04. 배은지(17-22).fm

Weed Turf. Sci. 5(1):17~22 http://dx.doi.org/10.5660/wts.2016.5.1.17 Print ISSN 2287-7924, Online ISSN 2288-3312 Research Article Weed & Turfgrass Science Weed & Turfgrass Science was renamed from both formerl Korean Journal of Weed Science from Volume 32 (3), 2012, and formerl Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 25 (1), 2011 and Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 26 (2), 2012 which were launched b The Korean Societ of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Societ of Korea founded in 1981 and 1987, respectivel. 들잔디재배지에발생한총생증상및형태적특성 전창욱 1 한정지 2 김동수 2 곽연식 1 배은지 2 * 1 경상대학교생명과학부농업생명과학연구원, 2 국립산림과학원남부산림자원연구소 Morphological Characteristics and Occurrence of Yellow Tuft on Zosiagrass (Zosia japonica) in Cultivation Fields Chang Wook Cheon 1, Jung Ji Han 2, Dong Soo Kim 2, Youn-Sig Kwak 1, and Enu Ji Bae 2 * 1 Dvision of Applied Life Science and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Geongsang National Universit, Jinju 52828, Korea 2 Southern Forest Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52828, Korea ABSTRACT. Yellow tuft smptoms of a dense cluster on zosiagrass (Zosia japonica Steud.) occurred extensivel at cultivated fields of zosiagrass sods in Jangsung. The dense cluster of zosiagrass showed significant morphological changes such as the tufts of shortening of internodes. The disease smptom was spread on a large scale throughout stolon nodes with multiple short leaves and it thrives in broom-like shaped clusters, exhibiting light green or ellow color on their leaves. The dense cluster of zosiagrass had approximatel 5.8 times more leaves on each node of its stolon then health zosiagrass. Also, these zosiagrass had poorl developed root and stolon caused b the tufts of a dense cluster of shoots. The dense cluster of zosiagrass were collected for the putative causal agent incubation and upon close observation, it was found that the sporangia took the shape of a lemon, each sporangium was pointed at the end of its axis and was measured to be 60~96 42~51 µm. These findings were analogous to the mcological characteristics of sporangia formed b the pathogen Sclerophthora macrospora. The smptoms of ellow tuft were prevalent in spring and autumn. Therefore, this stud aims to present fundamental data in relation to ellow tuft on zosiagrass in Korea. Ke words: Sclerophthora macrospora, Sporangia, Yellow tuft, Zosia japonica Received on Februar 4, 2016; Revised on Februar 23, 2016; Accepted on March 3, 2016 *Corresponding author: Phone) +82-55-760-5033, Fax) +82-55-759-8432; E-mail) gosorock@korea.kr 2016 The Korean Societ of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Societ of Korea This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in an medium, provided the original work is properl cited. 