The Issue of the Unification of Korea and the Evolution of the Dialogue between North and South The Position of the Socialist Republic of Romania 1. T

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Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org August, 1973 Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Note, No.

1 Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org August, 1973 Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Note, No. 01/010124/73, Secret Citation: Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Note, No. 01/010124/73, Secret, August, 1973, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives, Matter 210, 1973, Democratic People s Republic of Korea, Secret, 1st Division, MFA, Folder no. 1496, Regarding the Internal Situation in the DPRK (Political, Economic, Social, Cultural Matters). Obtained and translated for NKIDP by Eliza Gheorghe. Summary: The document outlines Romania's position regarding the issue of unification of the Korean Peninsula. After a summary of inter-korean negotiations thus far, the report concludes that the two Koreas are moving very slowly because both sides are attempting to gain advantage over the other. Nonetheless, Romania declares its firm support of the DPRK. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the ROK Ministry of Unification and the Leon Levy Foundation. Original Language: Romanian Contents: English Translation Korean Translation

2 The Issue of the Unification of Korea and the Evolution of the Dialogue between North and South The Position of the Socialist Republic of Romania 1. The restoration of national unity represents one of the main preoccupations of the party and state leadership of the DPRK. In this respect, over the past 25 years, the DPRK made proposals on more than 130 occasions. Amongst the permanent, constant elements of the DPRK position, the following stand out: unification of the country is a strictly internal problem which should be solved peacefully, by the Koreans themselves, without any interference from outside, through negotiations between the North and the South. Over the past few years, and especially at the April sessions of the DPRK Supreme People s Assembly in 1971 and 1973, numerous proposals for unification have been made, which entail the following: Withdrawing all foreign troops from South Korea and dismantling the UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea; Ceasing the arms race between the North and the South and the mutual renouncement to the import of weapons and combat technology; Reducing the armed forces in the North and the South to 100,000 people or even less. In the event of the withdrawal of foreign troops from South Korea, the DPRK declared it takes upon itself the obligation to unilaterally reduce the ranks of its armed forces to 200,000 people; Creating a single, central government, following free general elections in the North and the South. In order to organize free elections, it was required to guarantee full freedom and [the freedom of] political activity for all parties and progressive organizations and the release of all political prisoners in South Korea. As a transitory measure to suffice until the complete unification of the country, a proposal to create a Confederation which maintains the current social systems in place was made; Organizing meetings and holding political talks at various levels so as to discuss the unification of the country; Pursuing economic, cultural, technical-scientific exchanges, as well as exchanges of sports teams. On certain occasions, the DPRK offered the ROK material aid at no cost, so that the South can rebuild its economy; the DPRK offered to provide a job for unemployed workers from the South; the DPRK offered the ROK raw materials; the North also offered to build irrigation systems in the South; Signing a peace agreement between the North and the South. 2. Starting on 6 August 1971 the DPRK no longer conditions the unification of the country on the abolishment of the existing treaties between the ROK and the US, and between the ROK and Japan, and it no longer requests the removal from power of Park Chung Hee. Even more, on this occasion, Kim Il Sung said that the DPRK is willing to meet and to hold talks with any representatives and delegates from the ROK, including representatives of the ruling party. Afterwards, various Korean and foreign interlocutors unofficially declared that in the future the possibility of a meeting between Kim Il Sung and Park Chung Hee is not to be excluded. After this change of attitude on 20 August 1971, direct talks between the representatives of the Red Cross from DPRK and those from the ROK began at Panmunjeom. After 51 meetings, on 11 August 1972 it was decided that substantive talks between the delegations of the Red Cross from the DPRK and those from the ROK to begin on 30 August 1972 are to take place alternatively in Pyongyang and Seoul and cover the following issues: Identifying the family members and relatives separated between North and South; Facilitating visits and correspondence exchanges between separated family members and relatives; The reunion of separated family members;

