3 3.1 ( ) ( ).....,.,..,,... Schuster,, 4 2 18 ).. 2 5 9 )...,. - 49 -
3.2 3.2.1 Schuster 2 18 ) (Drainage), (Slope modification ), (Earth butresses ) (Earth retention systems ) 4. 25 9 ) ( ) ( )..... 14 7,148 ) 3.1-50 -
3.1 147,14 8 ).,.. 3.2.2.,........ (1).,.,.. 2 0,3 5,4 9 )., - 51 -
..,.. New Zealand Clyde. 13 0 ),,,. (a) (b) 3.2 (2 ),., 18,3 5,5 2 ). (precast concrete block). - 52 -
(a) 3.3 (b ) (3 ),,, 4,2 1,2 2,5 3,55 )... Seed spray T ex sol.. (a ) Seed Spray (b) T ex sol (c) Shotcrete 3.4-53 -
(4 ). 3 7,38 ). ( ) ( ), ( )..,.,..,,,,,.... 3.2.3...,,,,,,.,. (1) - 54 -
18,5 7 ) ( 3.5 ). ( 3.6 ).,,,.., 3.5 3.6-55 -
(2 ). 7,18 ) ( 3.7 ),.....,. (3 ). (Passive pile). 7,2 0,2 4,30,5 1 )..,,,,. 2.8., H, PC, PHC. Micropile. (4 ) 5,6,2 0 22 )..( 3.9 ) - 56 -
3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Soil Nailing... 3.10-57 -
Soil nailing. (5 ) 17,35,55,5 9 ).,.,. L, T 5 9 ) (Geoweb,Gabion ). 55 ). 8 ) (a) (b) 3.11 (6 ) (Jet grouting ) 17,3 5,37,38,5 9 ). - 58 -
.. (CCP ), 2 (JSP ) 3 (SIG ) 3 2 3. 3 7,3 8 ) 3.12 3.3.., ( ),..,... - 59 -
3.3.1 (1) 18 2 0,2 4,28,30,5 0,5 1 ). 19,20,2 4,2 5 ) 19,5 1 ). 5. 5 1 ). 4 1993.8.10. 1 ),. 1:1 5m 1m. 1993.8.1 8.10 10 270mm 17mm., ( ).,., 10m, 25m, 4.2m, 1:3.2. N27W N50W 1 : 1. (, ), (T oppling Failure)... 3.13. - 60 -
3.13 3.14-61 -
2 ) (Bedrock ) (Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period) (Andesitic T uff) (Andesite), (Acidic Dike) (Felsite Dike).. (Lava flow ), (Aphanitic) (Ground mass) (Phenocrysts). (Porphyritic texture),,, (Pyroxene)., (Gully ),. 3.14., ( 4 m ),,. 3 ). 8 7 8 10.., 8 7 9 3 100mm. 8 10 100mm. 17 mm/ hr 48 101mm.. 5-62 -
(W etting front ).. ( r u ) 0.53. (4 )., SPILE (Ver.1.0).. 1.0 1.3. 3.15. H - 300x300x 10x 15 H 1.5m - 2.0m 2.0m 2.0m. 3.15-63 -
.. H ( = 450mm ) H. H H. (2 ) 10,2 1,2 8,4 6,5 0 ).. D. 2 1 ) 1 ) D 3.16.,.,,. 2 ).. 2-3m 3-4m, 2-3m, 2-3m.. -,,.. - 64 -
..,,,.. 3 ) 3.17 3.18.. ( 85 100 100) ( 19) 200 200 ( ).. 3m 3m 1.0m 2m 1. ( 3.9 ) 727. 40mm ( 25mm ) 3-4m 300 300 10,.. 2m 3m 270. 76m/ m, 12m ( 5.0m, 7.0m ) 12.7m/ m 4 300 300 20 40T on. 50mm PVC 2m 50-100mm 50. - 65 -
3.16 3.17-66 -
3.18 (3 ). 8,17,3 5,4 9,5 3 ).. ( 3.19(b) )., 1980 1981. 3 5 ) 1 ) 2.5 15m, 80m. 50 60%. 20m 15m - 67 -
. 50m 60m, 33m. 11m 40m ( 3, 3 ).( 3.19 ) (a ) (b ) 3.19-68 -