서 론 국내잔디재배면적은 24.2 km 2 이며, 재배면적중대부분을전라남도가차지하고있다. 특히, 전라남도잔디재배지역중장성군지역에서 12.8 km 2 로가장큰면적을차지하고있으며, 이는국내잔디재배면적중 52.98% 에달한다 (KFS, 2014). 장성들잔디재배지는재배기간과재배방식은재배농가마다다르지만대부분과도한화학비료사용과계속되는연작으로인해토양입단형성이불량하여점토나미사의비율이높아짐에따라토양입자가작아져수분보유력은높으나배수가어려운상태이며, 토양산성화가진행되고 있어토양환경이악화되고있는상황이다 (Bea et al., 2012; Han et al., 2015). 또한반복적인잔디재배로인해병해충이발생하여고품질잔디생산의주위협요소가되고있다 (Min et al., 2014). 최근한반도의기후가변화하면서주요잔디병해가조금씩변하고있다 (Kim et al., 2014). 국내에서각종잔디병해에대한연구는 1989년부터활발하게연구가진행되어왔으며, 2000년대이후에는골프장에대한잔디병해연구들이수행되어왔다 (Kim et al., 1991; Shim et al., 2000). 하지만최근에는장성들잔디 (Zosia japonica Steud.) 재배지 에서총생증상이나타난것으로조사되었으나총생증상의원인이명확히밝혀지지않았다. 17

18 전창욱 한정지 김동수 곽연식 배은지 국외의잔디의총생증상의원인병원균은 Sclerophthora macrospora로이미알려져있다 (Jackson and Dernoeden, 1978). 난지형잔디인 St. Augustinegrass에서 Jonnes 와 Amador 에의해 S. macrospora에의한노균병이 1969년에미국의플로리다와텍사스에서처음으로보고되었고, St. Augustinegrass 에서 down mildew라는병명을사용하였는데 St. Augustinegrass의경우초기노균병증상이엽맥에흰줄무늬가발생하였다가생육이진전되면서황색을나타내었다 (Jones and Amador, 1969). 한지형잔디인 bentrgass 에서 ellow tuft라고알려졌는데로드아일랜드대학에서한지형잔디와 St. Augustinegrass의노균병원인균이 S. macrospora 임을밝히게되었다 (Jackson, 1977). 이후부터난지형잔디와한지형잔디에공통으로 ellow tuft( 노균병 ) 라는병명을사용하게되었고, S. macrospora에의한노균병은미국의남부지역에서는난지형잔디 St. Augustinegrass, 미국의북부지역, 호주, 유럽등에서는한지형잔디 fine-leaved festuca 와 colonial bentrgass, Kentuck bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, tall fescues, perennial regrass등에서발생하고있으며, 봄과가을에전형적인증상이나타난다 (Beard, 2004; Jackson, 1977; Smile et al., 2005; Vargas, 2005). 잔디노균병의분류학적위치는 Heterokontophta( 유사균류 ), Oomcetes( 난균강 ), Peronosporales( 노균목 ) 에속한다. 병원균은활물기생균으로인공적으로는배양이이루어지 지않으며, 병원균은유주자를형성하여물의흐름에따라이동이가능하다 (Smile et al., 2005). 노균병은비교적서늘하고습한조건에서발생하는병해이며, 배수가불량하거나습한지역에서발생이심하다 (Beard, 2004; Robert, 2007). 노균병의병원균은병든잔디조직, 대취등에서난포자상태로월동하고, 양분이부족하거나생육이불가능한온도에서는난포자를형성하여휴면에들어간다. 노균병초기에는육안으로증상을구분하기가쉽지않지만병의진전이계속이루어지면서분얼경의밀도가높아지고식물체가연한녹색이나노란색으로변하게되며, 이에따라육안으로도쉽게구분이가능하게된다 (Grisham et al., 1985; Smile et al., 2005). 또한정상적인식물체에비해서뿌리발달이저조하고 (Grisham et al., 1985), 매우적은수의곁뿌리를갖고있기때문에토양으로부터쉽게분리가된다 (Vargas, 2005). 본연구는장성에위치한들잔디재배지에서심각한피해를입히고있는총생증상의특성을조사하여잔디재배자들에게기초적인자료를제공하고자한다. 총생증상들잔디의형태적인특성장성잔디재배지의총생증상에따른잔디의생육특성을조사하기위해총생증상이보이는지역 3곳을선정하였는데 A지역은전라남도장성군삼서면석마리 (N 35 o, 11, Fig. 1. The growth characteristics of ellow tuft on zosiagrass (Zosia japonica) in sod cultivation fields in Jangsung. A: Seongma-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 11, 95.3, E126 o, 40, 62.7 ); B: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 12, 30.9, E126 o, 39, 18.0 ); C: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35, 12, 54.3, E126 o, 38, 55.9 ).

