접속시대의사회갈등과사회통합 2005. 2
. 2005. 2 : :
1 7 1 11 2 13 1 13 2 14 3 19 1 19 2, 20 3 26 4 29 4 32 1 32 2 36 3 39 5 41 1 41 2 43 3 46 4 49 5 51
2 6 52 7 54 6 56 1 57 1. 58 2. 59 3. 61 2 63 1. 63 2. 64 3.? 66 4. 68 5. 69 7 : 71 1 71 2 71 3 75 1. 76 2. 78 3. 78 4 80 5 81 6 83 8 : 86 1 87
3 2 89 1. 90 2. 94 3. 98 9 104 109
4 4 1 40 7 1 73 7 2 75 7 3 76 7 4 77 7 5 78 7 6 79 7 7 80 7 8 81 7 9 82 7 10 ( ) 83 7 11 ( ) 83 7 12 85
5 3 1 27 3 2 29 5 1 46
7 1.,,.,,. 2.,,.,,,... 1960,,,,,
8,..,,,,,,... 2000 (Nimby).,.,,,.., KBS MBC SBS,, 10 2004 8 12.,.,
9..,.,..,.,.,,.,..
10 3.,..,.......,.,, 10.
1 11 1.,,,.,,..,. 2002,,,.,,..,.,.
12.,,.,,.??,???,.,,.
2 13 2 (, 2000).,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,,,,. 1,,,,,,,,,, (Fink, 1968)... (, 1997;, 2000). (H. J. Reitz),
14 (J. Litterer),,, (J. A. Stoner),,,, (disagreement). (R. H. Kiman and K. W. Thomas, 1983),. (J. G. March and H. A. Simon, 1958)., (R. Darendorf, 1959: 135), (L. A. Coser),,, (Coser, 1956[1980]: 12). 2,.,. (T. Parsons),,,,
2 15.., (E. Durkheim), (K. Marx), (G. Simmel).,.,.,.,...... (, 1992: 64-66)....
16,.,,.,.,.,.,.., (Dahrendorf. 1959)......,.,,
2 17,..,,,..,,. (Coser, 1956[1980]).,,..,,,., (, 1997: 51).,,,.,,,.,,,,
18.,,,,.,.,..
3 19 3,,,,,.,,,,,,,,..,,.,,,. 1.,,,,.,..
20,,,,, (subculture).,,,, (, 1994: 16-17).,, (Dahrendorf, 1967; Giddens, 1975)... (post-bourgeois), (silent revolution) (Inglehart, 1977).. ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) (, ). 2,..,
3 21.,,, (Stroh and Miller, 1993: 28-39).,., (, 1997).,. (C. Offe).,.,.,,.,..,,,.
22 (Offe, 1972: 27). (J. Habermas). 1),.,,,.,.., 1) Habermas(1973) 9.., (1973. 11).....,..,.,,. (Habermas, 1973: 12).
3 23.,.,., (Gesamtkapitalist).,.....,.., (Habermas, 1973: 88-89)..,.
24.... (Habermas, 1973: 98).,... ( )... (Habermas, 1973: 100).,.,., (Habermas, 1973: 99)..,,..,.,.
3 25.,.,,, (Habermas, 1993: 104).,,.,,..,....,,..,
26 (N. Luhmann). 1960 70 80,,,, (Luhmann, 1984).,,,.,,,.,.,,,, (Luhmann, 1986: 144-145).,,,.,,,,,,,, (Luhmann, 1987). 3,
3 27.,., ( 3 1 ). 3 1,, (conventional)..
28..,,,...,.,,..,,,, ( 3 2 ).,,.
3 29,. 3 2 NEW,, NEW OLD,, OLD 4.,.,,,,,,,
30.,,,,,,,,.,. ( ) ( ) (, 1997: 56).,,,.,,,,.,.,,,,,.,,.,,.,,,.,.,,.,
3 31..,,,.,,,.,,, (FTA),.,.,., (system) (life world).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.