3 Other humanitarian matters. Up until now, several meetings and negotiations took place but to no avail. 3. On 4 July 1972, after the visit of Lee Hu-rak, Director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, to Pyongyang, and following his discussions with president Kim Il Sung, as well as following Pak Seong-cheol [Pak Song Chol] s visit to Seoul and his subsequent discussions with Park Chung Hee, the North-South Joint Communiqué was released in which the two parties agreed to: a. Act with a view to the unification of the country on the basis of the principles of independence and non-interference from outside; as well as through peaceful means and by pursuing national unity above any ideological and social system differences; b. Mutually refrain themselves from denigrating and libeling the other party and take measures to avoid conflicts; c. Promote bilateral exchanges; d. Support negotiations carried out through Red Cross societies; e. Establish telephone lines between Pyongyang and Seoul; f. Create a South-North Coordinating Committee, steered by Kim Yeong-ju [Kim Yong Ju] (member of the Politburo and secretary of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers Party, the brother of Comrade Kim Il Sung), the head of the Organizational Section of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers Party and Lee Hu-rak. Subsequently, such an Executive Committee and a Secretariat of this Committee were formed. Throughout the 5 sessions of the Coordinating Committee that took place until now, the following issues were discussed: organizational matters; the manner in which the provisions of the 4 July 1972 Joint Communiqué are fulfilled; starting with 10 October 1972 it was decided to stop any radio broadcasting hostile to the other party and to stop the dissemination of leaflets. At the March 1973 session, in order to bring the confrontation between North and South to an end, the DPRK co-president of the Committee put the following matters on the agenda: Ending of the arms race on both sides; Reducing the number of armed forces in the North and the South to 100,000; Terminating the import of weapons and combat technology; Withdrawing foreign troops from South Korea; Signing a peace treaty. In order to turn these proposals into reality, the DPRK suggested to co-opt the chiefs of staff from the North and from the South into the Coordinating Committee or to create a military subcommittee. At the same time, the DPRK proposed the creation of other subcommittees, on political, economic, social and cultural matters. Up until now, South Korea agreed to holding talks only on economic and cultural matters. 4. The April 1973 session of the DPRK Supreme People s Assembly discussed the matter of Ceasing foreign interference into the internal affairs of Korea and accelerating the peaceful and independent unification of the country. The session adopted a letter addressed to all parliaments and governments as well as a letter addressed to the US House of Representatives and the US Senate in which it is requested to withdraw American troops from South Korea, to dismantle the UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea and to cease military aid to South Korea. On 23 June 1973, President Kim Il Sung proposed a 5-point unification plan which contains the following provisions: ending the state of tension; starting to collaborate on multiple plans; allowing all layers of society to take part in the unification of the country; creating the Confederal Republic of Goryeo; the two parts of the country joining the UN as a sole state, under the name of Goryeo.

4 On the same day, South Korean President Park Chung Hee launched a unification plan which entails the following: mutual non-interference in internal affairs; refraining from the use of force; expanding the dialogue; respecting the responsibilities assumed through the July 1972 Declaration; cooperation at the international level; simultaneously entering various international bodies; both states establishing diplomatic relations with all countries. Each party deemed the proposals of the other party as unacceptable. 5. Conclusions The dialogue [between North and South] is progressing incredibly slowly because the terms on which the two parties agreed are not respected, each party trying to influence the other so as to gain as many advantages for itself as possible. The results of the North-South dialogue are taking the following forms: Establishing and continuing contacts and negotiations at various levels, with the possibility to launch a meeting at the highest level; Establishing telephone lines between Pyongyang and Seoul; Ending hostile propaganda towards one another at the same time; Reducing the number of incidents at the 38th parallel; Forming the economic and cultural cooperation subcommittee; The gradual disappearance of the declarations according to which only the North or the South represent Korea and the interests of the Korean people. With the exception of the UN, the DPRK is not against the simultaneous entry of the two parts of Korea into various international bodies. 6. Romania s Position The Socialist Republic of Romania is constantly and thoroughly supporting the position and the actions of the DPRK to unify the country. Amongst the recent actions undertaken by Romania to support the position and actions of the DPRK the following are to be mentioned: August 1973 Congratulatory and supportive messages addressed by comrade Nicolae Ceausescu to comrade Kim Il Sung on the occasion of the release of the 4 July 1972 Joint Communiqué and of the 23 June Point Plan; Solidarity and supportive messages and the declaration of the Great National Assembly Foreign Policy Commission, adopted in 1971, 1972, and 1973 to support DPRK s unification proposals; Supporting the Korean problem in the working papers and documentation of the National Gathering of the Romanian Communist Party from Including the [Korean] matter in several declarations and communiqués signed on the occasion of high-level visits which took place between 1972 and 1973; Supporting the matter of Korea s unification at the UN and various other international organizations; Relaying the letter of the Supreme People s Assembly from 6 April 1973 to the presidents of the US Senate and House of Representatives. Signature illegible