들잔디재배지에발생한총생증상및형태적특성 19 Table 1. Shoot length, leaf width, root length, fresh and dr weight of shoot, stolon and root, stolon node length and thickness of ellow tuft on zosiagrass (Zosia japonica) in sod cultivation fields in Jangsung. Site z A B Condition of zosiagrass Shoot length (cm) Leaf width (mm) Root length (cm) Fresh weight (g 7 7cm 2 ) Dr weight (g 7 7cm 2 ) Shoot Stolon Root Shoot Stolon Root Stolon node Length (cm) Thickness (mm) Health 10.6 4.5 3.5 11.2 4.9 1.0 3.2 1.7 0.3 1.9 1.3 Diseased 4.4 3.3 3.9 8.9 3.6 0.9 2.3 1.3 0.3 1.5 1.1 T-test *** ** NS * NS NS ** NS NS *** NS Health 7.0 4.4 4.4 6.2 4.7 0.8 1.8 1.6 0.3 2.2 1.4 Diseased 4.5 3.0 3.0 8.7 3.5 0.2 2.3 1.2 0.1 1.4 1.0 T-test ** ** *** ** NS * * NS NS *** *** Health 5.5 3.9 3.9 4.8 4.4 0.4 1.3 1.5 0.1 2.4 1.3 C Diseased 2.9 3.1 3.1 6.9 4.4 0.2 1.4 1.2 0.1 1.3 0.8 T-test *** *** *** * NS NS NS * NS *** *** z A: Seongma-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 11, 95.3, E126, 40, 62.7 ); B: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 12, 30.9, E126 o, 39, 18.0 ); C: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 12, 54.3, E126 o, 38, 55.9 ). NS, *, ***, Non-significant or significant at P=0.05 and 0.001, respectivel. 95.3, E126 o, 40, 62.7 ), B와 C지역은장성군삼서면금산리 (N 35 o, 12, 30.9, E126 o, 39, 18.0 과 N 35 o, 12, 54.3, E126 o, 38 55.9 ) 에서조사를실시하였다 (Fig. 1). 재배지의잔디종은들잔디였는데식물체시료는 2015 년 6월 2일에총생증상을보이지않는건전한잔디와총생증상의잔디를채취하였다. 노균병에감염된들잔디는 1.3~7.6 cm 직경의크기로황반 (ellow spot) 을나타내어총생증상을보이는잔디크기를기준으로 7 7cm 2 를 5반복으로떼어내어초장, 엽폭, 근장과지상부및포복경과지하부의생체중과건물중, 포복경 1마디 (node) 당지상부개체수, 7 7cm 2 면적당지상부개체수, 포복경마디길이와마디두께를측정하였다 (Fig. 1). 초장은토양표면에서부터줄기최상단까지의길이를실측하였고, 엽폭은잔디의 2-3 엽의가장넓은면을기준으로측정하였다. 식물체의건물중은식물체를건조기 (Model DS-80-5, Dasol Scientific Co. Ltd., Geonggido, Korea) 로 80 ο C에서 72시간건조한후의무게를측정하였고, 지상부개체수는조사면적내분지수를측정하였다. 통계분석은 SAS 프로그램 (v. 9.1, Car, NC, USA) 을사용하여 T-test 분석을실시하였고, 처리구평균간유의성검정은 5% 수준에서유의성을실시하였다. 장성에위치한총생발생들잔디재배지역의잔디생육을조사한결과세지역모두총생증상을보이지않는건전한들잔디에비해총생증상을보이는들잔디의경우초장이짧아지고, 엽폭이좁아지는세엽의형태를보였다 (Table 1). 총생증상의들잔디는건전한들잔디잎에비해엽색이연녹색이나노란색으로변하는황화현상을나타내었다 (Fig. 1). 근장의경우 B와 C지역에서건전한들잔디에 Fig. 2. Number of shoots per node (A) and unit area (B) of ellow tuft on zosiagrass (Zosia japonica) in sod cultivation fields in Jangsung. A: Seongma-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseonggun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 11, 95.3, E126, 40, 62.7 ); B: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 12, 30.9, E126 o, 39, 18.0 ); C: Geumsan-ri,, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 12, 54.3, E126 o, 38, 55.9 ). 비해, 총생증상의들잔디가각각 3.0과 3.1 cm로짧아지는유의한차이를보였다. 지상부의생체중과건물중은건전