32 4., 6.25. 4.19, 5.16,,,,, 10.26 1987 (, 2000)..?,,,. 1, 1960 3.,, (, 1985).,
4 33,, (, 1987).,,,,,,,.,,,,,.,., 1960 72 28, 4 1985 35 65. 1960 28% 1990 74% (, 1991: 45). 1966 1970 20%, 1980 21% 24% (, 1994: 19-20). 1990 1997 8. 6, 2 80., 5. 1990 40 (, 2000)..
34.,.. 5,,.. 40. 1955 1994,, 1,,,, (, 2000)..,., 1955 1993 3.7%.,,, 21%, 20%, 35%, 20%. 36%.
4 35.,,,,.. 1960 1980 2.7, 1.6, 2.5. 2, 3 (, 1982;, 1985:, 2000)., 1950, 1960, 1980.. 4,....,. 1960,,.
36 1966 8.2% 1985 20.7%. 1987..,., 1960 70.. 1980 1980.. 1980 1960 1970,,. 1980 3%, 25%, 70%, 2%.,,. 2,.,,,,
4 37...,,..,,... 2000 (Nimby).,,.,,,. 2) 2), 2004 9 17 55.,
38,,,,.,.,,,..,,. 1987,... 3,000, 1,500.,.. 18 2 2,000,. 500 (, 2004 9 18 ).
4 39.,. 1960,,. 1987., (, 2001: 21). 3. 71.2%, 27.6%, 1.1%. 52.5%, 36.4%, 88.9% (, 2004)., ( 76.6%), (75.7%), (74.8%). (71.2%).. 50 80.1%. 40 73.3%, 30 68.0%, 20 62.0%
40.,. 4 3, 65.9%. 150 73.9% 69.5% 251. 322 78.1%, 72.2%, 70.1%, 69.1%. 60.7% 61.5%.,.,, 1/3 ( 4 1 ). 4 1 ( : %) KRC(2003. 8. 11) 37.9 14.8 9.8 8.7 24.7 KRC(2004. 9. 11) 36.6 27.4 10.4 8.9 12.2 TNS(2004. 10. 27) 52.8 29.6 7.1 4.4 3.3 2.0
5 41 5,.,,,,,,. 1,.,,,,,,,.,.,,.,.
42 1997 IMF. IMF IMF,,,, (, 1999). IMF. IMF. 1998, 20% 1997 37.2% 39.8%, 80%. IMF. IMF,.,. 80 20.,..,,.
5 43...,.. 2.,. (, 1998).,,.,. (, 2003)..
44,., ( ).... ( ),...,..,
5 45. 4, 4..,.,,.. ( ) ( )..,.,,,. 21 2004 6 ( 5 1 ). 2002 6 31.3% 2004 2 27.9% 3.4%, 2 17.4% 22.0% 4.6%. 2002
46,. 5 1 : 21, 2004 3.. 1960,, (, 1991)., 3, 3,,,
5 47,,,,,,.. 1987,,,. 1987,,.,,,,.,...,,,, (, 2001: 38). 1997 IMF. 3) 3) 1990 2% IMF 7%
48.,, (, 1999).. 2004 11 2.. IMF,,,., IMF 60% 1998,.. (, 2000: 262)., 1999 1/4 8.4% 175.. (2002 8 ), (1360 ) 56.6%(770 8 ). 96 (182 ) 52.9%, 45.5 ( 44 ) 1.5.
5 49.,.. 4 1..,.,. (individuation).. 2002., 2000 1,431 2, 1 15.5%. 21%, 18.5%..,, ( ),,
50,. IMF,., 1997 11 4 72 1998 4 3 3 95, 1998 2 1.,,.,,,.. (,, ). 70%.,..., 1998 7.7% 10.8% (, 2001). IMF 63%, 24%,.,,, ( ),.