1980,1981. 1980 7 22.., 1981 6 2. 2 ) 50 70%,. 15 20m 3 17m.. 3 ) 1980 7 22 200 84.7mm, 1 209.1mm. 1.. 2. 2 1. 1981 7 111.6mm 42.8mm.. 4 ) 1. 20cm, 1,880m 2 11m 40m. 2 2. - 69 -
( =150mm, L=3m ) 180.. 1 4m ( 3.20 ) (a) (b) 3.20-70 -
.. 3.21 (Geow eb, Gabion ).. 53 ) 3.21 1:1.05 1:1 2. 1:1 1:1.05... 1.3m 12.8m 5 5 1:1.05..,. ( 3.22 ) 3.21-71 -
3.22 (4 ) 3.23. 3.23. 18 ) 3. 20 22. 1984 3 1. 3.23-72 -
.. 1987,7,30. 2. 1988 4 1:1.( 3.23 ) (5 ) 3.24. 18 ) 1 ) 20m ( 3.24 ). 5m 1:1. 1985 5.4-5.6(3 ) 274mm 83m 13 (D- D ) 7 5. 3.25. (2 ),,,.,. (3 ) 89m 55-65m 1:2. ( 3.26 ) - 73 -
3.24 3.25-74 -
3.26 (6 ) 3.27. 3 7,3 8 ) 1 ). 1:1, 1:0.3, 1:1.5... ( 3.27 ) - 75 -
3.27 2 ),,,... 3 ),,,.... - 76 -
4 ). Cement Paste 200kg/ cm 2 ENERGY. 3.28.. C.T.C 2.0m C.T.C 1.8m ZIG- ZAG 3.28 1m. 3.28-77 -
3.3.2 (1) 3.29. 4 1 ) 1985.5.4-5.7(4 ) ( : 194mm ). ( 3.29 ) 3.29 3.30-78 -
. ( 3.30 ) (2 ) 3.31. 4 1 ) 1 ) 1980.9.9-9.12 ( 102mm ) 3.31. 3.32 15m, 4m, 12m. 3.31. T,,,.. 3.31-79 -
3.32 3.33-80 -
2 ) U,.( 3.32 ) 3.33 2 66 1 90.. 3.3.3,.,, Nailing,. 6,7,11,4 6,4 8,5 0,5 4,59 ). (1) 3.34. 3.34. 8.1m - 12.1m 4m. 1:1.2, 1:2.8. 2 14KN/ m 2, 37KN/ m 2. 100mm PVC.. - 81 -
3.34 (2 ) 3.35 58,59 ). 1 ) 629m 1414mm 300mm. 1987 20 2. 3.26. 1:0.5, 1:1 3.36 1:0.5 50. - 82 -
3.35 3.36-83 -
2 ),. 150m. N 35 E.( 3.35 ) 100m. 3.35 Gouge 10m. 5-10cm (3 ) 3.28. 3.37-84 -
(3 ) (M icro P ile ) 3.38 (Micro Pile), Nailing. 6,7 ) 1 ), 1:1.2-1:1.5, 1:1.2, 1:0.5.... 280m 15-35m 1:1.2. 3.38-85 -
2 ).. Nailing Micro Pile. 3.38. 3.39., 1:0.5, 1:1.2 1:1.5 ( 25mm ) 2m, 1-1.5m. 3.40 (Micro Pile) Nailing Rock Bolt.. 3.39 Nailing - 86 -
, 3.40(a) 2 4. Micro Pile 0.8m, 9.3m 3.40(b ). 3.40 (a) 3.40 (b) - 87 -
, 3.40(b) 2 0.8m, 0.5m 2.. Nailing Rock Bolt,, 10cm, 6cm. 2 3.41. Nailing. Nailing 2.5-3.0m, 1.0-1.5m. (Micro pile). 3.41 2-88 -
, Nailing (Micro pile) 1 2.,. 2 42.83m 3. (4 ) N ailin g 3.42 Nailing. 5 ) 1 ) 1992.6-1992.11 220m 25-30m 1:1.2 1:0.3, 1:0.5, 1:1.2.. 2 ) 1:2 Nailing. Rock Bolt 3.42. 1m 2 2, 2.0m, 1m 2 2, 3.0m, 1m 2 1.43, 3.0m 3,000. ( 25mm ) 2-3m 150x 150x5. - 89 -
3.42-90 -
,. 6.0cm. (5 ) 3.43. 1 ) 70m, EL.135m.( 3.43 ) 5-9m. 3.43-91 -
2 ) (389m ), (474.8m ) 4.,.,,., 0.6-3.6m 0.5-0.7m.,,. 14-14.05m, 19.5-19.66m 5-16cm. 3 2. 3 ) N78W/ 76 SW... 3.44-92 -
4 ) 3.44 L=120m, H =6-20m 109 34 ( 30m ) 107.8t, 5 27m. 3.45. 1:2 4-6m..,. 3.45-93 -
3.4. 3 3.1...,.....,. - 94 -