20 전창욱 한정지 김동수 곽연식 배은지 한들잔디에비해, 총생증상의들잔디가세지역모두유의한증가를나타내었다. 이에비해포복경과지하부의생체중과건물중은 A지역은유의한차이를나타내지않았고, B지역은지하부생체중, C지역은포복경건물중을제외한나머지에서는유의한차이를보이지않았다. 세지역모두건전한잔디에비해, 총생증상의들잔디가포복경마디길이는짧아지고, 포복경마디두께는얇아지는유의한차이를나타내어과도한지상부생장으로인해포복경발달이저조한것으로판단되었다총생증상을보이지않는건전한들잔디에비해, 총생증상을보이는들잔디의경우포복경 1개마디 (node) 당평균지상부개체수는 A지역은 6.0 개, B지역은 7.0개, C지역은 8.0개로유의한증가를나타내었다 (Fig. 2A). 이는건전한들잔디에비해약 5.8배이상의잎이발생하였다. 또한면적당지상부개체수는 A지역을제외한 B와 C지역에서는각각 197.8과 167.0개로건전한들잔디에비해, 총생증상의들잔디지상부개체수가많은결과를나타내어유의한차이를보였다 (Fig. 2B). 총생증상에서병원균의관찰장성에위치한들잔디재배지일대에서 2015년 4월부터 9월까지육안으로관찰하였을때총생증상이나타나고왜성형태로과도하게분얼이되어노란색으로기형을나타내는잔디를채취하였다. 채취후병징을보이는잔디잎을 2~3 cm 길이로자르고, 자른잎 10~20조각을 100 ml 시약병에담은후 70% 알코올 40 ml을첨가하여 30초간시약병을흔들어표면소독을하였다. 30초가지난후담겨있는 70% 알코올을버리고살균수로 3회이상세척하였으며, 세척이끝난잎을 100 ml 시약병에담은후멸균수 10 ml을첨가하여빛이없는 16 o C 항온기에서 8~10시간배양하였다. 그후잔디잎을슬라이드글라스위에위치시켜현미경 (CETI optical instrument, BE / TOPIC T, CASKOREA) 을통하여관찰하였다 (Jee et al., 2002). 장성에위치한잔디재배지에서총생병징을보이는들잔디를채취하여병원균의분리를위하여배양한후광학현미경으로병반에형성한포자낭을관찰하였다. 그결과포자낭의모양은레몬모양이었으며, 포자낭축의끝이뾰족하게튀어나와있었다. 포자낭의크기는 60~96 42~51 µm 이었다 (Fig. 3). 총생병징을보이는부위에서형성된포자낭은 Sclerophthora macrospora 병원균이형성하는포자낭의모양과크기가유사한것으로판단되었다 (Jackson, 1980). S. macrospora은절대기생균으로잔디의지상부를감염시키고, 감염된조직에서형성된난포자는직경 50~70 µm 크기로 Pthium종보다 2~3배크며, 레몬모양의형태를나타낸다고하였다 (Beard, 2004; Turgeon, 2008). 포자낭은봄 Fig 3. Sporangia of Sclerophthora macrospora on zosiagrass (Zosia japonica). The sporangia were induced at 16 o C for 18 hours. The sporangia were observed under 100 magnification. 과가을에관찰되었으며, 노균병의병원균으로알려진 S. macrospora은순활물기생균으로인공배양이이루어지지않기때문에식물체에형성된포자낭를관찰하여동정해야한다. 이와같이장성지역들잔디재배지에서총생형태의이상증상이나타났고, 총생병징을보이는들잔디에서 S. macrospora에의한노균병을관찰하였다. S. macrospora 에의한노균병들잔디의특성은포복경마디당잎의분얼이다수존재하는총생형태로정상잎에비해엽색이변하는황화현상을나타내었는데, 이는 S. macrospora에감염된 St. Augustinegrass (Grisham et al., 1985) 와 creeping bentgrass (Dernoeden, 2002) 의엽색이연녹색과노란색을띄고, 총생을유발하는증상과같았다. 총생증상을보이는장성들잔디재배지삼서면석마리 A지역, 삼서면금산리 B와 C지역의토양이화학성을농촌진흥청국립농업과학원토양분석법 (RDA, 2003) 에준하여분석한결과토양물리성은같은지역인 B와 C지역이 A 지역에비해용적밀도는낮고, 공극률은높았으며, 잔디재배지의경우대부분자연강수에의존하므로강수량과기상조건, 관수방법등에따라토양의수분함량의차이가있을수있으나본결과에서는토양수분함량이각각 20.9% 와 21.5% 로높은경향을나타내었다 (Table 2). A지역에비해 B와 C지역은고상과액상이감소하였으나액상이각각 31.0% 와 32.3% 로높은경향을보였다. 