5 51 5.,,. 2002,,.,.,,,,,...,,.,,,, (, 1993)...,. 2003 7 (KSDC), 39.8%, 36.1%, 17.7%. 20 31.8%, 9.0%, 27.4% 10%, 50 41.5%, 30.5%,
52 15.4% 20 12% (, 2004: 43).. 2001 7.4%, 354 3. 7%, 14%, (, 2004). 7% 14% 115, 71 15. N,..,.,,. 6.,
5 53., (, 1993).. 1971 1 3 1987, 1992, 2000. 2002.,.,.,., 1960... 1960,. 1997..
54, (NIMBY) (PIMPY),... 7.. 2002,,,..,,.,,. (relative deprivation).
5 55.,... IMF, ( ).,,..,. (we-group) (other-group),.,.
56 6,.. 1994 1997 100, 1999 1,000 2001 2,000, 2004 3,000.., 11.5, 74.5% 3. TV (, 2004).,, (primitive fusion) (differentiation).., (electronic commerce). DB..
6 57,,,..,,,,.,. 1..,.,. (official sphere), (quasi-official sphere), 3 (third place), (incidental sphere), (private sphere).,
58,. 3,, BBS, (, 2000: 26-28). 1.., (, 2002a: 111).,,,.,.,,,,,.
6 59 2.. 2000.,,...,.,,.,,,.,.,. 1999 10 3 1 ifree.com. 2000 6 7
60. 4),,,,. 2001 2002.,,,,,. 2001,,,,,, 2002., 2002 (www. antimigun.org). (www.yesanti.com), 100 (www.anti-100.com), 21 (www.anti21c.com), (http://www.antinetwork.net). 2003. 4) (, 2000 6 28 ).
6 61,.,.,....,, (, 2003). 3..,, (solidarity).. (CMCs),
62,,,,,..,.,,.....,,,,.,,.,.,.,.
6 63 2.,,,. 1..,,.. (Itsuko Yamaguchi),, (essential tension) (Yamaguchi, 1998. 9: 1 2).,....,,,,
64. (liberal spirit).,.,.. (, 1998).. ( 53 ) ( ), (, 2001)., (, 2002: 16).,,,. 2..,
6 65,, (dataveillance)..... 40%.,..., 770815 A, a 770815. a. b c A b c 770815. b c,.. 2004, 160 68%. 221 47%. 1,297 2.5,
66 4,552 34% (, 2004 7 26 ).. (, 2001)... NEIS(National Education Information System). 5) 3.?.. P2P(Peer to Peer) (, 2002: 18).. 10 5) NEIS 1, 16,.
6 67.,,,. (copyright) (copyleft).,. 6)., 2003 P2P MP3 50. 2003 9 P2P 2 61. 2003., 6) 1980 GNU(GNU is Not Unix ). 1991 (OS).,...
68. ( ) ( )... 4..,,, (2004)., 50,,, 100 ( ) 15, ( ) 100, 35%. 26.2%, 60.8%, 73.3%. (,,, ). 60%,
6 69. 10%, 20%., 90% 50% 70%...,,..,.,,,.,... 5.. (2004), 6 39 90%, 40
70 (40 58.3%, 50 27.6%)., 1.. 40 7.5% 30 7.9%, 50 4.4%.,.,...
7 : 71 7 :..,,,, KBS, MBC..,. 2000 2..,,,,,..
72 1.,,...????? 2, KBS MBC SBS,, 10 2004 8 12., 7 1.
7 : 73 7 1 125 03. 5. 15 04. 7. 31 HOT! 234 03. 7. 22 04. 9. 4 4 04. 8. 9, 20 2002. 8 26 2003 461 03. 8. 12 04. 10. 3 KBS & 24 04. 5. 1 9. 30 MBC 90 01. 3. 16 04. 9. 20 SBS,., (100 ).... HOT!, 3.....
74,., 17,., 20...... KBS &,,.. best,. MBC,.,.