5 한반도통일과남북간대화전개에관한건 루마니아사회주의공화국의입장 1. 통일국가의재건은조선민주주의인민공화국에서당과국가가몰두하는중요사안중하나이다. 이러한견지에서, 지난 25 년간조선민주주의인민공화국은 130 가지이상의경우에대해대비책을만들어두었다. 이중조선민주주의인민공화국불변의입장은다음과같다 : 한반도통일은외세의간섭을배제하고남북간의협상을통하여조선인에의해평화롭게해결되어야하는국내문제라는것이다. 지난몇년간, 특히 1971 년과 1973 년의최고인민위원회 4 월회의에서다음과같은사항들을명시한다양한통일제안이나왔다. 남한주둔의모든외국군대를철수하고, 유엔한국통일부흥위원단을해체. 남북간군비경쟁및무기와전투기술의수입을중단남북의전투병을 10 만이하로감축. 남한주둔의외국군대가모두철수된다면, 조선민주주의인민공화국은무조건병력을 20 만으로감축할것을선언. 남북자유총선을보장하는하나의중앙정부를설립. 자유선거를조직하기위해모든정당과진보단체들의완전한자유를보장하고, 모든남조선정치범들의석방이필요. 완전한통일의달성을위해필요한임시조치로서, 현사회체제를적절히유지할수있는연방을만들것을제안. 한반도의통일을논의하기위한다양한계층의정치토론및회의를조직. 스포츠팀의교환뿐만아니라경제적, 문화적, 기술및과학교류를추진. 경우에따라조선민주주의인민공화국은남조선의경제재건을위한무상원조의실시, 남조선실업자에게일자리를제공, 원자재의공급, 관개시설의제공을제안. 남북평화조약서명 년 8 월 6 일부터, 북조선은기존의한미조약및한일조약의철폐나박정희의퇴각을더이상통일의조건으로내세우지않는다. 심지어경우에따라김일성은조선민주주의인민공화국이남조선여당대표자를포함한모든종류의정상회담을기꺼이갖겠다고말했다. 결국다양한남조선및외국교섭단체들이장래에김일성과박정희의만남의가능성을배제할수없다는의견을비공식적으로밝혔다 년 8 월 20 일이러한태도변화후, 남북적십자대표단의직접대화가판문점에서이루어졌다. 51 차례의회의이후, 1972 년 8 월 11 일, 아래의현안들에대한남북대표단의실질적인대화를 1972 년 8 월 30 일평양혹은서울에서시작하는것이선언되었다. 남북이산가족의확인이산가족의상호방문및교신을추진이산가족의상봉기타인권문제 현재까지몇번의회의와협상이있었으나, 성과는없음. 3. 남조선안기부장이후락의평양방문및김일성대담, 뒤이어진박성철의서울방문과박정희대담이후, 1972 년 7 월 4 일, 양측은다음의사항을합의한남북공동성명을발표하였다. 1. 통일은외세의간섭을배제하여자주적으로해결해야하며, 평화적인방법을통해이념과사회체계의차이를넘어서이루어져야한다.

