정하고, 그측정치를수식 (3) 에대입하 여압입자국의깊이를산출하였다. 측정오차는자 국의진원도를근거로하여약 ±1% 내외로추정되 며, 측정정확도는 0.4μm(= ) 를보였다. 그림 8 은측정한데이터파형을나타낸것이다. 그림 8 에서아래파형은개발한시스템의신호처리 부내의증폭기이후단에서, 위파형은반전증폭기 이후단에서측정한파형을각각나타낸것이다. 그 림 8 로부터알수있듯이제작한프로브와시스템 을통해그림 1 과같은파형이측정됨을확인하였 고, 15msec 의응답시간을보였다. 표 3은그림 5~8을바탕으로본연구에서개발한시스템과기존측정방법 ( 스위스 proceq Equotip 경도기측정결과 [4]) 을비교한것이다. 표 3으로부터알수있듯이본연구에서제안하는경도기는다양한측정시편에대해기존시스템보다 20% (( )/0.1) 높은분해능, 50%(( )/0.8) 높은측정정확도및 33%((12,000-8,000)/12,000) 가격절감특성을보였다. 결론본논문에서는리브형고정밀저가디지털휴대용경도기를제안하였다. 제안한경도기는 7종류의센서프로브와임베디드시스템유닛으로구성되었다. 다양한금속의경도측정을위해서로다른프로브높이를가진 7종류 (DC, D, DL, C, S, E, G) 의센서프로브를제작하였다. 프로브를제어하고신호처리를할임베디드시스템유닛은인터페이스부, 디바이스제어부, 신호처리부, 통신모듈부, 디스플레이부및전원부로구성하였다. 제안한경도기는다양한측정시편에대해기존시스템보다 20% 의높은분해능, 50% 의높은측정정확도및 33% 의가격절감특성을보였다. 향후에는프로브와시스템간의무선접속이가능한경도기를개발할계획이다. μ μ μ [1] S. J. Heo, M. U Seong, S. G. Kim, G. H. Choi, A. Siddique, P. Chandrasekar, M. Kurbanov, J. W. Woo, K. P. Kil, C. S. Park, S. H. Noh, M. Yoon, and J. Y. Ryu, "Development of Digital Leeb-Type Hardness Tester", Proceedings of 2017 ICT Contest of Embedded Engineering of Korea, Vol 2, No. 1, pp , Jun [2] S. J. Heo, G. H. Choi, M. U Seong, C. S. Park, S. G. Kim, and J. Y. Ryu, "Study for Locallzation in Portable Hardness Tester", Proceedings of 2017 Symposium on the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers, Vol 6, No. 1, pp , Jun

7 [3] G. H. Choi and J. Y. Ryu, "Implementation of the Vehicle Axis Concentricity Measurement Device using Laser and CCD Sensor", Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology, Vol. 14, No. 10, pp. 1-8, Oct [4] Equotip portable metal hardness tester Leeb, Rockwell&UCI, uotip-portable-hardness-testing/ [Accessed: Nov. 01, 2017.] [5] T. Suginoto and T. Kawaguchi "Development of an Automatic Vickers Hardness Testing System Using Image Processing Technology", IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, Vol 44, No. 5, pp , Oct [6] J. Woolman, "Hardness Testing", Journal of the Institution of Production Engineers, Vol. 17, No. 12, pp , Dec [7] K. M. Bae and K. H. Jun, "Development of Digital Concrete test hammer by using Digital Image Sensor", Proceedings of 2008 CIVIL EXPO, Vol. 2008, No. 10, pp , [8] S. H. Noh, J. H. Lim, and J. Y. Ryu, "Development of a New Automatic Fault Diagnosis System for Fine Pattern Transmission Lines", International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp , Oct 류지열 (Jee-Youl Ryu) 년 월 부경대학교전자공학과 공학사 년 월 부경대학교전자공학과 공학석사 년 월 애리조나주립대학교전기공학과 공학박사 년 월 현재 부경대학교정보통신공학과교수관심분야 설계 고주파회로설계 임베디드시스템 저자소개 성명우 (Myeong-U Seong) 년 월 부경대학교전자정보통신공학과 공학사 년 월 년 월 부경대학교정보통신공학과 공학석사 년 월 현재 부경대학교정보통신공학과박사과정관심분야 설계 고주파회로설계 아날로그회로설계

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