7 : 75 3,.. 7 2 KBS MBC 82 194 2 164 14 51 9 15 531 31 28 1 129 4 18 4 8 223 7 10 0 44 2 12 1 1 77 3 0 0 13 0 4 1 0 21 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 8 0 2 0 9 1 1 0 0 13 0 0 1 20 2 4 2 0 29 1 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 10 125 234 4 390 24 90 20 24 911 7 2,,,...,.,,
76., 7 3. 7 3 / (A) / (B) A B 223.92 188.21 42/123 44/123 21 20 94.87 419.09 31/108 35/108 7 5 154.25 39.66 2/4 2/4 1 1 1326.78 81.49 58/379 93/379 19 13 KBS 96.63 226.78 6/24 11/24 1 1 MBC 280.33 111.97 21/90 28/90 4 1 184.36 9/19 9 5 * A: / ** B: / *** A B: A B 1.. 2 3,,,,,.. ( 7 4 ).
7 : 77 7 4 ( ) : / : / : / : / : /K: KBS/M: MBC ( ) ( ) 0 1/7 1/7 ( ) 0 2/7 2/7 ( ) 0 2/7 1/7 ( ) 14 1/7 ( ) 14 1/7 ( ) ( ) 14 1/7 ( ) ( )( ) 14 1/7 5/7 ( ) 14 3/7 ( ) ( ) 14 1/7 ( ) 0 2/7 2/7 ( ) 0 2/7 2/7 = ( ) 2 2/7 ( ) 2 1/7 6/7 ( ) 2 3/7 ( ) 3 2/7 ( ) 1 4/7 (M) 0 4/7 5/7 ( ) 2 6/7 (K) 0 6/7 ( ) 0 6/7 6/7, ( ) 8 3/7 ( ) 8 2/7 6/7 ( ) 8 1/7 ( ) 0 1/7 1/7 ( ) ( ) 11 4/7 4/7 ( ) 5 6/7 ( ) 5 6/7 6/7 ( ) 10 6/7 * : ** ( ): / *** ( ): /
78 2.,,,.. ( ) ( 7 5 ). 7 5 ( ) : / : / : : / : /K: KBS/M: MBC ( ) ( ) 0 1/7 1/7 KBS ( ) 0 2/7 2/7 ( ) 3 2/7 6/7 ( ) 9 1/7 ( ) 2 4/7 4/7 / ( ) 0 3/7 3/7 ( ) 4 3/7 3/7 ( ) 3 2/7 4/7 ( ) 1 2/7 ( )( ) 2 1/7 2/7 3...,
7 : 79.. ( 7 6 ). 7 6 ( ) : / : / : : / : /K: KBS/M: MBC ( ) ( ) 1 1/7 1/7 ( ) 0 2/7 2/7 ( ) 0 5/7 ( ) 7 5/7 5/7 ( ) 0 5/7 ( ) 0 1/7 1/7,,..,,,..
80 4. 7 7,..,. 7 7 15,801 12,334 3,344 3,022 2,955 2,339 1,937 1,861 1,760, 1,671 1,624 ( ) 1,519 1,468 1,462,.
7 : 81,,., ( 7 8 ). 7 8 719.34 699.9 588.76 588.75 ( ) 550.18 448.06 442.67 ( ) 441.44 413.09 MBC 374.96 5,. 14.,,,
82 ( 7 9 ). 7 9 ( ) ( ) 14 ( ) ( ) 14 ( ) 14 14 ( / ) 14 11 10 9, 8 14.,, ( 7 10 ).. 7 11,,,,.
7 : 83 7 10 ( ) ( ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) / ( ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) KBS / 6( / / /K/M/ ) / 6( / / /K/M/ ) 6( / / /K/M/ ), ( ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) 7 11 ( ) ( ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) / ( ) 6( / / /K/M/ ) KBS / 6( / / /K/M/ ) / 6( / / /K/M/ ) 5( / /K/M/ ) 5( / / /M/K) 5( / / /M/K) 5( / / /M/K) 6.
84,.. (browsing),,,,,,,..,,,,.,. (group polarization)., (decontextualization) (clue) (Siegel et al. 1986). ( 7 12 ).,.