이는장성군주요잔디재배 8개지역을대상으로토양물리성을조사한결과토양수분함량이 13.5% 부터 19.4% 이었으나이보다높았으며, 액상도높은경향을나타내어 (Han et al., 2015) 총생증상이발생한지역이습한것으로판단되었다. 토양화학성을분석한결과토양산도는 A지역을제외한 B와 C지역은각각 5.0과 4.7로낮았다 (Table 3). Zosiagrass의경우 4.5~7.5로범위가넓지만최적범위는 5.5~7.5으로 (Emmons, 2007; Lee et al., 2013) 최적범위에비해 ph 값이낮았고,

들잔디재배지에발생한총생증상및형태적특성 21 Table 2. The soil phsical characteristics of ellow tuft on zosiagrass (Zosia japonica) in sod cultivation fields in Jangsung. Site z Bulk densit (g m -3 ) Porosit (%) Water content (%) Three phases (%) Solid Liquid Gaseous A 1.66±0.03 37.4±1.3 13.0±0.4 62.6±1.3 25.1±0.6 15.9±1.7 B 1.49±0.06 43.9±2.1 20.9±1.7 56.1±1.5 31.0±1.2 12.9±2.4 C 1.50±0.06 43.3±2.3 21.5±0.6 56.7±2.3 32.3±0.9 11.0±2.5 z A: Seongma-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 11, 95.3, E126, 40, 62.7 ); B: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 12, 30.9, E126, 39, 18.0 ); C: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 o, 12, 54.3, E126 o, 38, 55.9 ). Mean±Standard Deviation. Table 3. The soil chemical characteristics of ellow tuft on zosiagrass (Zosia japonica) in sod cultivation fields in Jangsung. Site z ph EC Av. P 2 O 5 T-N O.M. CEC Ex. Cation(cmol c kg -1 ) (1:5) (ds m -1 ) (mg kg -1 ) (g kg -1 ) (g kg -1 ) (cmol c kg -1 ) K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + A 6.1 1.24 108.4 0.3 5.4 5.18 0.07 2.74 1.53 0.03 B 5.0 0.58 60.4 1.1 12.9 8.73 0.28 5.50 1.99 0.22 C 4.7 1.14 77.3 2.1 23.0 8.15 1.09 4.13 2.11 0.03 z A: Seongma-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 ο, 11, 95.3, E126 ο, 40, 62.7 ); B: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 ο, 12, 30.9, E126 ο, 39, 18.0 ); C: Geumsan-ri, Samseo-meon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (N 35 ο, 12, 54.3, E126 ο, 38, 55.9 ). Av.P 2 O 5 : available P 2 O 5 ; T-N: total nitrogen; O.M.: organic matter; CEC: cation exchange capacit; Ex. Cation: exchangeable cation. 산성화된토양특성을나타내었다. A지역에비해 B와 C 지역은 EC와유효인산함량이적은경향을보였으나, 전질소, 유기물함량과염기치환용량은높게나타났다. 총생증상을예방하기위한재배적인관리방법으로는코어링작업을통해배수를개선시켜주고, 비온뒤에는표면의물이축적되는것을최소화시켜줘야하며, 과도한질소시비를피해야한다고하였다 (Beard, 2004). 그러나삼서면금산리 B와 C지역의경우 2014년부터총생증상발생이심한곳으로배수가되지않아물이고여있었으며, 낮은토양산도와전질소함량이높게나타나는것으로보아질소비료과다시비등재배적인문제가있는것으로생각되어토양환경과재배방법이총생증상에영향을미치는지는면밀한분석이필요하였다. 