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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp , August 2015 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn , eissn ) All right reserved. UNIFAC 그룹기여모델에의한 n-octnae+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계의인화점계산 하동명 이성진 * 세명대학교보건안전공학과 * 세명대학교임상병리학과 ( 접수 / 수정 / 채택 ) Flash Point Calculation for n-octane+n-decane and n-octane+n-dodecane by UNIFAC Group Contribution Model Dong-Myeong Ha Sungjin Lee * Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Semyung University * Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University (Received June 4, 2015 / Revised August 5, 2015 / Accepted August 12, 2015) Abstract : The flash point is used to categorize inflammable liquids according to their relative flammability. Such a categorization is important for the safe handling, storage, and transportation of inflammable liquids. The flash point temperature of two binary liquid mixtures(n-octane+n-decane and n-octane+n-dodecane) has been measured for the entire concentration range using Seta-flash closed cup tester based on the ASTM D3278 method. The closed cup flash point temperature was estimated using the UNIFAC(Universal Functional Activity Coefficient) group contribution model. The experimentally derived flash point was also compared with the predicted flash point from the UNIFAC model. The UNIFAC model is able to estimate the flash point fairly well for n-octane+n-decane mixture and n-octane+n-dodecane mixture. Key Words : flash point, Seta-flash closed cup tester, UNIFAC, n-octane+n-decane, n-octane+n-dodecane 1. 서론 국내산업현장에서는여러종류의인화성물질을취급하고있다. 산업의발전에따라인화성물질의사용량은함께증가하고있으며, 그에따라폭발과화재사고의발생가능성도함께커지고있다. 인화성물질을안전하게사용하기위해서는, 그물질에대한여러정보를확보해야하는데그중가장중요한정보가인화점이다 1). 가연성액체의표면위에불꽃을가할때, 인화가발생하는가연성액체의가장낮은온도를인화점이라한다 2,3) 년유엔 (UN) 은 GHS(Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals) 를도입할것을모든나라에권장하고있다. 우리나라역시 GHS 의도입을고려하고있다. GHS 는유해화학물질에대한분 류를국제적으로통일하여위험성정보에대한인프라를구축하는시스템이다. GHS 에서액체혼합물의인화위험성에대한가장중요한분류기준은인화점이다. 그러나현재까지확보된액체혼합물의인화점데이터는매우부족하며, 새롭게실험을통해인화점을확보하기에는많은시간이걸린다. 이에따라 2015 년까지인화위험성에따른액체혼합물의분류는유보되었다 4). 이와같은 GHS 의국내도입에대비하기위해서본연구에서는액체혼합물의인화점을측정하고예측방법을제시하고자한다. 인화점을실험적으로결정할때두종류의방법이사용된다. 개방식방법과밀폐식방법이다 5). 본연구에서는밀폐식방법을선택하였으며그에맞는 Seta-flash 밀폐식장치를사용하였다. 이장치의장점은소량 (2 ml) 의액체용액으로인화점을측정할수있다는점과, Corresponding Author : Sungjin Lee, Tel : , pappi68@hanmail.net Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, 65, Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungbuk 27136, Korea 86