7 : 85.,.,. 7 12 (%) 0 23 4 1 1 4 11 0 52.3 9.1 2.3 2.3 9.1 25.0 7),..,,. 7),.,.,.
86 8 :,...,., (, 1992: 263-168).,.,.,..,.,..,..
8 : 87.,.,...,,..,.,...,.. 1
88.,, (, 1995: 300).,.,,,.,.,,,,..,.,....,
8 : 89,.,....,. 2, (Rustow, 1970: 362).,.,.
90 1., (age of paradox) (Handy, 1994)....,., (paradoxos), (contrary to expectation).,..,,, (mutual exclusivity),, (simultaneity) (Pascale, 1990). (dilemma).. ( ), ( ). (Camaron and Quinn, 1988: 2),
8 : 91,.,.,...,,,,,,,,.,,,., (, 1994: 56).,.,,., (, 1994: 62)..,.,
92.?,,,. (, 2001).,,..,.,,.., (systems thinking).,.,.,...
8 : 93,.,..,.,. (interpenetration).,., (social integration), (system integration), (Münch, 1982: 395).,..,..,.,
94.. 2. (Joseph A. Schumpeter). (majority rule),. (majoritarian democracy) (representative democracy) (, 2004: 24-25). ( ) (policy-making).,,, (cleavage society).,, (subsocieties)., (, 2004: 27-28).
8 : 95., (, 2004: 106).,. (Berman and Weitzer, 1997).,..,.,,, (decontextualization).,,,,.,., (speaker) (listener).,, (interactive forms of communication).,, (gatekeeper),
96, (, 2002: 14;, 1998).,,.,., (Herring, 1993).,,,.., (Resnick, 1998: 50).. (, 2004: 82-83)...,,
8 : 97.,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,..,..,. (, 2001: 199). (diversity into integration) (, 2004).
98 3.,,,,,. 1990 WTO 1997 IMF. 2002. 10 60., TV... TV.,,,,, (, 2002)., (, 2002;, 2002;, 2002).,,,, (, 2002b;
8 : 99, 2002c).?.,,.. R.,, ( ),,,,,, (, 2002).,. (, 2003: 22)., 21., (, 2002).
100,..,. 20,. (, 2002)..,.,,..,..
8 : 101.,, (cosmopolitan)..,, (, 2003: 27).,,,,,,..,,,.,,.,,. (self-organizing)
102 (decentralization).. (New Science) (emergence).,. (spontaneous) (order) (chaos) (Maturana and Varela, 1980; Prigogine and Stenger, 1984; Waldrop, 1992).,.,... (best practice)
8 : 103. 3.
104 9,,.,,..,,. 200., (reinforcement). 50,,,..,,,.,,
9 105... 50,,,,.,..,,.,,., (discipline).,.,.,,,,
106.,,, (cleavage society),..,. 1987.,,,..,,.....
9 107,..,.,.,..,..,.,, 10,,..,.,
108,,,,.
109, :,,,, 2002.,,, 1991.,,, 1982.,,,,, 1993.,,, 2004,,,,, 1991.,,,,, 1987., :,, 35 3, 2001.,, 13, 2002a., R,, 31,, 2002b.,, 9 3, 2002c.,, 37 6, 2003.
110,,, 2002,, 2003.,,, 2002., (Peak Society),, 2002,, 2003., 13,, 2004., 1999,,,,, 1999.,,, 1992.,,,, 2004.,,, 1995.,, 2001., 2002, Issue Paper, 2002. 8. 3,, 2002.,,, 1998.,,, 2004.,,,.,, 1994.,,,, 1985,,, 1994., e,, 2000.,,, 2001.
111,,, 2000.,,, 1997.,, 2000.,,, 2000.,, KBS (2000 9 1 ), 2000.,,, 1998.,,,,, 2002.,,,,, 1991.,,, 2003.,, /,,, 1993., NGO,, NGO :,, 2001.,,, 1997.,,, 2002.,,,,,, 1999.,,, 1998., :,, 2003, 2003., :,, 2002,, 2003.