노균병감염초기증상으로는잎몸이넓어진다고하였으나 (Turgeon, 2008) 본연구에서는병이진전된상태에서관찰을하여잎이작고좁은특성을나타내었다. S. macrospora 에감염된들잔디는여러개의잎이분얼되어짧은포복경마디에무더기로발생되어지상부의과도한생장으로잎이짧고좁아지고, 포복경과지하부의생장이악화되어정상적인잔디로서생장이되지않았다. 이는 S. macrospora 에의해감염된 St. Augustinegrass의경우지상부의생체중은증가하였고, 지하부의생체중과건물중이감소하였으며, 포복경마디길이와두께가감소하였는데 (Grisham et al., 1985) 본연구결과와유사하였다. S. macrospora에감염된 creeping bentgrass의경우많은수의잎이분얼을형성된다는결과와일치하였고 (Dernoeden and Fu, 2008), 노균병에감염된한지형잔디의주된증상은지상부가빽빽하게무리형태를보이는것으로포복경마디또는줄기의한개의액아에서여러개의잎이발생하는특성을나타낸다고하였다 (Beard, 2004; Vargas, 2005). 본시험에서총생증상을보인들잔디의원인규명을할수가없었지만총생증상이나타난들잔디에서노균병원균을관찰할수있었으나이병원균에의해서총생증상이나타난다고단정지을수가없어추가적으로병원균에대한보다많은연구가필요할것으로판단된다. 요 약 장성지역잔디재배지에서총생증상의들잔디가발생하였다. 총생증상의들잔디는작고다발형태로유의한형태적인변화를보였고, 병징은여러개의잎이짧은포복경마디에무더기로발생되어빗자루처럼총생형태를보였으며, 총생형태의잔디는잎이황화되면서연녹색이나노란색을띄었다. 총생증상을보이는들잔디는건전한들잔디에비해포복경 1개마디당약 5.8배이상의잎이발생하였다. 또한과도한지상부생육으로인해포복경과지하부생장이저조하였다. 총생병징의들잔디를채집하여병원균을배양한후관찰한결과포자낭의모양은레몬모양

22 전창욱 한정지 김동수 곽연식 배은지 이었으며, 포자낭축의끝이뾰족하게튀어나와있었고, 크기는 60~96 42~51 µm로관찰되었다. 이는 Sclerophthora macrospora 병원균이형성하는포자낭의균학적특징과유사하였고, 봄과가을에병징을확인할수있었다. 따라서본연구를통하여국내잔디재배지총생증상에대한기초적인자료를제시하고자한다. 주요어 : 노균병, 포자낭, 총생, 들잔디 References Bea, E.J., Lee, K.S., Park, N.C. and Huh, M.R. 2012. Effect of topdressing height on the growth of zosiagrass (Zosia japonica). J. Agri. Life Sci. 46:83-89. (In Korean) Beard, J.B. 2004. Beard s turfgrass encclopedia. Michigan State Universit Press. East Lensing, USA. Dernoeden, P.H. 2002. Creeping bentgrass management: Summer stresses, weeds, and selected maladies. John Wile and Sons, Inc. New Jerse, USA. Dernoeden, P.H. and Fu, J. 2008. Fungicides can mitigate injur and improve creeping bentgrass qualit. Golf Course Management. 76:102-106. Emmons R.D. 2007. Turfgrass science and management. pp. 123. In Emmons, R.D. (ed.). Soil chemistr. Thomson. Canada. Grisham, M.P., Toler, R.W. and Bruton, B.D. 1985. Effect of Sclerophthora macrospora on growth and development of St. Augustinegrass. Plant Disease. 69:289-291. Han, J.J., Lee, K.S., Choi, S.M., Park, Y.B. and Bae, E.J. 2015. Soil properties and growth characteristics b production periods of zosiagrass sods. Weed Turf. Sci. 4:262-267. (In Korean) Jackson, N. 1977. Yellow tuft disease of turfgrass: A review of recent studies conducted in Rhode Island. pp. 265-270. Beard, J. B. Ed. In proceeding Third International Turfgrass conference. International Turfgrass Societ and