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O M, N:. :. :. :,,. :. O:. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :,. (= ):. M an has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favour, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens. Even a beggar does not depend upon it entirely. _ With the money which one man gives him he purchases food. The old clothes which another bestows upon him he exchanges for other old clothes which suit him better, or for lodging, or for food, or for money, with which he can buy either food, clothes, or lodging, as he has occasion. (Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776, Chapter 2.) 298
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X Y Y X :. :. X:. Y:. :. _ _ Z :. Z:. :. C :. :. :. :. :. Beneficence is always free, it cannot be extorted by force _ There is, however, another virtue, of which the observance is not left to the freedom of our own wills, which may be extorted by force, and of which 300
the violation exposes to resentment, and consequently to punishment. This virtue is justice. _ Beneficence, therefore, is less essential to the existence of society than justice. Society may subsist, though not in the most comfortable state, without beneficence; but the prevalence of injustice must utterly destroy it. _ Beneficence is the ornament which embellishes, not the foundation which supports the building, and which it was, therefore, sufficient to recommend, but by no means necessary to impose. Justice, on the contrary, is the main pillar that upholds the whole edifice. If it is removed, the great, the immense fabric of human society... must in a moment crumble into atoms. (Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, Part 2 Section 2 Chapters 1 and 3.) a _ a:. :. :. :,,,,,. :. :, :,. :. :. :. :. :. :,. :,. 301
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:. :60. :70. :. :. :. j :. :. j:. :. :. :. :. Given individuals whom we are prepared to regard as alike in ability and initial resources, if some have a greater taste for leisure and others for marketable goods, inequality of return through the market is necessary to achieve equality of total return or equality of treatment. One man may prefer a routine job with much time off for basking in the sun to a more exacting job paying a higher salary; another man may prefer the opposite. If both were paid equally in money, their incomes in a more fundamental sense would be unequal. Similarly, equal treatment requires that an individual be paid more for a dirty, unattractive job than for a pleasant rewarding one. _ Differences of money income _ are {equalizing differences} required to make the 305
whole of the {net advantages,} pecuniary and non-pecuniary, the same. (Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, 1962, p.162.) :. :. _ _ k l k:. l:. m m:. :. :. :. :. 306
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1 W:. : X. 91. 2 :. 3 A :. [ ]. 4 :.. 5 :. 6 :. 7 :. :. 8. 1, 2, 3. 9,. 1999 47,507 17,462, 13,981. 13,510 2,554. 10 B:. 11, { @ },,, 1996, 205... 12 free [ ] [ ]. 309
1 {political economy}. {economy} {oikos( )} {nemein( )} { }, {political} {polis}, {political economy}.. 2 D:. 3 Paul Krugman, {The myth of Asia]s miracle,} Foreign Affairs v73 n6 (November 1994). 4 Joan Robinson, {Korea, 1964:economic miracle,} Collected Economic Papers v3, 1965. 5. Dani Rodrik, {Getting interventions right:how South Korea and Taiwan grew rich,} Economic Policy (April 1995). 6 Alwyn Young, {The tyranny of numbers:confronting the statistical realities of the East Asian growth experience,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v110 n3 (August 1995)., 1994 { }.,. @, { }, KDI 1999 4/4.. 7 58. 8 1990, { }, KDI 1999 I, 3-52. 9,, { @ }, KDI 1998 I@II. 310
10 Douglas C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p.3. 11 Mancur Olson, {Big bills left on the sidewalk:why some nations are rich, and others poor,} Journal of Economic Perspectives v10 n2 (Spring 1996), p.19. 12 Stephen Knack, and Philip Keefer, {Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures,} Economics and Politics v7 n3 (November 1995). 13 Dani Rodrik, {TFPG controversies, institutions, and economic performance in East Asia,} NBER Working Paper n5914 (February 1997). 14 Joseph Stiglitz, {Whither reform:ten years of the transition,} Paper presented to 1999 World Bank]s annual bank conference on development economics, 1999. 15 Jonathan Isham, and Daniel Kaufmann, {The forgotten rationale for policy reform:the productivity of investment projects,} Quarterly Journal of Economics v114 n1 (February 1999). 1. 2,.. 3,.,,,, 1999 ( 1961), 3 { }.,, @ @ @. 4,.,.,. 5,,.,, 1 { }. 311
6,, b,,. 7,,, 1994, 473. 8, {,},,, 1999, 135. 9 { },, :,, 1995. 10, { },,,, 1999, 380. 11,, ( ),, 1997( 1967), 382. 12. 13 :. 14 :..,. {,,. } @ @. 15 n,. 16 F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, University of Chicago, 1960, p.153. 17 :. :. 18 :.. 19 :. :,. :. 20 :. :. 21 :. :. 22 60. 23 :. :. :. 24 65. 25 [ ],. :. :. 26 :. :. :. 27 :. :. :. 312
28 :. 29 :,. :. 30., {,. } 31,. 32 :. :. 33 :. :,. 34 :. :. 35. 1 100,. 2 :. :. 3 :. :. :. :. :. 4 :. :. 5 :. 6 :~. :. :. 7 World Bank, World Development Report, 1998, p.1. 8 :. :. :. 9 @, { }, KDI 1998, I@II. 1 I:. 2 :. 3 Pranab Bardhan, {Corruption and development:a review of issues,} Journal of Economic Literature v35 n3 (September 1997). 313
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