112,,, 2002 21,, 2004 3 10 500, 2004..,,, 2002.,, http://www.nic.or.kr/, 2003., 2004, 2004.,,, 1985., 2001, 2001.,,,, 2002.,,,, 2002. 47,,, 2000, :,, 1998.,,, 30 4, 1999. Angell, R. C., The Sociology of Human Conflict, E.McNeil (ed.), The Nature of Human Conflict, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965. Berman, J. and Weitzner, D.J., Technology and Democracy, Social Research 64: 3, 1997. Bürklin, W.P., Die Grünen und die Neue Politik, PVS 22, 1981. Coser, Lewis A., The Functions of Social Conflict, New York: Free Press, 1956,,,, 1980. Dahrendorf, R., Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. Dahrendorf, R., Recent Changes in the Class Structure of European Societies, Grandbard, S. (ed.), A New Europe, Boston, 1967.
113 Fink, C. F., Some Conceptual Difficulties in the Theory of Social Conflict, Journal of Conflict Resolution 12, Dec. 1968, pp.429 431. Giddens, A., The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies, New York/London, 1975. Gorz, A. Der Abschied vom Proletariat, F.a.M., 1980. Habermas, J., Legitimationsprobleme im Spätkapitalismus, Frankfurt a.m., 1973., Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, Bd.1 and 2, F.a.M., 1981. Handy, C., The Age of Paradox, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994. Herring, S., Gender and Democracy in Computer-Mediated Communication, Electronic Journal of Communication 3: 2, 1993. Inglehart, R., The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics, Princeton, N.J., 1977. Kilmann, R.H. and K.W. Thomas, Four Perspectives on Conflict Management; An Attributional Framework for Organizing Descriptive and Normative Theory, Academy of Management Review, Jan. 1983, pp.59 60. Klingemann, H.D. and Pappi, F.U., Politischer Radikalismus, München-Wien, 1972. Litterer, J.A., Conflict in Organization: A Reexamination, H. Tosi and W. Hamner (eds.), Organization Behavior and Management, Michigan State University, 1974. Luhmann, N., Soziologische Aufklärung 1, Opladen, 1970., Soziale Systeme, F.a.M., 1984., Ökologische Kommunikation, Opladen, 1986., Tautologie und Paradoxie in den Selbstbeschreigung der modernen Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift fuer Soziologie, Jg.16, 1987, pp.161 174. March, J.G and H.A. Simon, Organizations, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, 1958. Maturana, H. and F. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing, 1980. Münch, M., Theorie des Handelns. Zur Rekonstruktion der Beiträge von Talcott Parsons,
114 Emile Durkheim und Max Weber, Frankfurt a.m., 1982. Pascale, R.T., Managing on the Edge: How the Smartest Companies Use Conflict to Stay Ahead, New York: Touchstone, 1990. Prigogine, I. and I. Stenger, Order out of Chaos: Man s New Dialogue with Nature, New York: Bantam Books, 1984. Quin, R.F. and Cameron, K.S.(eds.), Paradox and Transformation: Toward a Theory of Change in Organization and Management, Cambridge: Ballinger, 1988. Resnick, D., Politics on the Internet: The Normalization of Cyberspace, Chris Toulouse and Timothy W. Luke (eds.), The Politics of Cyberspace, London: Routledge, 1998. Siegel, J., et al., Group Processes in Computer-mediated Communication, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 27, 1986. Stoner, J.A.F., Management, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978. Stroh, P. and Miller, W. W., Learning to Thrive on Paradox, Training and Development, 1993. Tenbruck, F.H., Die Glaubensgeschichte der Moderne, ZfP 1, 1976. Yamaguchi, I., Coexistence of Cyberspace and the Real World under Tension: Some Reflections on the Premises of Cyberspace Law, Asia-Pacific Regional Expert Meeting on Legal Framework of Cyberspace, September, 1998. Waldrop, M.M., Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos, London: Viking, 1992.
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