ASA and CSSA, Madison, WI, USA. Jackson, N. 1980. Yellow tuft disease of turfgrasses: a review of recent studies conducted in Rhode Island. Proc. 3 rd International Turfgrass Conference, International Turfgrass Societ p. 197. Jackson, N. and Dernoeden, P.H. 1978. Sclerophthora macrospora the causal agent of ellow turf disease in turfgrasses. Phtopathol. News 12:236. Jee, H.J., Han, S.S. and Kweon, J.H. 2002. A simple method for sporangial formation of the rice down mildew pathogen, Sclerophthora macrospora. Plant Pathol. J. 18:77-80. (In Korean) Jones, B.L. and Amador, J. 1969. Down mildew, a new disease of St. Augustinegrass. Plant Dis. Rep. 53:852-854. KFS (Korea Forest Service). 2014. 2013 Forest products investigation. Seoul, Korea. Kim, K.D., Hong, S.C., Jang, K.M., Han, M.H., Pee, J.H., et al. 2014. First report of waitea ring patch caused b Waitea circinata on Zosiagrass. Kor. Weed Turf. Sci. 3:378-381. (In Korea) Kim, W.G., Shim, G.Y., Cho, W.D. and Lee, Y.H. 1991. Anastomosis groups and pathogenicit of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing Rhizoctonia blight of turfgrasses. J. Plant Pathol. 7:257-259. (In Korean) Lee, S., Yu, H.C., Yoon, B.S., Yang, G.M., Kim, J.Y., et al. 2013. Soil and morphological characteristics of native zosiagrasses b the habitats. Weed Turf. Sci. 2:55-61. (In Korean) Min, Y.G., Lee, J.H. and Kwak, Y.S. 2014. A detail investigation of major diseases occurrence and pathogen population on turfgrass cultivation in nationwide. Weed Turf. Sci. 3:121-129. (In Korean) RDA. 2003. Agricultural science technique research investigation and analsis standard. 4 th ed. Suwon, Korea. Robert, D.E. 2007. Turfgrass science and management, 4 th edition. Thomson Delmar Learning. Clifton Park, NY, USA. Shim, G.Y., Min, G.Y., Shin, H.D. and Lee, H.J. 2000. Occurrence dollar spot caused b Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in turfgrass of golf course in Korea. Kor. Turfgrass Sci. 14:214-250. (In Korean) Smile, R.W., Dernoeden, P.H. and Clarke, B.B. 2005. Compendium of turfgrass diseases, 3 rd ed. American Phtopathological Societ. ST. Paul, USA. Turgeon, A.J. 2008. Turfgrass management, 8 th edition. Pearson Education, Inc., East Lansing, USA. Vargas, J.M. Jr. 2005. Management of turfgrass disease. John Wile and Sons, Inc. New Jerse, USA.