6 2. 상호비방을하지않으며, 충돌을피한다. 3. 상호교류를추진한다. 4. 적십자를통해지원협의를실시한다. 5. 서울과평양에전화선을설치한다. 6. 조선노동당중앙위원회조직지도부장김영주 ( 조선노동당중앙위원회정치비서국소속, 김일성의동생 ) 와이후락이주도하는남북조절위원회를창설한다. 실제로이위원회의집행위원회와사무국이조직되었다. 현재까지조절위원회가 5 차례의회의를거쳐조직문제와 1972 년의 7 4 남북공동성명조항의이행방법, 1972 년 10 월 10 일부터일체의상호비방적인라디오방송및전단유포를금지를논의했다 년 3 월회의에서, 남북간의충돌을끝내기위하여, 조선민주주의인민공화국위원회의공동대표자는다음의안건을내었다. 상호군비경쟁의종식남북한병력을 10 만으로축소무기와군사기술의수입을중단남조선의외국군대철수평화조약조인 이러한제안들을현실화시키기위하여, 조선민주주의인민공화국은조절위원회의공동대표를남과북에서각각임명하고, 군사소위원회를만드는것을제안했다. 동시에정치, 경제, 사회, 문화에관한다양한소위원회를만들것을제안했다. 현재까지남측은경제와문화부문에관한회담을갖는것에만동의하였다. 4. 조선민주주의인민공화국최고인민위원회 1973 년 4 월회의에서는 외세의간섭을배제하고, 평화롭고자주적인통일을가속화 하는문제를논의했다. 이회의에서모든정부및의회, 그리고미상하원에게보내는성명서에남한에서의미국군대철수, 유엔한국통일부흥위원단해체, 남조선에대한군사원조중단을천명하여이를채택하였다 년 6 월 23 일, 다음을요지로하는평화통일 5 대강령을제안하였다 : 국가적긴장의종식 ; 다방면의합작과교류시작 ; 통일논의에의사회각계층참여 ; 고려연방공화국수립 ; 고려연방국이라는단일국호아래남북의유엔단일국가가입. 같은날남측의대통령박정희는다음의사항을포함한통일계획안을발표하였다 : 남북간상호내정불간섭 ; 무력행사의금지 ; 대화의확대 ; 1972 년 7 월선언에의거한책임존중 ; 국제문제의협조 ; 다양한국제기구에의남북동시가입 ; 모든국가에서로의문호를개방. 양측은서로의제안을받아들이지못하였다. 5. 결론 상호간에합의할수없는용어사용과영향력에서상대방보다우위를점해보다많은이익을보려하는양측의입장차이로인해남북대화는매우더디게진행되었다. 남북대화의몇가지성과는다음과같다 정상회담의가능성을열어두고다양한수준의교섭과협상을시작하고지속. 평양과서울사이에직통전화개설.

7 상호흑색선전동시중지. 38 선지대의사고감소. 경제문화협력소위원회구성. 남측혹은북측일방이조선인의이익과조선을대변한다는식의주장이점차사라짐 6. 루마니아의입장 루마니아사회주의공화국은조선민주주의인민공화국의통일방식과활동을계속하여전적으로지지한다. 루마니아는최근조선민주주의인민공화국의입장과활동을다음과같이지지했다 년 8 월 니콜라에차우셰스쿠동지가김일성동지에게 1972 년 7 4 남북공동성명과 1973 년평화통일 5 대강령의선언을축하하고지지하는메시지를전달 년, 1972 년, 1973 년, 조선민주주의인민공화국의통일제안들을지지하는강력한메시지와선언을대국회해외정책위원회에서채택 년부터루마니아공산당문서수집부의보고서및문서수집에있어한반도문제를지원 년과 1973 년사이고위급방문시결정된선언과성명에조선문제를포함. 유엔과여러국제기구에서한반도통일의문제를지지함 년 4 월 6 일에서부터최고인민위원회의전언을미상하원의위원장에게전달. 서명 - 판독불가

TELEGRAM Sender: Pyongyang CLASSIFICATION: SECRET Regular Date: 07.06.1973/08:00 No.: 061.224 To: Comrade Deputy Minister Nicolae Ghenea We would like

TELEGRAM Sender: Pyongyang CLASSIFICATION: SECRET Regular Date: 07.06.1973/08:00 No.: 061.224 To: Comrade Deputy Minister Nicolae Ghenea We would like Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org June 07, 1973 Telegram from Pyongyang to Bucharest, SECRET, Regular, No. 061.224 Citation: Telegram from Pyongyang to