2 UNIFAC 그룹기여모델에의한 n-octnae+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계의인화점계산 측정시간이비교적짧다는점이다. 즉인화점측정에투여되는시약과시간비용을절약할수있다는장점이있다. 산업체에서취급되는수많은액체혼합물의인화점을측정하는것은많은비용과시간이소요된다. 따라서인화점실험의대안으로액체혼합물의인화점을계산하는방법이선택되었고, 이에대해많은연구가진행되어왔다. Affens 와 McLaren 6) 은 Raoult 의법칙, Dalton 의법칙과 Le Chatelier 의법칙 7) 을함께적용하여탄화수소액체혼합물의인화점을계산하는방법을개발하였다. 이방법은순수물질의인화점을이용하여혼합물의인화점을예측하는방법이었으며, 액상을이상용액으로가정한것이었다. 따라서액상의활동도계수 (activity coefficient, ) 가 1 에서일정정도벗어난비이상용액의인화점예측에는적용할수없다는단점이있다. Hanley 8) 는순수물질의연소열과혼합물의 LFL(Low Flammability Limit) 를토대로액체혼합물의인화점을계산하는방법을제시하였다. 그는액상의활동도계수는 Margules 식 9) 을사용하여계산하였다. 이방법은비가연성물질이포함된액체혼합물의인화점을계산하는데에이용할수있으며이상용액과비이상용액의인화점계산에적용할수있다. Liaw 등 10) 은액체혼합물의인화점을계산하기위해서 Le Chatelier 의법칙과수정된 Raoult 의법칙 9) 을이용하였다. 또한액상의비이상성을반영하는활동도계수는 UNIQUAC 식 9) 과 NRTL 식 11) 을이용하여계산하였다. 그러나이예측방법은활동도계수식의이성분계파라미터를확보하지못할경우액체혼합물의인화점을계산할수없다는단점이있다. Ha 등 12) 은액상의비이상성을반영하는활동도계수를 van Laar 식 9) 과 Wilson 식 13) 에의해계산하여이성분계액체혼합물의인화점을예측하였다. Kim 과 Lee 14) 는다변수통계분석법을이용하여이성분계액체혼합물의인화점을계산하였다. 이예측방법은그들의논문에제시된 5 가지종류의이성분계액체혼합물만을고려한통계적예측방법이다. 따라서추후다른종류의액체혼합물의인화점을효과적으로계산할수있는지에대한검토가필요하다고판단된다. Balasubramonian 등 15) 은 2 개의이성분계혼합물의인화점을예측하는방법을제안하였다. 이들은활동도계수를 UNIFAC 식에의해계산하였으며, 각성분의증기압은 Kumar 등 16) 의방법과 Yaws 17) 의방법을이용하여계산하였다. 본연구에서는증기압을계산하기위해 Antoine 식 9) 을활용하였으며, 각성분들의 Antoine 상수는문헌에서쉽게구할수있다. 반면 Kumar 등의방법과 Yaws 의방법에서는각성분의온도에따른증기압데이터가반드시필요하며, 증기압을계산하기위한각성분의상수는온도와증기압을상관시켜얻어야한다는단점이있다. 본연구에서는액체혼합물의인화점을계산하기위하여그룹기여모델인 UNIFAC 식 9) 을활용하였다. 이방법은 Liaw 등 10) 과 Ha 등 12) 의예측방법과달리이성분계파라미터를확보할수없는액체혼합물의인화점도계산할수있다는장점이있다. 또한 Affens 와 McLaren 6) 의예측방법과달리액상이비이상용액인경우에도인화점을계산할수있다. 본연구에서인화점을측정하고계산하기위한액체혼합물로 n-octane+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계를선정하였다. n-octane, n-decane 과 n-dodecane 은가솔린의주된성분들이며, 이들이포함된액체용액은도료, 세정, 추출용매등으로산업체에서사용되고있다. 산업현장의화재와폭발위험성을감소시키기위하여이들이포함된액체혼합물의인화점정보를확보하고자하였다. 인화점은 Seta-flash 밀폐식장치를이용하여측정하였다. 그룹기여모델인 UNIFAC 식을이용하여인화점을계산하였고, 그계산치와측정치를비교하여검토하였다. 2. 이성분계액체혼합물의인화점측정 n-octane(99.0%) 은 Lancaster 회사의제품을구입하여사용하였다. n-decane(99.0%) 과 n- n-dodecane(99.0%) 은 Alfa Aesar 회사의제품을구입하여실험에사용하였다. 이들은별도의정제과정을거치지않았다. 인화점을측정하기위해 Seta-flash 밀폐식장치가사용되었으며, 그것은미국의 Koehler 사에서제작된장치이다. 측정장치는시료컵 ( 용량 2ml), 시간조절기, 화염조절기, 시험염공급부, 온도계와온도조절기등으로구성되어있다. 측정장치의기본구조도는앞서발표한논문 18) 에제시되어있다. 시약들을각각다른몰분율로혼합하여 ASTM D ) 의측정방법으로 n-octane+n-decane 계와 n-octane+ n-dodecane 계의인화점을측정하였다. 3. UNIFAC 그룹기여모델에의한인화점계산 본연구에서는액상의비이상성을반영하는활동도계수를다음과같은 UNIFAC 식으로계산하였다. 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 4 호, 2015 년 87

3 하동명 이성진 ln ln ln 위수식에서 ln 는다음과같으며, (1) ln ln ln (2) 의개수이다. 와 는부그룹의매개변수이고 는주그룹의상호작용매개변수이며, 이값들은문헌 20) 에서얻을수있다. Le Chatelier 의법칙 7) 을적용하면가연성이성분계액체혼합물은다음과같은관계식을따른다. ln 는다음과같다. (13) ln 여기서 ln (3) 여기서 는기체상의몰분율, LFL 은하부인화한계를의미하며아래첨자 1, 2 는성분을나타낸다. i 성분의하부인화한계는다음의식으로계산할수있다. (4) (14) (5) (6) 여기서 는인화점에서의 i성분의포화증기압이 며 P 는혼합물의전체압력이다. 혼합물의기상을이상기체로가정하고액상을비압축성유체로가정할수있다면, 기 - 액상평형상태는아래와같이표현할수있다. (7) (15) (8) 여기서 는액상의몰분율, 는액상의활동도계수, 는포화증기압이다. Liaw 등 10) 의제안을적용하여식 (14) 와식 (15) 를식 (13) 에대입하면다음과같은식이성립한다. (9) (10) (11) (16) 식 (16) 의 i 성분의액상활동도계수 ( ) 는앞서제시 한그룹기여모델인 UNIFAC 식에의해계산된다. 또한 i성분의포화증기압 ( ) 과 i성분의인화점에 서의포화증기압 ( ) 은아래의 Antoine 식 9) 으로계산 한다. exp (12) log (17) 이다. i 는성분을표시하고, j 는모든성분들을포함하는지수이다. k 는부그룹이며, m 은모든부그룹들을포함하는지수이다. N 은성분들의총갯수이며, 는 부그룹의총개수이며, 은 i 성분의 k 형태의부그룹 여기서 t는온도 ( ) 이며, 와 는 i성분의 Antoine 상수이다. 시약들의 Antoine 상수는문헌 21) 에서얻었으며 Table 1에제시한다. 88 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2015

4 UNIFAC 그룹기여모델에의한 n-octnae+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계의인화점계산 Table 1. The antoine coefficients of each component Components A B C n-octane n-decane n-dodecane 식 (16) 을만족시키는온도를계산하였으며그것을인화점으로결정하였다. 4. 결과및고찰 n-octane+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계의인화점을 Seta-flash 밀폐식장치에의해측정하였다. 그결과를 Table 2 와 3 에그리고 Fig. 1 과 2 에제시하였다. n-octane+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계의인화점을 UNIFAC 식을이용하여계산하였다. 그계산결과를 Table 2 와 3 에, 그리고 Fig. 1 과 2 에제시하였다. 계산치과측정치간의일치정도를나타내는척도로다음의 AAE(average absolute error) 22) 를사용하였다. exp (18) 여기서 exp 는 i 번째인화점측정값, 는 i 번째인 화점계산치, 은측정치의총개수이다. 표에서알수있듯이, n-octane+n-decane 계의경우그룹기여모델인 UNIFAC 식에의한계산치와측정치간의절대평균오차 (AAE) 는 0.97 이었다. n-octane+ n-dodecane 계의절대평균오차는 0.46 이었다. 절대평균오차값에서알수있듯이 UNIFAC 식에의거한계산방법이이성분계액체혼합물 (n-octane+ n-decane, n-octane+n-dodecane) 의인화점을잘예측할수있음을알수있다. 또한 Table 2 와 3 에는 Raoult 의법칙 9) 에의거한계산치가제시되어있다. 이계산방법에서는액상을이상용액으로가정하여활동도계수값을 1 으로고정시킨다. 그러면식 (16) 은다음과같이정리된다. Table 2. The experimental and the calculated flash points for the n-octane(1)+n-decane(2) system Mole Fractions Flash points ( ) x1 x2 Exp. Raoult's law UNIFAC A.A.D Table 3. The experimental and the calculated flash points for the n-octane(1)+n-dodecane(2) system Mole Fractions Flash points ( ) x1 x2 Exp. Raoult's law UNIFAC A.A.D (19) Raoult 의법칙에의한인화점은식 (19) 를만족시키는온도로결정되었다 10). n-octane+n-decane 계에서측정치와계산치간의절대평균오차는 0.98 이었고, n-octane+n-dodecane 계에서는 0.48 이었다. Fig. 1. The comparison of calculated flash points with experimental flash points for the n-octane(1)+n-decane(2) system 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 4 호, 2015 년 89

5 하동명 이성진 Fig. 2. The comparison of calculated flash points with experimental flash points for the n-octane(1)+n-dodecane(2) system 절대평균오차값을통해서 Raoult 의법칙을이용한계산치가측정치를잘모사할수있음을확인하였다. Fig. 3 과 4 는 n-octane+n-decane 계와 n-octane+ n-dodecane 계의액상몰분율과활동도계수간의관계를나타낸그림이다. 활동도계수는 UNIFAC 식에의해계산하였다. 그림에서알수있듯이, ln 값은거의 0 에가깝다. 즉활동도계수 () 값이거의 1 에가깝다. 이는본연구의이성분계혼합물이이상용액에가깝다는의미이다. 이는액상을이상용액으로가정한 Raoult 의법칙에의한계산치가측정치에가까운근본적인원인이다. 기존의 Liaw 의모델 10) 에서식 (16) 을만족하는온도의계산은, 문헌을통해활동도계수식의이성분계파라미터를얻었을때만가능하였다. 한편본연구에서제시한 UNIFAC 식에의거한계산방법은이성분계파라미터의문헌자료가없는경우에도인화점을계산할수있다는장점이있다. 또한 Raoult 의법칙에의한계산방법은이상용액에만한정하여적용이가능하지만, UNIFAC 식에의한방법은이상용액과더불어비이상용액에도적용이가능한계산방법이다. 따라서본연구에서제시한방법을이성분계액체혼합물의인화점예측에활용되기를기대한다. 5. 결론 Fig. 3. Activity coefficient-liquid mole fraction diagram for the n-octane(1)+n-decane(2) system n-octane+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계의인화점을 Seta-flash 밀폐식장치를사용하여측정하였다. 그룹기여모델인 UNIFAC 식에의거한방법으로인화점을계산하였고측정치와비교하였다. 절대평균오차값을비교한결과, 제시된계산방법이인화점을잘예측함을확인하였다. 또한 Raoult 의법칙에의한방법으로인화점을계산하였다. 이방법역시측정치와거의일치하였다. 이는본실험시스템이이상용액에가까운액체혼합물이기때문이다. 여기서제시된 UNIFAC 식에의한방법은활동도계수식의이성분계파라미터가없는경우에도인화점을예측할수있으며, 이상용액과더불어비이상용액에도적용이가능한인화점계산방법이다. 따라서본연구에서제시한방법을가연성이성분계액체혼합물의인화점예측에활용하기를기대한다. Fig. 4. Activity coefficient-liquid mole fraction diagram for the n-octane(1)+n-dodecane(2) system 감사의글 : 이논문은 2014 학년도세명대학교교내학술연구비지원에의한연구임. 90 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2015

6 UNIFAC 그룹기여모델에의한 n-octnae+n-decane 계와 n-octane+n-dodecane 계의인화점계산 References 1) D. A. Crowl and J. F. Louver, Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice-Hall, ) L. Y. Phoon, A. A. Mustaffa, H. Hashim and R. Mat, A Review of Flash Point Prediction Models for Flammable Liquid Mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 53, pp , ) T. Khalili and A. Z. Moghaddam, Measurement and Caluation of Flash Point of Binary Aqueous-Organic and Organic-Organic Solutions, Fluid Phsae Equilibria, Vol. 312, pp , ) Regulations, Regulation(EC) No. 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council, on Classification, Labeling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures, Amending and Repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/Ec, and Amending Regulation(EC) No. 1907/ 2006, Official J. Eur. Union, L353, ) R. C. Lance, A. J. Barnard and J. E. Hooymanm, Measurement of Flash Points : Apparatus, Methodology, Applications, J. of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 3, pp , ) W. A. Affens and G. W. Mclaren, Flammability Properties of Hydrocarbon Solutions in Air, J. of Chem. Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 17, No. 4, pp , ) H. L. Chatelier, Estimation of Firedamp by Flammability Limits, Ann. Minmes, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp , ) B. Hanley, A Model for the Calculation and the Verification of Closed Cup Flash Points for Multicomponent Mixtures, Process Saf. Prog., Vol. 17, No. 2, pp , ) B. E. Poling, J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O Connell, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, ) H. J. Liaw, Y. H. Lee, C. L. Tang, H. H. Hsu and J. H. Liu, A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Flash Point of Binary Solutions, J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 15, pp , ) H. Renon and J. M. Prausnitz, Local Compositions in Thermodynamic Excess Functions for Liquid Mixtures, AICHE Journal, Vol. 14, pp , ) D. M. Ha, S.J. Lee and M. H. Back, The Measurement and Estimation of the Lower Flash Points for the Flammable Binary Systems using Tag Open-Cup Tester, Korean J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 24, No. 4, pp , ) G. M. Wilson, Vapor Liquid Equilibrium. XI. A New Expression for the Excess Free Energy of Mixing, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 86, pp , ) S. Y. Kim and B. A. Lee, A Prediction Model for Flash Point of Binary Liquid Mixtures, J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp , ) S. Balasubramonian, R. K. Srivastav, S. Kumar, D. Sivakumar, M. Sampath, U. Kamachi, and R. Natarajan, Flash Point Prediction for the Binary Mixture of Phosphatic Solvents and n-dodecane from UNIFAC Group Contribution Model, J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 33, pp , ) S. Kumar and S.B. Koganti, An Empirical Equation for Vapor Pressure of tri-n-butyl Phosphate in the Temperature Range of to K, Nucl. Technol., Vol. 126, pp , ) C. L. Yaws, Chemcal Properties Hand Book, McGraw-Hill Education, ) D. M. Ha and S. J. Lee, The Flash Point Measurement for Binary Flammable Mixture, KIGAS, Vo. 18, No. 5, pp , ) In 2011 Annual Book of ASTM Standards ; ASTM International, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus(ASTM D3278), West Conshohocken, PA, ) A. Fredenslund, J. Gmehling and P. Rasmussen, Connell, Vapor-Liquid Equilibria using UNIFAC, Elsevier, ) J. Gmehing, U. Onken and W. Arlt, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection, Vol. 1, Part1-Part7, DECHEMA, ) J. Lim, S. Jang, H. Kim, H. K. Cho, and M. S. Shin, Solubility of Triclocarban in Pure Alkanols at Different Temperatures, Korean J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 30, No. 1, pp , 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 4 호, 2015 년 91

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